高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)語法復(fù)習(xí)詞成分與句子課件

第一講

詞性、句子成分及基本句型英語詞法1.詞類英語中有十大詞類，可以分為實詞和虛詞實詞，是具備一定詞匯意義，在句中可獨立擔(dān)任句子成分的詞。虛詞，起結(jié)構(gòu)作用，在句中表明詞和詞或句子中各個部分的關(guān)系詞。2.詞的意義和作用英語中的每個詞都有其特定的作用，在句子中承擔(dān)不同的功能?；鶖?shù)詞序數(shù)詞句子成分句子中最重要的兩成分就是主語和謂語。英語中句子成分一般可以分為八種。（1）主語（Subject）它是句子的主體，句子所要說明的人或事，表示句子描述的是“誰”或“什么”。常用n,pron,num,to-do,v-ing,clause來擔(dān)任。Theoldlady

toldajokebutitfellflat.Theysaywe`regoingtohaveahotsummer.Smokingisforbiddenintheconcerthall.Whatyoudid

isquiteright.（2）謂語（Predicate）它說明主語的動作或狀態(tài)的部分。一般由動詞(及物和不及物)或動詞短語來擔(dān)任。Actionspeakslouderthanwords.Thechancemaynevercomeagain.Maryhasworkedatthedressshopsince1994.Helaughedathisclassmates.Theparentswereinvitedtoworkshoponthelastdayofcamp.謂語的形式：原形、三單、過去式、情態(tài)動詞/助動詞+dodon't/doesn't/didn't+動詞原形、have/has/haddone...be+done（3）賓語（Object）是及物動詞的對象或者介詞所表示的某種聯(lián)系的對象。不及物動詞后面不能接賓語，加上某個介詞后才能加賓語。介詞后面的名詞或代詞叫做介詞賓語，賓語一般由n,pron,num,to-do,doing,clause來擔(dān)任。1)Hewantstobuyabook.2)Weshouldlearnfromhim.3)Hegaveme

abook.4)Doyoumindopeningthewindow?5)Hewantstodreamanicedream.6)Weneedknowwhatothersaredoing.

(動詞賓語)

(介詞賓語)

(間接賓語；直接賓語)

動名詞不定式

句子

（4）表語（Predicative）它在連系動詞之后表示主語的性質(zhì),特征,狀態(tài)或身份的部分。一般由n,pron,adj,num,to-do,v-ing,clause,prep.phrase來擔(dān)任。Myfatherisaprofessor.

Who'sthatinthephoto?It'sme.

Everythinghereisexpensive.

Thematchbecameveryexciting.

Myfirstideawasthatyoushouldhideyourfeelings.

Thestoryofmylifemaybeofhelptoothers.Iwastired.Hisplanistoseekworkinthecity.名詞n代詞pron形容詞adj-ing形式的adj-ed形式的adjtodo不定式句子介詞短語①狀態(tài)系動詞：②感官系動詞：③變化系動詞：④持續(xù)系動詞：⑤表象系動詞：⑥終止系動詞：

am,is,are,was,werelook,sound,feel,smell,tasteget,grow,become,turn,go,fallkeep,remain,stayseem,

appearprove(證明是),turnout(結(jié)果是,證明是)（5）定語（Attributive）用來對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子,常用形容詞或與之相當(dāng)?shù)慕Y(jié)構(gòu)來承擔(dān),翻譯成“……的”Twoboysneedtwopens.HisnameisTom.Theboyneedsaballpen.TheboyinblueisTom.Theboythereneedsapen.Thereisnothingtodotoday.ThepenboughtbyherismadeinChina.TheboyyouwillknowisTom.定語位置：單個單詞作定語通常位于被修飾詞前。復(fù)合不定代詞（something/nothing）之后；不定式/分詞短語/介詞短語/從句作定語時要放在被修飾詞后；副詞用作定語時須放在名詞之后。6.狀語修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或全句的句子成分，說明方式、因果、條件、時間、地點、讓步、方向、程度、目的等常用副詞或與之相當(dāng)?shù)慕Y(jié)構(gòu)來承擔(dān)。Ileftthevillagefiveyearsago.Iarrivedlatebecauseofthetrafficjam.We'llsendacartofetchyou.Thestudentscameintotheclassroom,singinganddancing.Theeveningpassedquickly.

副短介短to

dodoing

advWhenIwasalittlegirl,mymomtaughtmecooking.

Ifhegoes,sowillI.Idecidedtogowiththem,becauseIhadnothingbettertodo.Thoughheisachild,heknowsalot.條件狀語從句原因狀語從句時間狀語從句讓步狀語從句可用作狀語的有副詞,不定式，分詞，介詞短語，從句等。（7）賓語補(bǔ)足語：對賓語進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)匮a(bǔ)充說明，才能使句子的意義完整。通常位于賓語之后。

Theyelectedmecaptainoftheteam.

Wetrytomakeourcountrystrong.

Wefoundeverythingingoodorderthere.

Ishouldadviseyoutogetthechance.Isawhimgoingupstairs.Theyfoundthehousebrokenin.名詞形容詞介詞短語todo不定式現(xiàn)在分詞doingdone過去分詞（8）同位語(Appositive)：把一個名詞（短語）、代詞或從句放在另一名詞或代詞后，用以說明前者的性質(zhì)或情況，指代同一事物，這樣的名詞/代詞或從句叫同位語。Westudentsshouldstudyhard.

(students是we的同位語，都是指同一批‘學(xué)生’）Weallarestudents.

(all是we的同位語，都指同樣的‘我們’）Ourmonitor，LiQiang,isawarm-heartedguy.Iheardthenewsthatwehadwonthecompetition.1、按句子的用途可分四種：1）陳述句（肯定、否定）：Heissixyearsold.2）疑問句（一般、特殊、選擇、反意）：

Dotheylikeskating?Howoldishe?Marycanswim,can’tshe?3）祈使句：Becareful,boys.Don’ttalkinclass4）感嘆句：Howclevertheboyis!句式分類英語句式簡單句并列句復(fù)合句2、按句子結(jié)構(gòu)分，可分三種：英語句式簡單句并列句復(fù)合句只含有一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子1.Bill

came.2.Ilikebasketball.5.Itmakesmehappy.4.MyfriendlentmesomeCDs.

主謂賓(SVO)主謂(SV)主謂賓賓(SVOO)主謂賓賓補(bǔ)(SVOOc)3.Thesongsoundsbeautiful.主系表(SVP)1.The5typesofsimplesentences五種簡單句1.

Thesun

hasrisen.2.He

willleave

tomorrow.不及物動詞SV

常見的vi有：rise,matter,begin,come,go,happen,appear,work,cometrue,takeplace,live等。主語+不及物動詞(短語)

升級：SVA(主語+謂語+狀語)1)Everything│goes│well. 2)He│hasbeenstanding│there.3)They│talked│forhalfanhourlastnigh 4)Hisparents│haveworked│inthecompanyfortenyears.1.Tom

likes

football.2.Mary

isreading

astorybook.及物動詞SVO主+謂+賓升級：主語+謂語+賓語+狀語(S+V+O+A)1)Thegirl/enjoys/reading/inthemorning.2)I│saw│her│justnow.3)She│stopped│teachingEnglish│twoyearsago.4)She│respondedto│myletter│quickly.1.你們看起來氣色很好。Youlookverywell.3.他們成了朋友。Theybecamefriends.2.他的手摸上去很冷。Hishandsfeelcold.4.我們的任務(wù)是好好學(xué)習(xí)。Ourdutyistostudyhard.5.Jim

在那兒。Jimisthere.6.她可能在Jim家。

ShemaybeatJim’s.SVP主+系+表Canyou______methisbook?giveshowpasslendofferhandSVIODO主+謂+賓+賓Ican______youthekite.makebuyget常見可接雙賓語的動詞：tell,teach,bring,send，return，offer,pay,award等。間賓直賓Ifoundhim_________(interest)inscience.2.Thebosskeepsthem_________(work).3.Imakemyself__________(understand)bystudents.4.They│kept│thedoor│green.5.We│call│him│hero.6.He│made│thegirl│cryjustnow.7.He│asked│me│tocomebacksoon.interestedworkingunderstoodSVOOc主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ)該句式常用于三類動詞:①使役動詞:keep,make,let,have,leave,get..②感官動詞:see,watch,notice,observe,hear,feel,find,catch,lookat,listento,smell...③ask/tell/order/request/permit/persuade/...sbtodosth;等。consider/elect/appointsb(tobe)…Therebe+主語+狀語此句型是由“there+be+主語+狀語”構(gòu)成，用以表達(dá)存在關(guān)系可以稱“……有……”。它其實是倒裝的一種情況，主語位于謂語動詞be之后，there僅為引導(dǎo)詞，并無實際語意。be與其后的主語在人稱和數(shù)量上一致，有時態(tài)和情態(tài)變化。如：現(xiàn)在有thereis/are…

過去有therewas/were…

將來有therewillbe…；

現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有therehas/havebeen…

2.并列句：

句型：簡單句+并列連詞+簡單句 1、表示連接兩個同等概念，常用分號，and,notonly…butalso…,neither…nor…,then等連接。e.g.Theteacher’snameisSmith,andthestudent’snameisJohn.Thefutureisbright;theroadistortuous. 2、表示選擇，常用的連詞有or,either…or…,otherwise等。

e.g.Hurryup,oryou’llmissthetrain.

3、表示轉(zhuǎn)折，常用的連詞有but,yet,while等。e.g.Hewasalittlemanwiththickglasses,buthehadastrangewayofmakinghisclasseslivelyandinteresting. 4、表示因果關(guān)系，常用的連詞有so,for等。e.g.Augustisthetimeoftheyearforriceharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.3）復(fù)合句：由一個主句和一個或一個以上的從句構(gòu)成的句子。從句包括名詞性從句（主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句）定語從句和狀語從句等。句型：1.主句+連詞+從句；2.連詞+從句+主句e.g.TheforeignvisitorstookalotofpictureswhentheywereattheGreatWall.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.復(fù)合句定語從句狀語從句名詞從句主語從句表語從句賓語從句同位語從句句子成份綜合練習(xí)1、Youshouldstudyhard.2、Theteachergotveryangry.3、Theboytoldmehisstory.4、Weelectedhimourmonitor.5、Thesunkeepsuswarm.6、Itoldhimtoopenthewindow.7、Wewatchedthetrainleavingthestation.狀語表語間賓+直賓賓語+賓補(bǔ)賓語+賓補(bǔ)賓語+賓補(bǔ)賓語+賓補(bǔ)8.Ithinkitdifficulttofinishtheworkthismorning.9.Thereseemslittlehopesofsuccess.10、Toourjoy,theyarrivedsafe.11、Thefactisveryclearthatourteamwillwinthegame.12.Aftergraduationhewillworkwherehecamefrom.賓語+賓補(bǔ)主語狀語同位語從句時間和地點狀語Youaresittingbesideadog.The