考研英語I閱讀(95~97)

1995年閱讀

PassageI

MoneyspentonadvertisingismoneyspentaswellasanyIknowof.Itservesdirectlytoassistarapid

distributionofgoodsatreasonableprice,therebyestablishingafirmhomemarketandsomakingitpossible

toprovideforexportatcompetitiveprices.Bydrawingattentiontonewideasithelpsenormouslytoraise

standardsofliving.Byhelpingtoincreasedemanditensuresanincreasedneedforlabor;andisthereforean

effectivewaytofightunemployment.Itlowersthecostsofmanyservices:withoutadvertisementsyour

dailynewspaperwouldcostfourtimesasmuch,thepriceofyourtelevisionlicencewouldneedtobe

doubled,andtravelbybusortubewouldcost20percentmore.

Andperhapsmostimportantofall,advertisingprovidesaguaranteeofreasonablevalueintheproducts

andservicesyoubuy.Apartfromthefeetthattwenty-sevenActsofParliamentgovernthetermsof

advertising,noregularadvertiserdarepromoteaproductthatfailstoliveuptothepromiseofhis

advertisements.Hemightfoolsomepeopleforalittlewhilethroughmisleadingadvertising.Hewillnotdo

soforlong,formercifullythepublichasthegoodsensenottobuytheinferiorarticlemorethanonce.Ifyou

seeanarticleconsistentlyadvertised,itisthesurestproofIknowthatthearticledoeswhatisclaimedforit,

andthatitrepresentsgoodvalue.

AdvertisingdoesmoreforthematerialbenefitofthecommunitythananyotherforceIcanthinkof.

ThereisonemorepointIfeelIoughttotouchon.RecentlyIheardawell-knowntelevisionpersonality

declarethathewasagainstadvertisingbecauseitpersuadesratherthaninforms.Hewasdrawing

excessivelyfinedistinctions.Ofcourseadvertisingseekstopersuade.

Ifitsmessagewereconfinedmerelytoinformation—andthatinitselfwouldbedifficultifnotimpossible

toachieve,forevenadetailsuchasthechoiceofthecolourofashirtissubtlypersuasive—advertisingwould

besoboringthatnoonewouldpayanyattention.Butperhapsthatiswhatthewell-knowntelevision

personalitywants.

11.Bythefirstsentenceofthepassagetheauthormeansthat_.

[A]heisfairlyfamiliarwiththecostofadvertising

[B]everybodyknowswellthatadvertisingismoneyconsuming

[C]advertisingcostsmoneylikeeverythingelse

[D]itisworthwhiletospendmoneyonadvertising

12.Inthepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTincludedintheadvantagesofadvertising?

[A]Securinggreaterfame.[B]Providingmorejobs.

[C]Enhancinglivingstandards.[D]Reducingnewspapercost.

13.Theauthordeemsthatthewell-knownTVpersonalityis_.

[A]verypreciseinpassinghisjudgmentonadvertising

[B]interestedinnothingbutthebuyers'attention

[C]correctintellingthedifferencebetweenpersuasionandinformation

[D]obviouslypartialinhisviewsonadvertising

14.Intheauthor'sopinion,—.

[A]advertisingcanseldombringmaterialbenefittomanbyprovidinginformation

[B]advertisinginformspeopleofnewideasratherthanwinsthemover

[C]thereisnothingwrongwithadvertisinginpersuadingthebuyer

[D]thebuyerisnotinterestedingettinginformationfromanadvertisement

Passage2

Therearetwobasicwaystoseegrowth:oneasaproduct,theotherasaprocess.Peoplehavegenerally

viewedpersonalgrowthasanexternalresultorproductthatcaneasilybeidentifiedandmeasured.The

workerwhogetsapromotion,thestudentwhosegradesimprove,theforeignerwholeamsanewlanguage

—alltheseareexamplesofpeoplewhohavemeasurableresultstoshowfortheirefforts.

Bycontrast,theprocessofpersonalgrowthismuchmoredifficulttodetermine,sincebydefinitionitisa

journeyandnotthespecificsignpostsorlandmarksalongtheway.Theprocessisnottheroaditself;but

rathertheattitudesandfeelingspeoplehave,theircautionorcourage,astheyencounternewexperiences

andunexpectedobstacles.Inthisprocess,thejourneyneverreallyends;therearealwaysnewwaysto

experiencetheworld,newideastotry,newchallengestoaccept.

Inordertogrow,totravelnewroads,peopleneedtohaveawillingnesstotakerisks,toconfrontthe

unknown,andtoacceptthepossibilitythattheymay"fail"atfirst.Howweseeourselvesaswetryanew

wayofbeingisessentialtoourabilitytogrow.Doweperceiveourselvesasquickandcurious?Ifso,thenwe

tendtotakemorechancesandtobemoreopentounfamiliarexperiences.Dowethinkwe'reshyand

indecisive?Thenoursenseoftimiditycancauseustohesitate,tomoveslowly,andnottotakeastepuntil

weknowthegroundissafe.DowethinkweYeslowtoadapttochangeorthatwe'renotsmartenoughto

copewithanewchallenge?Thenwearelikelytotakeamorepassiveroleornottryatall.

Thesefeelingsofinsecurityandselfdoubtarebothunavoidableandnecessaryifwearetochangeand

grow.Ifwedonotconfrontandovercometheseinternalfearsanddoubts,ifweprotectourselvestoomuch,

thenweceasetogrow.Webecometrappedinsideashellofourownmaking.

15.Apersonisgenerallybelievedtoachievepersonalgrowthwhen.

[A]hehasgivenuphissmokinghabit

[B]hehasmadegreateffortsinhiswork

[C]heiskeenonlearninganythingnew

[D]hehastriedtodeterminewhereheisonhisjourney

16.Intheauthor'seyes,onewhoviewspersonalgrowthasaprocesswould.

[A]succeedinclimbingupthesocialladder

[B]judgehisabilitytogrowfromhisownachievements

[C]facedifficultiesandtakeupchallenges

[D]aimhighandreachhisgoaleachtime

17.Whentheauthorsays"anewwayofbeing"(line3,Para.3)heisreferringto_.

[A]anewapproachtoexperiencingtheworld

[B]anewwayoftakingrisks

[C]anewmethodofperceivingourselves

[D]anewsystemofadaptationtochange

18.Forpersonalgrowth,theauthoradvocatesallofthefollowingexcept.

[A]curiosityaboutmorechances

[B]promptnessinself-adaptation

[C]open-mindednesstonewexperiences

[D]avoidanceofinternalfearsanddoubts

Passage3

Insuchachanging,complexsocietyformerlysimplesolutionstoinformationalneedsbecome

complicated.Manyoflife'sproblemswhichweresolvedbyaskingfamilymembers,friendsorcolleaguesare

beyondthecapabilityoftheextendedfamilytoresolve.Wheretoturnforexpertinformationandhowto

determinewhichexpertadvicetoacceptarequestionsfacingmanypeopletoday.

Inadditiontothis,thereisthegrowingmobilityofpeoplesinceWorldWar口.Asfamiliesmoveaway

fromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformal

flowofinformationiscutoff^andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededand

willbetrustworthyandreliable.Thealmostunconsciousflowofinformationaboutthesimplestaspectsof

livingcanbecutoff.Thus,thingsoncelearnedsubconsciouslythroughthecasualcommunicationsofthe

extendedfamilymustbeconsciouslylearned.

Addingtosocietalchangestodayisanenormousstockpileofinformation.Theindividualnowhasmore

informationavailablethananygeneration,andthetaskoffindingthatonepieceofinformationrelevantto

hisorherspecificproblemiscomplicated,time-consumingandsometimesevenoverwhelming.

Coupledwiththegrowingquantityofinformationisthedevelopmentoftechnologieswhichenablethe

storageanddeliveryofmoreinformationwithgreaterspeedtomorelocationsthanhaseverbeenpossible

before.Computertechnologymakesitpossibletostorevastamountsofdatainmachine-readablefiles,and

toprogramcomputerstolocatespecificinformation.Telecommunicationsdevelopmentsenablethesending

ofmessagesviatelevision,radio,andveryshortly,electronicmailtobombardpeoplewithmultitudesof

messages.Satelliteshaveextendedthepowerofcommunicationstoreporteventsattheinstantof

occurrence.Expertisecanbesharedworldwidethroughteleconferencing,andproblemsindisputecanbe

settledwithouttheparticipantsleavingtheirhomesand/orjobstotraveltoadistantconferencesite.

Technologyhasfacilitatedthesharingofinformationandthestorageanddeliveryofinformation,thus

makingmoreinformationavailabletomorepeople.

Inthisworldofchangeandcomplexity,theneedforinformationisofgreatestimportance.Thosepeople

whohaveaccurate,reliableup-to-dateinformationtosolvetheday-to-dayproblems,thecriticalproblems

oftheirbusiness,socialandfamilylife,willsurviveandsucceed.''Knowledgeispower7'maywellbethe

truestsayingandaccesstoinformationmaybethemostcriticalrequirementofallpeople.

19.Theword"it"(line3,Para.2)mostprobablyrefersto—.

[A]thelackofstablecommunities

[B]thebreakdownofinformalinformationchannels

[C]theincreasedmobilityoffamilies

[D]thegrowingnumberofpeoplemovingfromplacetoplace

20.Themainproblempeoplemayencountertodayarisesformthefactthat_.

[A]theyhavetoleamnewthingsconsciously

[B]theylacktheconfidenceofsecuringreliableandtrustworthyinformation

[C]theyhavedifficultyobtainingtheneededinformationreadily

[D]theycanhardlycarryoutcasualcommunicationswithanextendedfamily.

21.Fromthepassagewecaninferthat_.

[A]electronicmailwillsoonplayadominantroleintransmittingmessages

[B]itwillbecomemoredifficultforpeopletokeepsecretsinaninformationera

[C]peoplewillspendlesstimeholdingmeetingsorconferences

[D]eventswillbereportedonthespotmainlythroughsatellites

22.Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthat—.

[A]itisnecessarytoobtainasmuch

[B]peopleshouldmakethebestuseoftheinformation

[C]weshouldrealizetheimportanceofaccumulatinginformation.

[D]itisofvitalimportancetoacquireneededinformationefficiently

Passage4

Personalityistoalargeextentinherent—A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoffepring.Butthe

environmentmustalsohaveaprofoundeffect,sinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparents;itislikelyto

becomeamajorfactorinthelivesoftheirchildren.

OneplacewherechildrensoakupA-characteristicsisschool,whichis,byitsverynature,ahighly

competitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe'winatallcosts'moralstandardandmeasuretheir

successbysportingachievements.Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheir

classmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersystem,inwhichcompetitiveAtypesseeminsome

waybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtookeentowincanhavedangerousconsequences:remember

thatPheidippides,thefirstmarathonrunner;droppeddeadsecondsaftersaying:/zRejoice,weconquer!K

Byfartheworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisarare

schoolthatallowspupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionby

examinationaresomewhatquestionable,butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositively

harmful.

Obviously,itisneitherpracticalnordesirablethatallAyoungsterschangeintoB's.Theworldneedstypes,

andschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild'spersonalitytohispossiblefutureemployment.Itis

topmanagement.

Ifthepreoccupationofschoolswithacademicworkwaslessened,moretimemightbespentteaching

childrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthecaringprofessions,especiallymedicine,couldbemadeless

bygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuchconsiderationsassensitivityandsympathy.Itissurelya

mistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromAtypestock.B'sareimportantandshouldbeencouraged.

23.Accordingtothepassage,A-typeindividualsareusually_.

[A]impatient[B]considerate[C]aggressive[D]agreeable

24.Theauthorisstronglyopposedtothepracticeofexaminationsatschoolsbecause_.

[A]thepressureistoogreatonthestudents[B]somestudentsareboundtofail

[C]failureratesaretoohigh[D]theresultsofexanimationsaredoubtful

25.Theselectionofmedicalprofessionalsarecurrentlybasedon_.

[A]candidates'sensitivity[B]academicachievements

[C]competitivespirit[D]surervalues

26.Fromthepassagewecandrawtheconclusionthat_.

[A]thepersonalityofachildiswellestablishedatbirth

[B]familyinfluencedominatestheshapingofone'scharacteristics.

[C]thedevelopmentofone'spersonalityisduetomultiplefactors

[D]B-typecharacteristicscanfindnoplaceincompetitivesociety

Passage5

Thatexperiencesinfluencesubsequentbehaviourisevidenceofanobviousbutneverthelessremarkable

activitycalledremembering.Learningcouldnotoccurwithoutthefunctionpopularlynamedmemory.

Constantpracticehassuchaseffectonmemoryastoleadtoskillfulperformanceonthepiano,torecitation

ofapoem,andeventoreadingandunderstandingthesewords.So-calledintelligentbehaviourdemands

memory,rememberingbeingaprimaryrequirementforreasoning.Theabilitytosolveanyproblemoreven

torecognizethataproblemexistsdependsonmemory.Typically,thedecisiontocrossastreetisbasedon

rememberingmanyearlierexperiences.

Practice(orreview)tendstobuildandmaintainmemoryforataskorforanylearnedmaterial.Overa

periodofnopracticewhathasbeenlearnedtendstobeforgotten;andtheadaptiveconsequencesmaynot

seemobvious.Yet,dramaticinstancesofsuddenforgettingcanseemtobeadaptive.Inthissense,the

abilitytoforgetcanbeinterpretedtohavesurvivedthroughaprocessofnaturalselectioninanimals.Indeed,

whenone'smemoryofanemotionallypainfulexperienceleadstoseriousanxiety,forgettingmayproduce

relief.Nevertheless,anevolutionaryinterpretationmightmakeitdifficulttounderstandhowthecommonly

gradualprocessofforgettingsurvivednaturalselection.

Inthinkingabouttheevolutionofmemorytogetherwithallitspossibleaspects,itishelpfultoconsider

whatwouldhappenifmemoriesfailedtofade.Forgettingclearlyaidsorientationintime,sinceoldmemories

weakenandthenewtendtostandout,providingcluesforinferringduration.Withoutforgetting,adaptive

abilitywouldsuffer;forexample,learnedbehaviourthatmighthavebeencorrectadecadeagomayno

longerbe.Casesarerecordedofpeoplewho(byordinarystandards)forgotsolittlethattheireveryday

activitieswerefullofconfusion.Thisforgettingseemstoservethatsurvivaloftheindividualandthespecies.

Anotherlineofthoughtassumesamemorystoragesystemoflimitedcapacitythatprovidesadaptive

flexibilityspecificallythroughforgetting.Inthisview,continualadjustmentsaremadebetweenlearningor

memorystorage(input)andforgetting(output).Indeed,thereisevidencethattherateatwhichindividuals

forgetisdirectlyrelatedtohowmuchtheyhavelearned.Suchdataoffersgrosssupportofcontemporary

modelsofmemorythatassumeaninput-outputbalance.

27.Fromtheevolutionarypointofview,—.

[A]forgettingforlackofpracticetendstobeobviouslyinadaptive.

[B]ifapersongetsveryforgetfulallofasuddenhemustbeveryadaptive

[C]thegradualprocessofforgettingisanindicationofanindividual'sadaptability

[D]suddenforgettingmaybringaboutadaptiveconsequences

28.Accordingtothepassage,ifapersonneverforgot—.

[A]hewouldsun/ivebest

[B]hewouldhavealotoftrouble

[C]hisabilitytolearnwouldbeenhanced

[D]theevolutionofmemorywouldstop

29.Fromthelastparagraphweknowthat_.

[A]forgetfulnessisaresponsetolearning

[B]thememorystoragesystemisanexactlybalancedinput-outputsystem

[C]memoryisacompensationforforgetting

[D]thecapacityofamemorystoragesystemislimitedbecauseforgettingoccurs

30.Inthisarticle,theauthortriestointerpretthefunctionof_.

[A]remembering[B]forgetting[C]adapting[D]experiencing

1996年閱讀

1996Passage1

Tight-lippedeldersusedtosay,"It'snotwhatyouwantinthisworld,butwhatyouget."

Psychologyteachesthatyoudogetwhatyouwantifyouknowwhatyouwantandwanttheright

things.

Youcanmakeamentalblueprintofadesireasyouwouldmakeablueprintofahouse,andeachofus

iscontinuallymakingtheseblueprintsinthegeneralroutineofeverydayliving.Ifweintendtohavefriends

todinner;weplanthemenu,makeashoppinglist,decidewhichfoodtocookfirst,andsuchplanningisan

essentialforanytypeofmealtobeserved.

Likewise,ifyouwanttofindajob,takeasheetofpaper;andwriteabriefaccountofyourself.Inmaking

ablueprintforajob,beginwithyourself,forwhenyouknowexactlywhatyouhavetooffer;youcan

intelligentlyplanwheretosellyourservices.

Thisaccountofyourselfisactuallyasketchofyourworkinglifeandshouldincludeeducation,

experienceandreferences.Suchanaccountisvaluable.Itcanbereferredtoinfillingoutstandard

applicationblanksandisextremelyhelpfulinpersonalinterviews.Whiletalkingtoyou,yourcould-be

employerisdecidingwhetheryoureducation,yourexperience,andotherqualificationswillpayhimto

employyouandyour"wares"andabilitiesmustbedisplayedinanorderlyandreasonablyconnected

manner

Whenyouhavecarefullypreparedablueprintofyourabilitiesanddesires,youhavesomethingtangible

tosell.Thenyouarereadytohuntforajob.Getallthepossibleinformationaboutyourcould-bejob.Make

inquiriesastothedetailsregardingthejobandthefirm.Keepyoureyesandearsopen,anduseyourown

judgement.Spendacertainamountoftimeeachdayseekingtheemploymentyouwishfor;andkeepin

mind:Securingajobisyourjobnow.

51.Whatdotheeldersmeanwhentheysay,"It'snotwhatyouwantinthisworld,butwhatyouget"?

[A]You'llcertainlygetwhatyouwant.

[B]It'snousedreaming.

[C]Youshouldbedissatisfiedwithwhatyouhave.

[D]It'sessentialtosetagoalforyourself.

52.Ablueprintmadebeforeinvitingafriendtodinnerisusedinthispassageas.

[A]anillustrationofhowtowriteanapplicationforajob

[B]anindicationhowtosecureagoodjob

[C]aguidelineforjobdescription

[D]aprincipleforjobevaluation

53.Accordingtothepassage,onemustwriteanaccountofhimselfbeforestartingtofindajobbecause

[A]thatisthefirststeptopleasetheemployer

[B]thatistherequirementoftheemployer

[C]itenableshimtoknowwhentosellhissen/ices

[D]itforceshimtobecomeclearlyawareofhimself

54.Whenyouhavecarefullypreparedablueprintofyourabilitiesanddesires,youhavesomething

[A]definitetooffer

[B]imaginarytoprovide

[C]practicaltosupply

[D]desirabletopresent

1996Passage2

WiththestartofBBCWorldServiceTelevision,millionsofviewersinAsiaandAmericacannowwatch

theCorporation'snewscoverage,aswellaslistentoit.

AndofcourseinBritainlistenersandviewerscantuneintotwoBBCtelevisionchannels,fiveBBC

nationalradioservicesanddozensoflocalradiostation.Theyarebroughtsport,comedy,drama,music,

newsandcurrentaffairs,education,religion,parliamentarycoverage,children'sprogrammesandfilmsfor

anannuallicencefeeof￡83perhousehold.

Itisaremarkablerecord,stretchingbackover70years—yettheBBC'sfutureisnowindoubt.The

Corporationwillsurviveasapublicly-fundedbroadcastingorganisation,atleastforthetimebeing,butits

role,itssizeanditsprogrammesarenowthesubjectofanation-widedebateinBritain.

ThedebatewaslaunchedbytheGovernment,whichinvitedanyonewithanopinionoftheBBC一

includingordinarylistenersandviewers—tosaywhatwasgoodorbadabouttheCorporation,andeven

whethertheythoughtitwasworthkeeping.ThereasonforitsinquiryisthattheBBC'sroyalcharterruns

outin1996anditmustdecidewhethertokeeptheorganisationasitis,ortomakechanges.

DefendersoftheCorporation—ofwhomtherearemany——arefondofquotingtheAmericanslogan.

"Ifitain'tbroke,don*tfixit."TheBBC"ain'tbroke",theysay,bywhichtheymeanitisnotbroken(asdistinct

fromtheword"broke",meaninghavingnomoney),sowhybothertochangeit?

YettheBBCwillhavetochange,becausethebroadcastingworldarounditischanging.Thecommercial

TVchannels—ITVandChannel4—wererequiredbytheThatcherGovernment'sBroadcastingActto

becomemorecommercial,competingwitheachotherforadvertisers,andcuttingcostsandjobs.Butitis

thearrivalofnewsatellitechannels—fundedpartlybyadvertisingandpartlybyviewers'subscriptions—

whichwillbringaboutthebiggestchangesinthelongterm.

55.TheworldfamousBBCnowfaces.

[A]theproblemofnewcoverage

[B]anuncertainprospect

[C]inquiriesbythegeneralpublic

[D]shrinkageofaudience

56.Inthepassage,whichofthefollowingabouttheBBCisnotmentionedasthekeyissue?

[A]ExtensionofitsTVservicetoFarEast.

[B]Programmesasthesubjectofanation-widedebate.

[C]Potentialsforfurtherinternationalco-operations.

[D]Itsexistenceasabroadcastingorganisation.

57.TheBBC's"royalcharter"(line3,paragraph4)standsfor.

[A]thefinancialsupportfromtheroyalfamily

[B]theprivilegesgrantedbytheQueen

[C]acontractwiththeQueen

[D]auniquerelationshipwiththeroyalfamily

58.TheforemostreasonwhytheBBChastoreadjustitselfisnootherthan.

[A]theemergenceofcommercialTVchannels

[B]theenforcementofBroadcastingActbythegovernment

[C]theurgentnecessitytoreducecostsandjobs

[D]thechallengeofnewsatellitechannels

1996Passage3

Inthelasthalfofthenineteenthcentury"capital"and"labour"wereenlargingandperfectingtheirrival

organisationsonmodernlines.Manyanoldfirmwasreplacedbyalimitedliabilitycompanywitha

bureaucracyofsalariedmanagers.Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementsofthenewagebyengaging

alargeprofessionalelementandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoiledthefortunes

offamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.Itwasmoreoverastepaway

fromindividualinitiative,towardscollectivismandmunicipalandstate-ownedbusiness.Therailway

companies,thoughstillprivatebusinessmanagedforthebenefitofshareholders,wereveryunlikeold

familybusiness.Atthesametimethegreatmunicipalitieswentintobusinesstosupplylighting,tramsand

otherservicestothetaxpayers.

Thegrowthofthelimitedliabilitycompanyandmunicipalbusinesshadimportantconsequences.Such

large,impersonalmanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatlyincreasedthenumbersandimportanceof

shareholdersasaclass,anelementinnationalliferepresentingirresponsiblewealthdetachedfromtheland

andthedutiesofthelandowners;andalmostequallydetachedfromtheresponsiblemanagementof

business.Allthroughthenineteenthcentury,America,Africa,India,AustraliaandpartsofEuropewere

beingdevelopedbyBritishcapital,andBritishshareholderswerethusenrichedbytheworld'smovement

towardsindustrialisation.TownslikeBournemouthandEastbournespranguptohouselarge"comfortable"

classeswhohadretiredontheirincomes,andwhohadnorelationtotherestofthecommunityexceptthat

ofdrawingdividendsandoccasionallyattendingashareholders'meetingtodictatetheirorderstothe

management.Ontheotherhand"Shareholding"meantleisureandfreedomwhichwasusedbymanyof

thelaterVictoriansforthehighestpurposeofagreatcivilization.

The"shareholders'*assuchhadnoknowledgeofthelives,thoughtsorneedsoftheworkmenemployed

bythecompanyinwhichheheldshares,andhisinfluenceontherelationsofcapitalandlabourwasnot

good.Thepaidmanageractingforthecompanywasinmoredirectrelationwiththemenandtheir

demands,butevenhehadseldomthatfamiliarpersonalknowledgeoftheworkmenwhichtheemployer

hadoftenhadunderthemorepatriarchalsystemoftheoldfamilybusinessnowpassingaway.Indeedthe

meresizeofoperationsandthenumbersofworkmeninvolvedrenderedsuchpersonalrelationsimpossible.

Fortunately,however;theincreasingpowerandorganisationofthetradeunions,atleastinallskilledtrades,

enabledtheworkmentomeetonequaltermsthemanagersofthecompanieswhoemployedthem.The

crueldisciplineofthestrikeandlockouttaughtthetwopartiestorespecteachother'sstrengthand

understandthevalueoffairnegotiation.

59.Itstrueoftheoldfamilyfirmsthat.

[A]theywerespoiledbytheyoungergenerations

[B]theyfeiledforlackofindividualinitiative

[C]theylackedefficiencycomparedwithmoderncompanies

[D]theycouldsupplyadequateservicestothetaxpayers

60.Thegrowthoflimitedliabilitycompaniesresultedin.

[A]theseparationofcapitalfrommanagement

[B]theownershipofcapitalbymanagers

[C]theemergenceofcapitalandlabourastwoclasses

[D]theparticipationofshareholdersinmunicipalbusiness

61.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingaretrueexceptthat.

[A]theshareholderswereunawareoftheneedsoftheworkers

[B]theoldfirmownershadabetterunderstandingoftheirworkers

[C]thelimitedliabilitycompaniesweretoolargetorunsmoothly

[D]thetradeunionsseemedtoplayapositiverole

62.Theauthorismostcriticalof.

[A]familyfirmowners

[B]landowners

[C]managers

[D]shareholders

1996Passage4

WhataccountsforthegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmerica—breakthroughssuchas

thetelegraph,thesteamboatandtheweavingmachine?

Amongthemanyshapingfactors,Iwouldsingleoutthecountry'sexcellentelementaryschools;alabor

forcethatwelcomedthenewte