考研英語（翻譯）模擬試卷1（共205題）

考研英語（翻譯）模擬試卷1（共9套）（共205題）考研英語（翻譯）模擬試卷第1套一、閱讀9翻譯句子)(本題共30題，每題1.0分，共30分。)TimothyBerners-LeemightbegivingBillGatesarunforthemoney,buthepasseduphisshotatfabulouswealth—intentionally—in1990.【F1】That'swhenhedecidednottopatentthetechnologyusedtocreatethemostimportantsoftwareinnovationinthefinaldecadeofthe20thcentury:theWorldWideWeb.Berners-Leewantedtomaketheworldaricherplace,notamasspersonalwealth.Sohegavehisbrainchildtousall.Berners-Leeregardstoday'sWebasarebelliousadolescentthatcanneverfulfillhisoriginalexpectations.【F2】By2005,hehopestobeginreplacingitwiththeSemanticWeb—asmartnetworkthatwillfinallyunderstandhumanlanguagesandmakecomputersvirtuallyaseasytoworkwithasotherhumans.AsenvisionedbyBerners-Lee,thenewWebwouldunderstandnotonlythemeaningofwordsandconceptsbutalsothelogicalrelationshipsamongthem.Thathasawesomepotential.Mostknowledgeisbuiltontwopillars:semanticsandmathematics.Innumber-crunching,computersalreadyoutclasspeople.【F3】Machinesthatareequallyadroitatdealingwithlanguageandreasonwon'tjusthelppeopleuncovernewinsights;theycouldblazenewtrailsontheirown.【F4】EvenwithafairlycrudeversionofthisfutureWeb,miningonlinerepositoriesfornuggetsofknowledgewouldnolongerforcepeopletowadethroughscreenafterscreenofextraneousdata.Instead,computerswoulddispatchintelligentagents,orsoftwaremessengers,toexploreWebsitesbythethousandsandlogicallysiftoutjustwhat'srelevant.Thatalonewouldprovideamajorboostinproductivityatworkandathome.Butthere'sfarmore.Softwareagentscouldalsotakeonmanyroutinebusinesschores,suchashelpingmanufacturersfindandnegotiatewithlowest-costpartssuppliersandhandlinghelp-deskquestions.TheSemanticWebwouldalsobeabottomlesstroveofeurekainsights.Mostinventionsandscientificbreakthroughs,includingtoday'sWeb,springfromnovelcombinationsofexistingknowledge.TheSemanticWebwouldmakeitpossibletoevaluatemorecombinationsovernightthanapersoncouldjuggleinalifetime.SurescientistsandotherpeoplecanpostideasontheWebtodayforotherstoread.Butwithmachinesdoingthereadingandtranslatingtechnicalterms,relatedideasfrommillionsofWebpagescouldbedistilledandsummarized.Thatwilllifttheabilitytoassessandintegrateinformationtonewheights.TheSemanticWeb,Berners-Leepredicts,willhelpmorepeoplebecomemoreintuitiveaswellasmoreanalytical.【F5】Itwillfosterglobalcollaborationsamongpeoplewithdiverseculturalperspectives,sowehaveabetterchanceoffindingtherightsolutionstothereallybigissues—liketheenvironmentandclimatewarming.1、【F1】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：當(dāng)時(shí)伯納斯·李決定不為那項(xiàng)用來創(chuàng)造20世紀(jì)90年代最重要的軟件發(fā)明——萬維網(wǎng)——的技術(shù)申請專利。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無解析2、【F2】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：到2005年，他希望開始用語義萬維網(wǎng)取而代之，這是一種將最終理解人類語言并使電腦在事實(shí)上像其他人類一樣容易合作的智能網(wǎng)絡(luò)。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無解析3、【F3】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：在處理語言和邏輯方面同樣熟練的機(jī)器將不止幫助人們洞察到新的知識(shí)，還可能為它們自己開辟新的道路。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無解析4、【F4】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：即使使用未來網(wǎng)絡(luò)的一個(gè)很粗糙的版本．人們在網(wǎng)上知識(shí)的寶庫中淘金時(shí)，也不必再艱難地翻閱一屏又一屏的無關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)了。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無解析5、【F5】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：它將促進(jìn)不同文化背景的人之間的全球性合作，因此我們有更好的機(jī)會(huì)找到那些真正的重大問題的正確解決方案，如環(huán)境和氣候變暖問題。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無解析Personalityistoalargeextentinherent—A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoffspring.【F1】Buttheenvironmentmustalsohaveaprofoundeffect,sinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparents,itislikelytobecomeamajorfactorinthelivesoftheirchildren.OneplacewherechildrensoakupAcharacteristicsisschool,whichis,byitsverynature,ahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthewinatallcostsmoralstandardandmeasuretheirsuccessbysportingachievements.【F2】Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersystem,inwhichcompetitiveA-typesseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtookeentowincanhavedangerousconsequences:rememberthatPheidippides,thefirstmarathonrunner,droppeddeadsecondsaftersaying:Rejoice,weconquer!Byfartheworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisarareschoolthatallowspupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.【F3】Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhatquestionable,butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful.Obviously,itisneitherpracticalnordesirablethatallAyoungsterschangeintoB's.【F4】Theworldneedstypes,andschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild'spersonalitytohispossiblefutureemployment.Itistopmanagement.Ifthepreoccupationofschoolswithacademicworkwaslessened,moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.【F5】Perhapsselectionforthecaringprofessions,especiallymedicine,couldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuchconsiderationsassensitivityandsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B'sareimportantandshouldbeencouraged.6、【F1】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：但環(huán)境也一定對其有深刻的影響，因?yàn)槿绻偁帉Ω改竵碚f很重要的話。那它也可能成為孩子生活中的一個(gè)重要因素。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無解析7、【F2】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：現(xiàn)在這種讓孩子們和其同學(xué)或時(shí)間競爭的熱情導(dǎo)致了一個(gè)雙層結(jié)構(gòu)，在這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)里面善于競爭的A類好像在某個(gè)方面要比他們B類的同輩更勝一籌。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無解析8、【F3】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：通過考試進(jìn)行競爭的優(yōu)點(diǎn)本身就有些讓人懷疑，但是如果在明知注定要失敗的情況下還要競爭就肯定是有害的了。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無解析9、【F4】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：這個(gè)世界需要各種性格的人，學(xué)校的一個(gè)重要職責(zé)是使孩子的性格適合將來可能從事的工作。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無解析10、【F5】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：也許對從事照顧他人的職業(yè)，特別是醫(yī)療事業(yè)(從業(yè)人員)的選擇應(yīng)該更少地基于化學(xué)成績而更多地基于對敏感個(gè)性和同情心的考慮。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無解析BernardBailynhasrecentlyreinterpretedtheearlyhistoryoftheUnitedStatesbyapplyingnewsocialresearchfindingsontheexperiencesofEuropeanmigrants.Inhisreinterpretation,migrationbecomestheorganizingprincipleforrewritingthehistoryofpreindustrialNorthAmerica.Hisapproachrestsonfourseparatepropositions.【F1】ThefirstoftheseassertsthatresidentsofearlymodernEnglandmovedregularlyabouttheircountryside;migratingtotheNewWorldwassimplyanaturalspillover.【F2】AlthoughatfirstthecoloniesheldlittlepositiveattractionfortheEnglish—theywouldratherhavestayedhome—bytheeighteenthcenturypeopleincreasinglymigratedtoAmericabecausetheyregardeditasthelandofopportunity.Secondly,Bailynholdsthat,contrarytothenotionthatusedtoflourishinAmericahistorytextbooks,therewasneveratypicalNewWorldcommunity.Forexample,theeconomicanddemographiccharacterofearlyNewEnglandtownsvariedconsiderably.Bailyn'sthirdpropositionsuggesttwogeneralpatternsprevailingamongthemanythousandsofmigrants:onegroupcameasindenturedservants,anothercametoacquireland.Surprisingly,Bailynsuggeststhatthosewhorecruitedindenturedservantswerethedrivingforcesoftransatlanticmigration.【F3】ThesecolonialentrepreneurshelpeddeterminethesocialcharacterofpeoplewhocametopreindustrialNorthAmerica.Atfirst,thousandsofunskilledlaborerswererecruited;bythe1730's,however,Americanemployersdemandedskilledartisans.Finally,Bailynarguesthatthecolonieswereahalf-civilizedhinterlandoftheEuropeanculturesystem.HeisundoubtedlycorrecttoinsistthatthecolonieswerepartofanAnglo-Americanempire.ButtodividetheempireintoEnglishcoreandcolonialperiphery,asBailyndoes,devaluestheachievementsofcolonialculture.Itistrue,asBailynclaims,thathighcultureinthecoloniesnevermatchedthatinEngland.Butwhatofseventeenth-centuryNewEngland,wherethesettlerscreatedeffectivelaws,builtadistinguisheduniversity,andpublishedbooks?BailynmightrespondthatNewEnglandwasexceptional.However,theideasandinstitutionsdevelopedbyNewEnglandPuritanshadpowerfuleffectsonNorthAmericanculture.AlthoughBailyngoesontoapplyhisapproachtosomethousandsofindenturedservantswhomigratedjustpriortotherevolution,hefailstolinktheirexperiencewiththepoliticaldevelopmentoftheUnitedStates.Evidencepresentedinhisworksuggestshowwemightmakesuchaconnection.TheseindenturedservantsweretreatedasslavesfortheperiodduringwhichtheyhadsoldtheirtimetoAmericanemployers.【F4】Itisnotsurprisingthatassoonastheyservedtheirtimetheypassedupgoodwagesinthecitiesandheadedwesttoensuretheirpersonalindependencebyacquiringland.【F5】Thus,itisinthewestthatapeculiarlyAmericanpoliticalculturebegan,amongcolonistswhoweresuspiciousofauthorityandintenselyanti-aristocratic.11、【F1】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：第一點(diǎn)斷言，近代早期的英國居民經(jīng)常在鄉(xiāng)下流動(dòng)，因此后來他們遷移到新大陸僅僅是一種“自然外流”。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無解析12、【F2】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：雖然最初殖民地對英國人沒有多少正面的誘惑力——他們寧愿留在本土。到18世紀(jì)時(shí)，移往美洲的人數(shù)卻增加了，因?yàn)樗麄儗⒛莾嚎醋魇浅錆M機(jī)遇的地方。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無解析13、【F3】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：這些殖民地的企業(yè)主幫助那些來到前工業(yè)化北美社會(huì)的人確定其社會(huì)屬性。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無解析14、【F4】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：毫不奇怪，一旦他們服役期滿，就會(huì)放棄城市里的高薪而走向西部，通過獲得土地來保障個(gè)人獨(dú)立。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無解析15、【F5】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：因此，就在那些懷疑權(quán)威和強(qiáng)烈反對貴族統(tǒng)治的移民者之中，一種特殊的美國政治文化從西部開始萌芽了。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無解析【F1】Proponentsofdifferentjazzstyleshavealwaysarguedthattheirpredecessor'smusicalstyledidnotincludeessentialcharacteristicsthatdefinejazzasjazz.Thus,1940'sswingwasbelittledbybeboppersofthe1950'swhowerethemselvesattackedbyfreejazzesofthe1960's.Theneoboppersofthe1980'sand1990'sattackedalmosteverybodyelse.ThetitanicfigureofBlacksaxophonistJohnColtranehascomplicatedtheargumentsmadebyproponentsofstylesfrombebopthroughneobopbecauseinhisownmusicaljourneyhedrewfromallthosestyles.Hisinfluenceonalltypesofjazzwasimmeasurable.Attheheightofhispopularity,Coltranelargelyabandonedplayingbebop,thestylethathadbroughthimfame,toexploretheouterreachesofjazz.Coltranehimselfprobablybelievedthattheonlyessentialcharacteristicofjazzwasimprovisation,theoneconstantinhisjourneyfrombeboptoopen-endedimprovisationsonmodal,Indian,andAfricanmelodies.【F2】Ontheotherhand,thisdoggedstudentandprodigioustechnician—whoinsistedonspendinghourseachdaypracticingscalesfromtheorybooks—wasneverabletojettisoncompletelytheinfluenceofbebop,withitsfastandelaboratechainsofnotesandornamentsonmelody.TwostylisticcharacteristicsshapedthewayColtraneplayedthetenorsaxophone:hefavoredplayingfastrunsofnotesbuiltonamelodyanddependedonheavy,regularlyaccentedbeats.【F3】ThefirstledColtranetosheetsofsoundwhereheracedfasterandfaster,pile-drivingnotesintoeachothertosuggeststackedharmonies;thesecondmeantthathissenseofrhythmwasalmostasclosetorockastobebop.ThreerecordingsillustrateColtrane'senergizingexplorations.RecordingKindofBluewithMilesDavis,Coltranefoundhimselfoutsidebop,exploringmodalmelodies.Hereheplayedsurging,lengthysolosbuiltlargelyaroundrepeatedmotifs—anorganizingprincipleunlikethatoffreejazzsaxophoneplayerOrnetteColeman,whomodulatedoralteredmelodiesinhissolos.OnGiantSteps,Coltranedebutedasleader,introducinghisowncompositions.【F4】Herethesheetsofsound,downbeataccents,repetitions,andgreatspeedarepartofeachsolo,andthevarietyoftheshapesofhisphrasesisunique.Coltrane'ssearchingexplorationsproducedsolidachievement.MyFavoriteThingswasanotherkindofwatershed.HereColtraneplayedthesopranosaxophone,aninstrumentseldomusedbyjazzmusicians.Musically,theresultswereastounding.【F5】Withthesoprano'spipingsound,ideasthathadsoundeddarkandbroodingacquiredafeelingofgiddyfantasy.16、【F1】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：不同爵士樂風(fēng)格的支持者一貫認(rèn)為他們前輩的音樂風(fēng)格沒有包括那些使爵士樂之所以成為爵士樂的本質(zhì)特征。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無解析17、【F2】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：另一方面，這個(gè)頑強(qiáng)的學(xué)生和異常的技巧家每天花幾個(gè)小時(shí)用來練習(xí)理論書籍上的曲譜，從未能完全拋棄比波普的影響，在他的旋律中可以找到帶有比波普特點(diǎn)的快速和精細(xì)的音符以及修飾效果。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無解析18、【F3】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：前者引導(dǎo)科爾特蘭尼走向“片狀聲響”的境界，在那里科爾特蘭尼的演奏越來越快，將音符成堆互相累放起來以表達(dá)一種堆疊起來的和諧感；而后者意味著，他的節(jié)奏感之接近于搖滾樂幾乎就像其接近于比波普風(fēng)格一樣。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無解析19、【F4】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：在這中間，“片狀聲響”、強(qiáng)拍重音、重復(fù)回旋和極快的速度組成了每一段獨(dú)奏的各個(gè)部分，各樂章形式的多樣性是獨(dú)一無二的。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無解析20、【F5】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：伴隨著高音薩克斯管的尖音，那些顯得昏暗及帶有沉思意味的主題有了一種令人眼花繚亂的夢幻感覺。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無解析【F1】RogerRosenblatt'sbookBlackFiction,inattemptingtoapplyliteraryratherthansociopoliticalcriteriatoitssubject,successfullyalterstheapproachtakenbymostpreviousstudies.AsRosenblattnotes,criticismofBlackwritinghasoftenservedasapretextforexpoundingonBlackhistory.AddisonGayle'srecentwork,forexample,judgesthevalueofBlackfictionbyovertlypoliticalstandards,ratingeachworkaccordingtothenotionsofBlackidentitywhichitpropounds.【F2】Althoughfictionassuredlyspringsfrompoliticalcircumstances,itsauthorsreacttothosecircumstancesinwaysotherthanideological,andtalkingaboutnovelsandstoriesprimarilyasinstrumentsofideologycircumventsmuchofthefictionalenterprise.Rosenblatt'sliteraryanalysisdisclosesaffinitiesandconnectionsamongworksofBlackfictionwhichsolelypoliticalstudieshaveoverlookedorignored.WritingacceptablecriticismofBlackfiction,however,presupposesgivingsatisfactoryanswerstoanumberofquestions.Firstofall,isthereasufficientreason,otherthanthefacialidentityoftheauthors,togrouptogetherworksbyBlackauthors?Second,howdoesBlackfictionmakeitselfdistinctfromothermodernfictionwithwhichitislargelycontemporaneous?RosenblattshowsthatBlackfictionconstitutesadistinctbodyofwritingthathasanidentifiable,coherentliterarytradition.LookingatnovelswrittenbyBlackoverthelasteightyyears,hediscoversrecurringconcernsanddesignsindependentofchronology.【F3】Thesestructuresarethematic,andtheyspring,notsurprisingly,fromthecentralfactthattheBlackcharactersinthesenovelsexistinapredominantlywhiteculture,whethertheytrytoconformtothatcultureorrebelagainstit.BlackFictiondoesleavesomeaestheticquestionsopen.Rosenblatt'sthematicanalysispermitsconsiderableobjectivity;heevenexplicitlystatesthatitisnothisintentiontojudgethemeritofthevariousworks—yethisreluctanceseemsmisplaced,especiallysinceanattempttoappraisemighthaveledtointerestingresults.Forinstance,someofthenovelsappeartobestructurallydiffuse.Isthisadefect,oraretheauthorsworkingoutof,ortryingtoforge,adifferentkindofaesthetic?【F4】Inaddition,thestyleofsomeBlacknovels,likeJeanToomer'sCane,vergesonexpressionismorsurrealism;doesthistechniqueprovideacounterpointtotheprevalentthemethatportraysthefateagainstwhichBlackheroesarepitted,athemeusuallyconveyedbymorenaturalisticmodesofexpression?Inspiteofsuchomissions,whatRosenblattdoesincludeinhisdiscussionmakesforanastuteandworthwhilestudy.【F5】BlackFictionsurveysawidevarietyofnovels,bringingtoourattentionintheprocesssomefascinatingandlittle-knownworkslikeJamesWeldonJohnson'sAutobiographyofanEx-ColoredMan.Itsargumentistightlyconstructed,anditsforthright,lucidstyleexemplifieslevelheadedandpenetratingcriticism.21、【F1】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：羅杰·羅森布萊特的著作《黑人小說》，試圖運(yùn)用文學(xué)的而不是社會(huì)政治的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來研究黑人小說，這成功地改變了大多數(shù)早先研究的方法。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無解析22、【F2】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：雖然小說確實(shí)是源于政治環(huán)境，但作者反映這些環(huán)境的方法是非意識(shí)形態(tài)的，如把小說和故事的討論作為意識(shí)形態(tài)的工具，則會(huì)忽視許多小說的成就。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無解析23、【F3】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：這些結(jié)構(gòu)與主題相關(guān)，并不讓人感到驚奇的是，它們源于這樣一個(gè)中心事實(shí)，即小說中的黑人生存在一個(gè)由白人文化支配的環(huán)境中，不管他們試圖迎合這一文化還是反叛這一文化。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無解析24、【F4】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：另外，像金·圖莫的《手杖》那樣的黑人小說風(fēng)格，近于表現(xiàn)主義和超現(xiàn)實(shí)主義；難道這個(gè)技巧只是用更自然主義的表現(xiàn)方式為表達(dá)流行的黑人英勇反抗命運(yùn)的主題提供一個(gè)對應(yīng)物嗎?知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無解析25、【F5】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：《黑人小說》廣泛地考察了各類小說，在此過程中我們的注意力被吸引到一些引人入勝但鮮為人知的作品上，如詹姆士·威爾頓·約翰遜的《一個(gè)曾是有色人的自傳》。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無解析TheinclusionofallchildrenandyouthispartofageneralintegrativetrendthathasacceleratedsinceWorldWarII.Itrelatestosomenewerdevelopmentsaswell.Concernfortheearth'sendangeredenvironmenthasbecomecentral,emphasizinginbothintellectualandsociallifetheneedforcooperationratherthancompetition,theimportanceofunderstandinginterrelationshipsoftheecosystem,andtheideathatecologycanbeusedasanorganizingconcept.Inadifferentvein,therapiddevelopmentofmicroelectronics,particularlytheuseofcomputersformultiplefunctionsineducation,goesforbeyondpossibilitiesofearliertechnologicaladvances.【F1】Althoughtechnologyisthoughtofbysomeasantagonistictohumanisticconcerns,othersarguethatitmakescommunicationandcomprehensionavailabletoawiderpopulationandencourages"systemthinking",bothultimatelyintegrativeeffects.Thepolarizationofopinionontechnology'seffectsandmostotherimportantissuesisaproblemineducationalpolicydetermination.【F2】Inadditiontothedifficultiesofgoverningincreasinglylargeanddiverseeducationsystems,aswellasthoseofmeetingthenever-endingdemandsofexpandingeducation,thechroniclackofconsensusmakesthesystemunabletorespondsatisfactorilytopubliccriticismandunabletoplanforsubstantivelong-rangedevelopment.【F3】Thepoliticalandadministrativeresponsessofarhavebeentoattendtoshort-runefficiencybyimprovingmanagementtechniquesandtoadoptpolarresponsestoaccommodatepolarcriticisms.Thus,communityandcommunityschoolshavebeenemphasizedalongwithcentralcontrolandstandardization,andinstitutionalalternativeshavebeenopened,whilethestructureofmaininstitutionshasbecomemorearticulated.Forexample,thefocusofattentionhasbeenplacedonthetransitionstages,whichearlierwerevirtuallyignored:fromhometoschoolfromprimarytosecondarytouppersecondary,fromschooltowork.Tertiaryinstitutionshavebeenreconceivedaspartofaunifiedlevel;testinghasbecomemoresophisticatedandcredentialshavebecomemoredifferentiatedeitherbycertificateorbytranscript.Alternativeteachingstrategieshavebeenencouragedintheory,butbasic,curriculumuniformityhaseffectivelyrestrictedthepracticeofnewmethods.Generaleducationisstillmainlyabstract,andsubjectmatter,thoughinternallymoredynamic,stillrestsonlanguage,mathematics,andscience.Therehasbeenanincreasingrelianceontheconstructionofsubjectmattertoguidethemethodofteaching.【F4】Teachersareentrustedwithagreatervarietyoftasks,buttheyarelesstrustedwithknowledge,leadingpoliticalauthoritiestocallforupgradingofteachertraining,teacherinservicetraining,andregularassessmentofteacherperformance.【F5】Recentreformeffortshavebeenfocusedonintegratinggeneralandvocationaleducationandonencouraginglifelongorrecurrenteducationtomeetchangingindividualandsocialneeds.Thus,notonlyhasthenumberofstudentsandinstitutionsincreased,asaresultofinclusionpolicies,butthescopeofeducationhasalsoexpanded.Thistremendousgrowth,however,hasraisednewquestionsabouttheproperfunctionsoftheschoolandtheeffectivenessforlife,work,orintellectualadvancementofpresentprogramsandmeansofinstruction.26、【F1】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：盡管技術(shù)被認(rèn)為不利于人文主義的關(guān)心，但是另一部分人認(rèn)為它使更多的人交流和了解，并鼓勵(lì)從最終綜合效應(yīng)的角度進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)思考。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無解析27、【F2】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：除越來越難管理的龐大復(fù)雜的教育體系，以及永遠(yuǎn)滿足不了的日益擴(kuò)大的教育需求外，缺乏共識(shí)使得該系統(tǒng)不能滿意地回答公眾的批評(píng)，也不能制定長期的發(fā)展目標(biāo)。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無解析28、【F3】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：政治和管理的響應(yīng)只限于短期效應(yīng)，通過改進(jìn)管理技術(shù)，對不同的批評(píng)采取不同的反應(yīng)。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無解析29、【F4】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：向老師委托大量的工作，但授予較少的知識(shí)，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)部門要求改進(jìn)教師的培訓(xùn)，改進(jìn)教師的在職培訓(xùn)以及對教師的教學(xué)進(jìn)行定期的評(píng)估。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無解析30、【F5】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：近來的改革措施的重點(diǎn)放在普通與職業(yè)教育，鼓勵(lì)終身或繼續(xù)教育，以滿足個(gè)人與社會(huì)的不斷增長的需要。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無解析考研英語（翻譯）模擬試卷第2套一、閱讀9翻譯句子)(本題共20題，每題1.0分，共20分。)Rumorhasitthatmorethan20booksoncreationism/evolutionareinthepublisher'spipelines.Afewhavealreadyappeared.【F1】Thegoalofallwillbetotrytoexplaintoaconfusedandoftenunenlightenedcitizenrythattherearenottwoequallyvalidscientifictheoriesfortheoriginandevolutionofuniverseandlife.Cosmology,geology,andbiologyhaveprovidedaconsistent,unified,andconstantlyimprovingaccountofwhathappened.【F2】Scientificcreationism,whichisbeingpushedbysomeforequaltimeintheclassroomswheneverthescientificaccountsofevolutionaregiven,isbasedonreligion,notscience.Virtuallyallscientistsandthemajorityofnon-fundamentalistreligiousleadershavecometoregardscientificcreationismasbadscienceandbadreligion.ThefirstfourchaptersofKitcher'sbookgiveaverybriefintroductiontoevolution.Atappropriateplaces,heintroducesthecriticismsofthecreationistsandprovidesanswers.Inthelastthreechapters,hetakesoffhisglovesandgivesthecreationistsagoodbeating.【F3】Hedescribestheirprogrammesandtactics,and,forthoseunfamiliarwiththewaysofcreationists,theextentoftheirdeceptionanddistortionmaycomeasanunpleasantsurprise.Whentheirbasicmotivationisreligious,onemighthaveexpectedmoreChristianbehavior.Kitcherisphilosopher,andthismayaccount,inpart,fortheclarityandeffectivenessofhisarguments.【F4】Thenon-specialistwillbeabletoobtainatleastanotionofthesortsofdataandargumentthatsupportevolutionarytheory.Thefinalchapteronthecreationistswillbeextremelycleartoall.Onthedustjacketofthisfinebook,StephenJayGouldsays:Thisbookstandsforreasonitself.【F5】Andsoitdoes—andallwouldbewellwerereasontheonlyjudgeinthecreationism/evolutiondebate.1、【F1】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：所有這些書的目的都試圖向迷惑而且通常還沒有被啟發(fā)的普通民眾解釋：不可能有兩種同樣站得住腳的關(guān)于宇宙和生命的起源和演化的科學(xué)理論同時(shí)存在。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無解析2、【F2】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：科學(xué)的神造說／特創(chuàng)論——不論什么時(shí)候談到進(jìn)化的科學(xué)解釋的時(shí)候，某些人就會(huì)要求在教室里獲得同等的時(shí)間來解釋這一學(xué)說——是以宗教為基礎(chǔ)的，而不是以科學(xué)為基礎(chǔ)。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無解析3、【F3】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：他揭露了這些人的綱領(lǐng)和手段，對那些不了解創(chuàng)世紀(jì)論者慣用手法的人來說，其欺騙和歪曲事實(shí)的程度會(huì)讓他們感到氣憤和吃驚。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無解析4、【F4】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：非專業(yè)人士起碼可以了解支持進(jìn)化論的各種數(shù)據(jù)和觀點(diǎn)。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無解析5、【F5】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：的確如此——如果理性是創(chuàng)世紀(jì)論和進(jìn)化論之爭的唯一裁判，一切問題就已解決了。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無解析Nocompanylikestobetolditiscontributingtothemoraldeclineofanation.Isthiswhatyouintendedtoaccomplishwithyourcareers?SenatorRobertDoleaskedTimeWarnerexecutiveslastweek.Youhavesoldyoursouls,butmustyoucorruptournationandthreatenourchildrenaswell?AtTimeWarner,however,suchquestionsaresimplythelatestmanifestationofthesoul-searchingthathasinvolvedthecompanyeversincethecompanywasbornin1990.【F1】It'saself-examinationthathas,atvarioustimes,involvedissuesofresponsibility,creativefreedomandthecorporatebottomline.AtthecoreofthisdebateischairmanGeraldLevin,56,whotookoverforthelateSteveRossin1992.【F2】Onthefinancialfront,Levinisunderpressuretoraisethestockpriceandreducethecompany'smountainousdebt,whichwillincreaseto$17.3billionaftertwonewcabledealsclose.Hehaspromisedtoselloffsomeofthepropertyandrestructurethecompany,butinvestorsarewaitingimpatiently.【F3】Theflapoverrapisnotmakinglifeanyeasierforhim,Levinhasconsistentlydefendedthecompany'srapmusiconthegroundsofexpression.In1992,whenTimeWarnerwasunderfireforreleasingIce-T'sviolentrapsongCopKiller,Levindescribedrapaslawfulexpressionofstreetculture,whichdeservesanoutlet.【F4】Thetestofanydemocraticsociety,hewroteinaWallStreetJournalcolumn,liesnotinhowwellitcancontrolexpressionbutinwhetheritgivesfreedomofthoughtandexpressionthewidestpossiblelatitude,howeverdisputableorirritatingtheresultsmaysometimesbe.Wewon'tretreatinthefaceofanythreats.Levinwouldnotcommentonthedebatelastweek,butthereweresignsthatthechairmanwasbackingoffhishard-linestand,atleasttosomeextent.Duringthediscussionofrocksingingversesatlastmonth'sstockholders'meeting.Levinassertedthatmusicisnotthecauseofsociety'sillsandevencitedhisson,ateacherintheBronx,NewYork,whousesraptocommunicatewithstudents.【F5】Buthetalkedaswellaboutthebalancedstrugglebetweencreativefreedomandsocialresponsibility,andheannouncedthatthecompanywouldlaunchadrivetodevelopstandardsfordistributionandlabelingofpotentiallyobjectionablemusic.The15-memberTimeWarnerboardisgenerallysupportiveofLevinandhiscorporatestrategy.Butinsiderssayseveralofthemhaveshowntheirconcernsinthismatter."Someofushaveknownformany,manyyearsthatthefreedomsundertheFirstAmendmentarenottotallyunlimited,"saysLuce.Ithinkitisperhapsthecasethatsomepeopleassociatedwiththecompanyhaveonlyrecentlycometorealizethis.6、【F1】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：這是一種在不同時(shí)期會(huì)涉及責(zé)任、創(chuàng)作自由和公司底線問題的自我反省。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無解析7、【F2】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：財(cái)政方面，他承受著抬高股價(jià)和減少公司巨額債務(wù)的壓力。在兩筆新的有線電視交易談妥后，債務(wù)將達(dá)到173億美元。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無解析8、【F3】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：人們對說唱音樂的焦慮并沒使他的日子變得好過，萊文一向以它是一種富于表現(xiàn)力的演唱方式這個(gè)理由來為公司的說唱音樂辯護(hù)。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無解析9、【F4】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：他在《華爾街日報(bào)》一篇專欄文章中寫道：對任何一個(gè)民主社會(huì)的檢驗(yàn)不在于它能多有效地控制各種情感的表達(dá)，而在于是否給予了人們思考和表達(dá)的最廣泛的自由，盡管有時(shí)這種結(jié)果會(huì)引起爭論和憤怒。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無解析10、【F5】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：但他也談到了在創(chuàng)作自由和社會(huì)責(zé)任之間要保持平衡的問題，他還宣布公司將致力于為一些人們可能會(huì)反感的音樂制定發(fā)行和標(biāo)識(shí)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無解析Overthepastcentury,allkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationhavebeencondemnedormadeillegal.【F1】Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabetism.This,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamesbeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageoverZodiaccarswhencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.LesswellknownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoeZysman.【F2】Englishnamesarefairlyevenlyspreadbetweenthehalvesofthealphabet,yetasuspiciouslylargenumberoftoppeoplehavesurnamesbeginningwithlettersbetweenAandK.【F3】ThustheAmericanpresidentandvice-presidenthavesurnamesstartingwithBandCrespectively;and26ofGeorgeBush'spredecessors(includinghisfather)hadsurnamesinthefirsthalfofthealphabetagainstjust16inthesecondhalf.Evenmorestriking,sixofthesevenheadsofgovernmentoftheG7richcountriesarealphabeticallyadvantaged(Berlusconi,Blair,Bush,Chirac,ChretienandKoizumi).Theworld'sthreetopcentralbankers(Greenspan,DuisenbergandHayami)areallclosetothetopofthealphabet,evenifoneofthemreallyusesJapanesecharacters.Asaretheworld'sfiverichestmen(Gates,Buffett,Allen,EllisonandAlbrecht).Canthismerelybecoincidence?Onetheory,dreamtupinallthesparetimeenjoyedbythealphabeticallydisadvantaged,isthattherotsetsinearly.【F4】Atthestartofthefirstyearininfantschool,teachersseatpupilsalphabeticallyfromthefront,tomakeiteasiertoremembertheirnames.Soshort-sightedZysmanjuniorgetsstuckinthebackrow,andisrarelyaskedtheimprovingquestionsposedbythoseinsensitiveteachers.Atthetimethealphabeticallydisadvantagedmaythinktheyhavehadaluckyescape.Yettheresultmaybeworsequalifications,becausetheygetlessindividualattention,aswellaslessconfidenceinspeakingpublicly.Thehumiliationcontinues.Atuniversitygraduationceremonies,theABCsproudlygettheirawardsfirst;bythetimetheyreachtheZysmansmostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ.【F5】Shortlistsforjobinterviews,electionballotpapers,listsofconferencespeakersandattendees:alltendtobedrawnup