新教材2024高中英語Unit1ScienceandScientistsSectionIReadingandThinking同步測試新人教版選擇性必修第二冊

PAGESectionⅠReadingandThinking(1)閱讀理解。第一節(jié)AThenationaloutpouringofgrief(哀思)atthedeathoftwolegendaryacademicians(院士),asifpeoplehadlostbelovedmembersoftheirownfamilies,offersmuchfoodforthought.At1:02p.m.onMay22nd,2024,liversurgeonWuMengchao,99,diedinShanghai.Hewasknownasthefounderofhepatobiliarysurgery(肝膽外科)inthecountryandwastheteacherofroughly80percentofthenation’sexpertsanddoctorsspecializinginliversurgerytoday.Wuoperatedonthousandsofpatients,andsavedatleast16,000lives.FiveminuteslaterinChangsha,Hunanprovince,agriculturalscientistYuanLongpingdiedattheageof91.Hewasknownas“thefatherofhybridrice”whohelpedliftthenationoutofhunger.Withtheirdedicationtoscienceandcommitmenttothepeople,thetwodevotedtheirlivestosavinglivesandimprovingpeople’slivelihoods.Togetherwithgenerationsoftheirstudents,theynotonlymadeabigdifferencetothelivesoftheChinesepeople,butalsomanylivinginotherdevelopingandleast-developedcountries.WuinsistedthatmedicalscienceishumanitywhileYuan’slifelongdreamwasalwaystoenabletheChinesepeopletofilltheirownbowlswithrice.WhatmakesWuandYuangreatisnotonlytheirachievements,butalsotheirsharedattachmenttothepeople.Thepublic’sspontaneous(自發(fā)的)outpouringofgriefattheirdeaths,whichhasbeenrareinthecountryfordecades,showshowmuchtheirdown-to-earthdedicationtoimprovingpeople’slivestouchedheartsthroughoutthecountry.YuanandWuarejusttworepresentativesofthelargenumbersofscientificworkersthathavedevotedtheirlivestotheirresearch,givingthecountry’speople-centereddevelopmentprinciplewithmorepracticalmeaning.Thecountryneedsmorescientiststoinheritandcarryforwardtheirspirit.Eventhoseinotherwalksoflifecandrawinspirationfromthetwoacademicians’commitmenttotheirdreams,careforthepeople,andunconcernaboutmaterialenjoyment,soastomakethebestofwhatlifegrantsforthemselvesandothers.1.WhichtwofieldsdotheWuMengchaoandYuanLongpingspecializein?A.Educationandagriculture.B.Medicineandsocialscience.C.Educationandsocialscience.D.Hepatobiliarysurgeryandagriculture.解析:細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)其次段中“At1:02p.m.onMay22nd,2024,liversurgeonWuMengchao,99,diedinShanghai.Hewasknownasthefounderofhepatobiliarysurgeryinthecountry...”和“...agriculturalscientistYuanLongpingdiedattheageof91.Hewasknownas‘thefatherofhybridrice’whohelpedliftthenationoutofhunger.”可知,吳孟超和袁隆平分別專攻肝膽外科和農(nóng)業(yè)兩個領(lǐng)域。故選D。答案:D2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“dedication”inparagraph3mean?A.Devotion.B.Influence.C.Exploration. D.Respect.解析:詞義揣測題。依據(jù)第三段中“Withtheirdedicationtoscienceandcommitmenttothepeople,thetwodevotedtheirlivestosavinglivesandimprovingpeople’slivelihoods.”可知,兩人靠著對科學和對人民的奉獻精神,為挽救生命、改善民生奉獻了自己的一生。由此可知,畫線詞為“奉獻、貢獻”的意思。故選A。答案:A3.Whydidtheacademicians’deathgrievethewholenation?A.ThemodernInternethelpedtospreadthenews.B.WuandYuanwerewellknownoverthecountry.C.Peoplethoughtitnecessarytofollowthesorrowfultrend.D.Theymadegreatcontributionsandsharedselflesslovetothepeople.解析:細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)第四段內(nèi)容可知,使吳、袁宏大的不僅是他們的成就,還有他們對人民的愛。民眾自發(fā)的哀思之情,幾十年來全國少見。這表明他們?yōu)楦纳迫嗣裆疃_踏實地的奉獻精神深深打動了全國人民的心。由此可知,舉國哀思是因為他們?yōu)楦纳迫嗣裆钭龀隽司薮筘暙I以及對人民無私的愛。故選D。答案:D4.Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?A.AsorrowfuldayB.LettheirscientificspiritliveonC.TheintroductionofthetwoacademiciansD.Thegreatcontributionsoftwogreatscientists解析:標題歸納題。依據(jù)最終一段內(nèi)容可知,袁和吳只是眾多為科研獻身的科學工作者中的兩個代表。國家須要更多的科學家來繼承和發(fā)揚他們的精神。其他各行各業(yè)的人都可以從兩位院士對幻想的執(zhí)著、對人民的關(guān)懷、對物質(zhì)享受的淡泊中吸取靈感。該段表明白文章主旨,科學家乃至各行各業(yè)的人都要學習、繼承和弘揚他們的精神。故選B。答案:BBEdmundHalleywasanEnglishscientistwholivedover200yearsago.Hestudiedtheobservationsofcomets(彗星)whichotherscientistshadmade.Theorbitofoneparticularcometwasaverydifficultmathematicalproblem.Hecouldnotfigureitout.Neithercouldotherscientistswhodealtwithsuchproblems.However,HalleyhadafriendnamedNewton,whowasabrilliantmathematician.Newtonthoughthehadalreadyworkedoutthatproblem,buthecouldnotfindthepapersonwhichhehaddoneit.HetoldHalleythattheorbitofacomethadtheshapeofanellipse(橢圓).NowHalleysettowork.Hefiguredouttheorbitsofsomeofthecometsthathadbeenobservedbyscientists.Hemadeasurprisingdiscovery.Thecometsthathadappearedintheyears1531,1607,and1682allhadthesameorbit.Yettheirappearancehadbeen75to76yearsapart.ThisseemedverystrangetoHalley.Thedifferentcometsfollowedthesameorbit.ThemoreHalleythoughtaboutit,themorehethoughtthattherehadnotbeenthreedifferentcomets,aspeoplethought.Hedecidedthattheyhadsimplyseenthesamecometthreetimes.Thecomethadgoneawayandhadcomebackagain.Itwasanastonishingidea!Halleyfeltcertainenoughtomakeapredictionofwhatwouldhappeninthefuture.Hedecidedthatthiscometwouldappearintheyear1758.Therewere53yearstogobeforeHalley’spredictioncouldbetested.In1758thecometappearedinthesky.Halleydidnotseeit,forhehaddiedsomeyearsbefore.EversincethenthatcomethasbeencalledHalley’scomet,inhishonour.5.HowdidHalleymakehisdiscovery?A.Bydoingexperiments.B.Bymeansofhisowncarefulobservation.C.Byusingtheworkofotherscientists.D.Bychance.解析:細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)第一段中的“Hestudiedtheobservationsofcometswhichotherscientistshadmade.”可知,哈雷的發(fā)覺是他在探討其他科學家們的視察中得出來的。故選C。答案:C6.WhendidHalleymakeasurprising,butcorrectprediction?A.In1704. B.In1705.C.In1706. D.In1707.解析:推理推斷題。依據(jù)最終一段中的“Hedecidedthatthiscometwouldappearintheyear1758.Therewere53yearstogobeforeHalley’spredictioncouldbetested.”可知,他預言彗星出現(xiàn)的時間是1758年,而這個預言還要經(jīng)過53年才能驗證,由此可以推斷出哈雷做出這個預言的時間是1705年。故選B。答案:B7.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Halleyandotherscientists.B.Theorbitofacomet.C.NewtonandHalley.D.Halleyandhisdiscovery.解析:主旨大意題。依據(jù)全文內(nèi)容可知,文章主要向我們講解并描述了科學家哈雷以及他發(fā)覺哈雷彗星的故事。故選D。答案:DCHereisanastonishingandsignificantfact:Mentalworkalonecan’tmakeustired.Itsoundsabsurd.Butafewyearsago,scientiststriedtofindouthowlongthehumanbraincouldlabourwithoutreachingastageoffatigue(疲憊).Totheamazementofthesescientists,theydiscoveredthatbloodpassingthroughthebrain,whenitisactive,showsnofatigueatall!Ifwetookadropofbloodfromadaylabourer,wewouldfinditfulloffatiguetoxins(毒素)andfatigueproducts.ButifwetookbloodfromthebrainofanAlbertEinstein,itwouldshownofatiguetoxinsattheendoftheday.Sofarasthebrainisconcerned,itcanworkaswellandswiftlyattheendofeightoreventwelvehoursofeffortasatthebeginning.Thebrainistotallytireless.Sowhatmakesustired?Somescientistsdeclarethatmostofourfatiguecomesfromourmentalandemotionalattitudes.OneofEngland’smostoutstandingscientists,J.A.Hadfield,says,“Thegreaterpartofthefatiguefromwhichwesufferisofmentalorigin.Infact,fatigueofpurelyphysicaloriginisrare.”Dr.Brill,afamousAmericanscientist,goesevenfurther.Hedeclares,“Onehundredpercentofthefatigueofasittingworkeringoodhealthisduetoemotionalproblems.”Whatkindsofemotionsmakesittingworkerstired?Joy?Satisfaction?No!Afeelingofbeingbored,anger,anxiety,tenseness,worry,afeelingofnotbeingappreciated—thosearetheemotionsthattiresittingworkers.Hardworkbyitselfseldomcausesfatigue.Wegettiredbecauseouremotionsproducenervousnessinthebody.8.Whatsurprisedthescientistsafewyearsago?A.Fatiguetoxinscouldhardlybefoundinalabourer’sblood.B.AlbertEinsteindidn’tfeelwornoutafteraday’swork.C.Amentalworker’sbloodwasfilledwithfatiguetoxins.D.Thebraincouldworkformanyhourswithoutfatiguetoxins.解析:細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)第一段首句“Hereisanastonishingandsignificantfact:Mentalworkalonecan’tmakeustired.”可知,單純的腦力勞動時間長了不會讓人感覺到累。故選D。答案:D9.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingcanmakesittingworkerstired?A.Challengingmentalwork.B.Endlesstasks.C.Unpleasantemotions.D.Physicallabour.解析:細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)最終一段中的“Afeelingofbeingbored,anger,anxiety,tenseness,worry,afeelingofnotbeingappreciated—thosearetheemotionsthattiresittingworkers.”可知,讓坐著工作的人感到疲憊的是厭煩、生氣、焦慮、驚慌、憂慮以及不被觀賞等情感。故選C。答案:C10.What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardsthescientists’ideas?A.Hedoubtsthem.B.Heagreeswiththem.C.Hearguesagainstthem.D.Hehesitatestoacceptthem.解析:推理推斷題。依據(jù)第一段首句“Hereisanastonishingandsignificantfact:Mentalworkalonecan’tmakeustired.”可知,作者認為這一發(fā)覺意義重大,由此可以看出作者是贊同這個觀點的。故選B。答案:B其次節(jié)依據(jù)短文內(nèi)容,從短文后的選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中有兩項為多余選項。Doyouwanttobeascientist?Ifyou’dliketobeone,youshouldlaythefoundation(基礎(chǔ))forthetaskahead.11.________Takethenecessaryclassesinhighschool.You’llneedtodowellinmathematics.12.________Youcanalsoconsidergoingtoasciencecampduringhighschool.Thereyou’lldomoreintensiveprojectsthanyoudoinyourregularscienceclassesinschool.Startoutwiththebasicsincollege.You’llneedtotakebasiccoursesinbiology,chemistryandphysicstoequipyourselfwiththebasicsofeachscience,aswellasthescientificmethodofobservingandexperimenting.Skillsinoneortwoforeignlanguagesmaybehelpfulaswell,inordertoreadolderscientificpapersthatarewritteninforeignlanguages.13.________14.________Afteryou’vegottenyourfeetwetandyou’refamiliarwiththedirectionsthisworkcouldtakeyou,chooseamajorinamorespecificbranchofscience.Developyourwritingskills.You’llalsoneedtowritewellasascientist,bothtogetmoneyforyourresearchandtopublishyourresultsinscientificmagazines.15.________Alwaysbereadingscientificjournalsandkeepupwiththefield.You’llbeinthosejournalsyourself,intime.Lookovertheirworkforstructureandthebasicsofagoodscientificpaper.A.Getahighereducation.B.Bepatient,andthinkcreatively.C.There’saguideforthepreparationwork.D.Chooseamajorinafieldthatinterestsyou.E.Scientistsinthephysicalsciencesuseagreatdealofmathematics.F.ThemosthelpfullanguagestolearnincludeFrench,GermanandRussian.G.ClassesinEnglishinhighschoolandtechnicalwritingincollegewillhelpyouimproveyourskills.11.解析:依據(jù)第一段中的“Ifyou’dliketobeone,youshouldlaythefoundationforthetaskahead.”并結(jié)合下文給出的建議可知,本句承上啟下,應為說明有一個關(guān)于打算工作的指南。故選C。答案:C12.解析:依據(jù)空前一句“You’llneedtodowellinmathematics.”可知,此處是講數(shù)學的重要性,本空說明要學好數(shù)學的緣由是科學家要用大量的數(shù)學學問。故選E。答案:E13.解析:依據(jù)空前一句“Skillsinoneortwoforeignlanguagesmaybehelpfulaswell,inordertoreadolderscientificpapersthatarewritteninforeignlanguages.”可知,此處主要講應學習一到兩門外語,故本空應為列舉應學習哪些語言。故選F。答案:F14.解析:依據(jù)文章結(jié)構(gòu)可知,空處是本段的主旨句,結(jié)合下文內(nèi)容“Afteryou’vegottenyourfeetwetandyou’refamiliarwiththedirectionsthisworkcouldtakeyou,chooseamajorinamorespecificbranchofscience.”可知,這里講的是選專業(yè)的問題。故選D。答案:D15.解析:依據(jù)本段主旨句“Developyourwritingskills.”可知,本段主要講的是培育寫作技巧,G項中的technicalwriting與本段主旨相符。故選G。答案:GReadingandThinking(2)[基礎(chǔ)測評]Ⅰ.單句語法填空。1.Thevaccinewasusedtoprotectthewholepopulationagainst________(infect).

2.Nothisteachersbutthestudenthimselfisto________(blame)forhisfailureintheexam.

3.Policestatisticsshowthatviolentcrimeis________thedecrease.

4.TheinformationfromtherobotsonMarshasgivenascientific________(prove)whetherwaterexiststhere.

5.Theboywascuriousabouthowthewastepaperwastransformed________modelkites.

6.Thefirehad________(severe)damagedthewarehousebeforethefirefightersarrived.

7.Hewassuspected________givingawaygovernmentsecretstotheenemy.

8.Allthedoorsarefreeof________(handle)andcanopenautomatically.

9.Ihelpedhim________(pure)outoffriendship.

10.Theforestfireislikely________(lose)controlifnoeffectivemeasurescanbetaken.

答案：1.infection2.blame3.on4.proof5.into6.severely7.of8.handles9.purely10.toloseⅡ.用方框中所給短語的正確形式填空。subscribeto,attendto,ingeneral,usedto,betoblame,sothat,intime,thanksto,diefrom,bedeterminedto1.Sometimesparents_____________fortheirchildren’sbadbehaviouratschool.2.Manywildanimalsincludingbirdshave_____________theforestfireinAustralia.3.Thesuspect_____________thefactthathehadenteredthevictim’sroom.4._____________,alearnedmanmakesfewermistakesinlifethanamanwithoutknowledge.5.Manygraduatesdonatedtheirusedbooks_____________morestudentscanbenefitfromtheirkindbehaviour.6.Doctorsfromacrossthecountryare_____________thepatientsattheriskofgettinginfected.7.Encouragedbythestoryofthegreatscientist,Linda_____________carryonhereducation.8.Thecauseofthepowerfailurewasfoundout_____________afteraone-hourexamination.9._____________yourtimelywarning,weavoidedwastingalotoftimeincarryingouttheproject.10.Myfamily_____________liveinthecitybutnowwehavemovedtothecountryside.答案：1.aretoblame2.diedfrom3.subscribedto4.Ingeneral5.sothat6.attendingto7.isdeterminedto8.intime9.Thanksto10.usedtoⅢ.語法填空。InthetimesofQueenVictoriapeoplewereexposedtocholera,adeadlydisease.Neitheritscausenoritscure1.________(know).Oncetherewas2.________outbreak,somanythousandsofterrifiedpeopledied.JohnSnow,awell-knowndoctorwhoonceattended3.________thequeen,wasdetermined4.________(solve)theproblem.Oneofthe5.________(theory)saidthatcholerawascausedbygermsinfoodorwater.Hesubscribedtoit6.________heneededproof.Hemadeamap,7.________(mark)theexactplaceswherethevictimshadlived.Asaresult,hecouldannouncethe8.________(true)thatwhatwastoblameforitwasthewaterfromthepump.Later,throughinvestigation,hefoundpeoplewere9.________(little)likelytogetcholeraiftheydrankpureorboiledwater.ThankstoJohnSnow,“KingCholera”wasdefeated10.________thewayscientistsstudydiseaseswasalsotransformed.

答案：1.wasknown2.an3.to4.tosolve5.theories6.but7.marking8.truth9.less10.and[提升測評]Ⅳ.閱讀理解。RobertJarvik,bornonMay11,1946inMichiganandraisedinStamford,isamedicalscientistandresearcher,whoplayedanimportantroleintheinventionoftheartificialheart.Hewasinterestedinmedicinefromayoungage.Hewatchedhisfatherperformoperationsandgainedapatent(專利權(quán))foramachineappliedinthemedicaloperationbeforehegraduatedfromhighschool.JarvikattendedSyracuseUniversityandconsideredacareerinart.Whenhisfatherdevelopedheartdiseasesuddenly,hedecidedthentoworkonamedicalcareer.Heappliedtomedicalschools,butwasnotadmittedtoanyschoolsintheUS.Beforelong,hewasadmittedtothemedicalschoolinItalyandstayedtherefortwoyears.HereturnedtogetadegreeinmedicinefromNewYorkUniversityin1971.Afterworkingforaperiodoftime,Jarvikgotajobintheorgantransplant(器官移植)programmeattheUniversityofUtahin1972.Heworkedwiththedirectoroftheprogramme,WillemKolff,whoinventedthekidneydialysis(腎透析)machine.BythetimeJarvikcametotheUniversityofUtah,theorganprogrammehadalreadydevelopedtheprimaryartificialheart.Heimproveditbycreatingadiaphragm(橫膈膜),whichsolvedmanyissueswiththeheart.Eventually,hecreatedthefirstartificialheartin1981,theJarvik-7,tobeplacedinahumanpatient,whichwasconsideredoneofthemostimportantinventionsinhumanhistory.BarneyClark,aretireddentistsufferingfromseriousheartdisease,receivedtheJarvik-7transplantonDecember2,1982.Helivedfor112daysaftertheoperation,butthetransplantwasconsideredasuccess.1.Howdoestheauthordevelopthetext?A.Bycomparingopinionsfromdifferentfields.B.Byfollowingthenaturaltimeorder.C.Bydiscussingresearchexperiments.D.Bypresentingsomeresearchresults.解析:細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。本文是一篇人物傳記,主要介紹美國聞名的醫(yī)學科學家羅伯特·賈維克在獨創(chuàng)人造心臟方面做出的巨大貢獻。通讀全文可知,作者依據(jù)時間先后依次對羅伯特·賈維克進行了介紹。故選B。答案:B2.WhatdoyouknowaboutRobertJarvikfromthetext?A.Hewasgoodatobservationandmadeaninventionwhenhewasyoung.B.Hewasbornandraisedinthesameplacewherehisparentsworked.C.Hebegantohelphisfatherfromayoungagewhenheperformedoperations.D.HewasadmittedtoanAmericanmedicalschoolsoonafterhegraduatedfromcollege.解析:推理推斷題。依據(jù)第一段最終一句“Hewatchedhisfatherperformoperationsandgainedapatentforamachineappliedinthemedicaloperationbeforehegraduatedfromhighschool.”可知,羅伯特·賈維克看他爸爸做手術(shù)并在中學畢業(yè)前獲得一項專利,由此可以推斷他擅長視察并做出了獨創(chuàng)。故選A。答案:A3.WhatisthegreatestachievementforRobertJarvikasamedicalscientist?A.Hecreatedthefirstartificialheartin1981.B.Heinventedthekidneydialysismachine.C.Hedidthefirsthearttransplantoperation.D.Hecreatedadiaphragmtofitinsideaheart.解析:細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)第四段最終一句“Eventually,hecreatedthefirstartificialheartin1981,theJarvik-7,tobeplacedinahumanpatient,whichwasconsideredoneofthemostimportantinventionsinhumanhistory.”可知,羅伯特·賈維克創(chuàng)建了人類歷史上第一個人造心臟,這是他作為醫(yī)學科學家的一個最宏大的成就。故選A。答案:AⅤ.完形填空。Doyouthinkyouhavewhatittakestobeasuccessfulscientist?Asuccessfulscientistisgenerallyagoodobserver.Hemakesfull1ofthefactsheobserves.Hedoesn’tacceptideaswhicharenot2onobviousfacts,andthereforerefusestoacceptauthorityastheonlyreasonfortruth.Healwayschecksideas3andmakesexperimentstoprovethem.

Theriseofmodernsciencemayperhapsbeconsideredto4asfarbackasthetimeofRogerBacon,thewonderfulphilosopherofOxford,wholivedbetweentheyears1214and1292.HewasprobablythefirstintheMiddleAgesto5thatweshouldlearnsciencebyobservingand6onthethingsaroundus,andhehimself7manyimportanttruths.

Galileo(1564-1642),8,wholivedmorethan300yearslater,wasthegreatestofseveralgreatmeninItaly,France,GermanyandEngland,whobegantoshowhowmanyimportant9couldbediscoveredbyobservationbydegrees.BeforeGalileo,learnedmenbelievedthatlargebodiesfellmorerapidlytowardstheearththansmallones,10Aristotlesaidso.ButGalileo,goingtothe11oftheLeaningTowerofPisa,letfalltwounequalmetalballsandprovedAristotlewaswrong.ItisGalileo’sspiritofgoingdirecttonature,andprovingour12andtheoriesbyexperiment,thathas13allthediscoveriesofmodernscience.

What14thosepeoplegoodscientists?FromtheexampleofGalileo,weknowclearlythat15scientistsarethosewhoseobservationshaveproducedbetterresults.

1.A.use B.senseC.speed D.trust解析:use運用;sense意識;speed速度;trust信任。依據(jù)語境可知