2020年全國碩士研究生招生考試《英語一》真題及解析

2020年全國碩士研究生招生考試《英語一》真題及解析材料題根據(jù)以下材料，回答1-20題?Eveniffamiliesdon’tsitdowntoeattogetherasfrequently（江南博哥）asbefore,millionsofBritonswillnonethelesshavegotasharethisweekendofoneofthenation’sgreattraditions:theSundayroast.??1?acoldwinter’sday,fewculinarypleasurescan?2?it.Yetaswereportnow,thefoodpolicearedeterminedthatthis?3?shouldberenderedyetanotherguiltypleasure?4?todamageourhealth.?TheFoodStandardsAuthority(FSA)has?5?apublicwarningabouttherisksofacompoundcalledacrylamidethatformsinsomefoodscooked?6?hightemperatures.Thismeansthatpeopleshould?7?crispingtheirroastpotatoes,rejectthin-crustpizzasandonly?8?toasttheirbread.Butwhereistheevidencetosupportsuchalarmistadvice??9?studieshaveshownthatacrylamidecancauseneurologicaldamageinmice,thereisno?10?evidencethatitcausescancerinhumans.?Scientistssaythecompoundis?11?tocausecancerbuthavenohardscientificproof.?12?theprecautionaryprinciple,itcouldbearguedthatitis?13?tofollowtheFSAadvice.?14?,itwasrumouredthatsmokingcausedcancerforyearsbeforetheevidencewasfoundtoprovea?15?.?Doubtlessapieceofboiledbeefcanalwaysbe?16?uponSundayalongsidesomesteamedvegetables,withouttheYorkshirepuddingandnowine.Butwouldlifebeworthliving??17?,theFSAsaysitisnottellingpeopletocutoutroastfoods?18?,buttoreducetheirlifetimeintake.However,its?19?riskscomingacrossasbeingpushyandoverprotective.Constanthealthscaresjust?20?withnoonelistening.查看材料1.【完形填空】第1題答案是A.InB.TowardsC.OnD.Till正確答案：C參考解析：考查介詞辨析，Onacoldwinter’sday意為“是在一個寒冷冬日”。介詞on后加具體的某一天；in后加一段時間；toward表方向，不與時間搭配；till意為“直到”，與句意不符。因此選C。查看材料2.【完形填空】第2題答案是A.matchB.expressC.satisfyD.influence正確答案：A參考解析：考查動詞辨析。文章的首段首句提到即使家庭成員不太可能像以前一樣經(jīng)常坐下來一起吃飯，但數(shù)百萬英國人將在這個周末參加這個國家令人開心的傳統(tǒng)活動之一：星期天烤肉。隨后提到“0nacoldwinter’sday，fewculinarypleasurescan______it”，即在一個寒冷的冬日，幾乎沒有什么能比得上一頓周日烤肉大餐所帶來的快樂。match意為“相配；與……相匹敵；和……不相上下”；express意為“表達(dá)”；satisfy意為“滿足，滿意”；influence意為“影響”。綜合各選項，match符合題意，故選A。查看材料3.【完形填空】第3題答案是A.patienceB.enjoymentC.surpriseD.concern正確答案：B參考解析：考查上下文邏輯關(guān)系。上文說到星期天烤肉是一項開心的活動，下文連詞Yet表示語義轉(zhuǎn)折，然而正如現(xiàn)在報道的那樣，食品衛(wèi)生部門認(rèn)為這種______會導(dǎo)致另一種有罪的快樂。根據(jù)空格前的指示代詞this可知，空格處的語義在上文曾經(jīng)出現(xiàn)過。分析四個選項，patience意為“耐心”；enjoyment意為“樂趣”；surprise意為“驚喜”；concern意為“關(guān)心”。只有enjoyment與上文的pleasures和下文的another…pleasure互為關(guān)聯(lián)信息，此處屬于同義復(fù)現(xiàn)，故選B。查看材料4.【完形填空】第4題答案是A.intensifiedB.privilegedC.compelledD.guaranteed正確答案：D參考解析：考查非謂語動詞?？崭袼诰渲赋鲞@會導(dǎo)致另一種有罪的快樂，這種快樂______損害我們的健康。anotherguiltypleasure(另一種有罪的快樂)和todamageourhealth(損害我們的健康)的語義一致，也就是說，前者暗示后者的發(fā)生是肯定的。結(jié)合四個選項，intensified意為“增強，加劇”；privileged意為“享有特權(quán)，專用，特許”；compelled意為“強迫”；guaranteed意為“有保證的，一定的”。只有g(shù)uaranteed填入空格符合要求，意為“這種快樂肯定會損害我們的健康”，故選D。查看材料5.【完形填空】第5題答案是A.issuedB.receivedC.ignoredD.cancelled正確答案：A參考解析：考查動詞辨析。原文提到“TheFoodStandardsAuthority(FSA)has______apublicwarning…”，即食品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)管理局已經(jīng)_____一項公開的警告。issued意為“發(fā)表，發(fā)布，發(fā)出”；received意為“接收，接到”；ignored意為“忽視，忽略”；cancelled意為“取消”。綜合各選項，issuedapublicwarning“發(fā)出一項公開的警告”符合文意，故選A。查看材料6.【完形填空】第6題答案是A.underB.atC.forD.by正確答案：B參考解析：考查介詞辨析。根據(jù)原文信息可知，空格處需要填入一個介詞與hightemperatures構(gòu)成合理搭配。under“在……下面”，常用來表示方位；at常表示在某地或處于……狀態(tài)；for“為了；因為；對于”，常用來表示目的、對象、原因等；by意為“在……旁邊；通過；由于；經(jīng)過”，常用來表示方位、方式、原因等。綜合各選項，at符合要求，athightemperatures表示處于高溫狀態(tài)，故選B。查看材料7.【完形填空】第7題答案是A.forgetB.regretC.finishD.avoid正確答案：D參考解析：考查上下文邏輯關(guān)系。本句首的指示代詞This指代上文高溫炙烤的食物里含有的化學(xué)復(fù)合物對人體身體健康有害，所以下文提出建議“人們應(yīng)該______炸土豆，不吃薄皮披薩”。聯(lián)系上下文語義，連詞and連接兩個語義并列的成分，所以空格處與reject應(yīng)是語義并列關(guān)系，結(jié)合后面only一詞可知，并列的語義傾向是否定的。forget意為“忘記”；regret意為“遺憾，后悔”；finish意為“完成”；avoid意為“避免”。綜合各選項，avoid與reject能夠構(gòu)成同義復(fù)現(xiàn)，符合句意要求，故選D。查看材料8.【完形填空】第8題答案是A.partiallyB.regularlyC.easilyD.initially正確答案：A參考解析：考查副詞辨析+上下文語境。原文提到到建議“人們不吃炸土豆，薄皮披薩或者只是_____吃烤面包”。根據(jù)上下文語義，and后的語義與拒絕高溫相近。partially意為“部分地，偶爾地”；regularly意為“有規(guī)律地”；easily意為“容易地”；initially意為“最初地”。綜合各選項，只有partially符合要求，故選A。查看材料9.【完形填空】第9題答案是A.UnlessB.SinceC.IfD.While正確答案：D參考解析：考查上下文邏輯關(guān)系+邏輯連接詞辨析。原文提到“studieshaveshownthat…”，即研究表明丙烯酰胺可引起小鼠神經(jīng)損傷，后面的thereisno…表示沒有證據(jù)表明它會使人類致癌。分析兩個分句間的邏輯關(guān)系，前后句為讓步關(guān)系。結(jié)合四個選項，Unless意為“除非”，表示條件邏輯關(guān)系；Since意為“因為”，表示因果邏輯關(guān)系；If意為“如果”，表示條件邏輯關(guān)系；while意為“雖然，盡管”，表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。只有D項符合要求，故選D。查看材料10.【完形填空】第10題答案是A.secondaryB.externalC.conclusiveD.negative正確答案：C參考解析：考查詞義辨析+上下文語境。本句句意：研究表明丙烯酰胺可引起小鼠神經(jīng)損傷，但是沒有_____證據(jù)表明它會導(dǎo)致人類患癌癥。secondary意為“第二的，中等的；間接的”；external意為“外面的，外部的；表面上的；外用的；外國的”；conclusive意為“決定性的；令人信服的；確鑿的”；negative意為“消極的，否認(rèn)的”。結(jié)合語境，空格處應(yīng)填入一個形容詞修飾evidence，conclusiveevidence“令人信服的證據(jù)”符合要求，故選C。查看材料11.【完形填空】第11題答案是A.insufficientB.boundC.likelyD.slow正確答案：C參考解析：考查固定搭配。由句中but一詞可知，前后語義相反，havenohardscientificproof表示沒有科學(xué)證據(jù)，belikelyto表示很有可能，符合原文語義。其他選項：insufficient意為“不足的，不夠的”；bound意為“必定的；捆綁的，束縛的；有義務(wù)的”；slow意為“緩慢的”，皆不符合要求。查看材料12.【完形填空】第12題答案是A.OnthebasisofB.AtthecostofC.InadditiontoD.Incontrastto正確答案：A參考解析：考查短語辨析+上下文邏輯?？崭窈蟮膖heprecautionaryprinciple意為“預(yù)防性原則”，后面的itcouldbearguedthat…表示有人認(rèn)為遵循FSA的建議……，前后語義一致，A項Onthebasisof意為“以……為基礎(chǔ)，根據(jù)，按照”；符合要求。Atthecostof意為“以……為代價”；Inadditionto意為“除……之外”；Incontrastto意為“與之相對，相反”。因此選A。查看材料13.【完形填空】第13題答案是A.interestingB.advisableC.urgentD.fortunate正確答案：B參考解析：考查形容詞辨析?；陬A(yù)防性原則，有人認(rèn)為遵循FSA的建議是_____。interesting意為“有趣的”；advisable意為“明智的，可取的”；urgent意為“急迫的”；fortunate意為“僥幸的，幸運的”。只有B項符合句意，故選B。查看材料14.【完形填空】第14題答案是A.AsusualB.InparticularC.BydefinitionD.Afterall正確答案：D參考解析：考查邏輯關(guān)系。原文中上一句說“基于‘預(yù)防性原則’，有人認(rèn)為遵循FSA的建議是明智的”。本句說“______在有證據(jù)證明吸煙與癌癥之間的聯(lián)系之前，吸煙會致癌的傳言就已經(jīng)流傳多年了。”分析前后兩句話的語義關(guān)系可知，二者是讓步關(guān)系。結(jié)合選項分析，Asusual意為“像往常一樣”；Inparticular意為“尤其，特別”；Bydefinition意為“根據(jù)定義”；Afterall意為“畢竟”。只有Afterall符合文意，故選D。查看材料15.【完形填空】第15題答案是A.resemblanceB.combinationC.connectionD.pattern正確答案：C參考解析：考查動賓搭配，結(jié)合語境和句子成分理解，這里的名詞放在prove“證明”后面，整體處在不定式中作主語evidence的補足語，起說明作用。連詞before連接的兩個句子存在時間上的先后順序，關(guān)于smoking和cancer的因果關(guān)系的謠傳在前，evidence在后。這里“證據(jù)”應(yīng)該是證明出來(吸煙和肺癌)有聯(lián)系的。分析四個選項，resemblance意為“相似”；combination意為“結(jié)合”；connection意為“聯(lián)系”；pattern意為“模式”，只有connection符合要求，故選C。查看材料16.【完形填空】第16題答案是A.madeB.servedC.savedD.used正確答案：B參考解析：考查主謂搭配。句意：毫無疑問，一片煮熟的牛肉總能在周日和一些蒸蔬菜一起_____。此處為被動語態(tài)，和主語apieceofboiledbeef構(gòu)成實際上的“動賓關(guān)系”，這里servedup表示“上菜，端上”符合文意。而其他選項：made意為“制作”；saved意為“節(jié)省”；used意為“使用”，均不符合要求。查看材料17.【完形填空】第17題答案是A.TobefairB.ForinstanceC.TobebriefD.Ingeneral正確答案：A參考解析：考查邏輯關(guān)系。上一句說“那樣的話，生命還值得過下去嗎?”，空格所在句提到FSA表示，這并非告訴人們不吃烘焙食品，而是要告訴人們減少燒烤食物的攝入。由此可見，空格所在句是對上一句的疑問進(jìn)行闡述和澄清，所以空格處應(yīng)填入表示順承關(guān)系的詞組。結(jié)合四個選項，Tobefair意為“說實話，公平來講”，可承接上文；Forinstance意為“例如”，表示舉例；Tobebrief意為“簡而言之”；ingeneral意為“總的來說”，皆表示總結(jié)。因此選A。查看材料18.【完形填空】第18題答案是A.reluctantlyB.entirelyC.graduallyD.carefully正確答案：B參考解析：考查副詞。句意：FSA表示，這并非告訴人們不吃烘焙食品_____。根據(jù)詞組not…but可知，前后兩個分句之間是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。結(jié)合各選項，reluctantly意為“不情愿地”；entirely意為“完全地”；gradually意為“逐漸地”；carefully意為“小心謹(jǐn)慎地”?？崭裉幪钊氲母痹~應(yīng)能跟前面的否定詞not相呼應(yīng)，表示一種部分否定，notentirely表示“并未完全……”，entirely符合要求，故選B。查看材料19.【完形填空】第19題答案是A.promiseB.experienceC.campaignD.competition正確答案：C參考解析：考查主謂搭配。根據(jù)原文語境“然而，它的……給人一種過于強迫和過分保護(hù)的印象的風(fēng)險”，這里的代詞its指代FSA’s，由上文可知，F(xiàn)SA發(fā)布的警告會使人們誤以為燒烤食物完全不能吃。campaign(運動)的英文釋義是aseriesofplannedactivitiesthatareintendedtoachieveaparticularsocial，commercialorpoliticalaim，表示為實現(xiàn)某種社會、商業(yè)或政治目的而進(jìn)行的一系列有計劃的活動，符合文意。其他選項：promise意為“承諾”；experience意為“經(jīng)歷或經(jīng)驗”；competition意為“競爭”，均不能作本文中FSA所做行為的代稱。查看材料20.【完形填空】第20題答案是A.followupB.pickupC.openupD.endup正確答案：D參考解析：考查文章語義。句意：持續(xù)不斷的健康威脅_____卻沒有人理會。這里想強調(diào)對健康太多的恐慌的最終結(jié)果，只有“結(jié)束，以……告終”最符合，所以選擇endup。其他選項：followup意為“跟蹤，堅持完成”；pickup意為“撿起，拾起，偶然學(xué)到”；openup意為“打開，開發(fā)”，均不符合文意。因此選D。材料題根據(jù)以下材料，回答21-25題?AgroupoflabourMPs,amongthemYvetteCooper,arebringinginthenewyearwithacalltoinstituteaUK“townofculture”award.Theproposalisthatitshouldsitalongsidetheexistingcityofculturetitle,whichwasheldbyHullin2017andhasbeenawardedtoCoventryfor2021.CooperandhercolleaguesarguethatthesuccessofthecrownforHull,whereitbroughtin$220mofinvestmentandanavalancheofarts,oughtnottobeconfinedtocities.Britain’stowns,itistrue,arenotpreventedfromapplying,buttheygenerallylacktheresourcestoputtogetherabidtobeattheirbiggercompetitors.Atownofcultureawardcould,itisargued,becomeanannualevent,attractingfundingandcreatingjobs.?SomemightseetheproposalasaboobyprizeforthefactthatBritainisnolongerabletoapplyforthemuchmoreprestigioustitleofEuropeancapitalofculture,asought-afterawardbaggedbyGlasgowin1990andLiverpoolin2008.AcynicmightspeculatethattheUKisonthevergeofdisappearingintoanendlessfeverofself-celebrationinitsdesperationtoreinventitselfforthepost-Brexitworld:aftertownofculture,whoknowswhatwillfollow—villageofculture?Suburbofculture?Hamletofculture??Itisalsowisetorecallthatsuchtitlesarenotacure-all.Abadlyrun“yearofculture”washesinandoutofaplacelikethetide,bringingprominenceforaspellbutleavingnolastingbenefitstothecommunity.Thereallysuccessfulholdersofsuchtitlesarethosethatdoagreatdealmorethanfillhotelbedroomsandbringinhigh-profileartseventsandgoodpressforayear.Theytransformtheaspirationsofthepeoplewholivethere;theynudgetheself-imageofthecityintoabolderandmoreoptimisticlight.Itishardtogetright,andrequiresaremarkabledegreeofvision,aswellascooperationbetweencityauthorities,theprivatesector,communitygroupsandculturalorganisations.Butitcanbedone:Glasgow’syearasEuropeancapitalofculturecancertainlybeseenasoneofacomplexseriesoffactorsthathaveturnedthecityintothepowerhouseofart,musicandtheatrethatitremainstoday.?A“townofculture”couldbenotjustabouttheartsbutabouthonoringatown’speculiarities—helpingsustainitshighstreet,supportinglocalfacilitiesandaboveallcelebratingitspeople.JeremyWright,theculturesecretary,shouldwelcomethispositive,hope-filledproposal,andturnitintoaction.查看材料21.【閱讀理解PartA】Cooperandhercolleaguesarguethata“townofculture”awardcould???.A.consolidatethetown-citytiesinBritain.B.promotecooperationamongBritain’stowns.C.increasetheeconomicstrengthofBritain’stowns.D.focusBritain’slimitedresourcesonculturalevents.正確答案：C參考解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵信息Cooperandhercolleaguesargue和“townofculture”award可以定位在第一段。該段第三句提到“CooperandhercolleaguesarguethatthesuccessofthecrownforHull,whereitbroughtin￡220mofinvestmentandanavalancheofarts,oughtnottobeconfinedtocities”，即“文化之城”的成功并不局限于城市，它為赫爾帶來了2.2億英鎊的投資和大量藝術(shù)作品，C項“提升英國城鎮(zhèn)的經(jīng)濟實力”和Cooper的觀點一致，故選C。后面提到英國的城鎮(zhèn)，確實沒有被拒之門外，但他們通常缺乏資源湊在一起來擊敗他們更大的競爭對手，這些信息不能夠體現(xiàn)“加強英國城鎮(zhèn)之間的紐帶”和“促進(jìn)英國城鎮(zhèn)之間的協(xié)作”，排除AB項。原文最后一句提到“文化之城”獎可以成為一項年度活動，吸引資金并創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機會，但并不意味著城鎮(zhèn)要集中有限資源于文化活動，排除D項。查看材料22.【閱讀理解PartA】AccordingtoParagraph2,theproposalmightberegardedbysomeas???.A.asensiblecompromiseB.aself-deceivingattemptC.aneye-catchingbonusD.aninaccessibletarget正確答案：B參考解析：推斷題。根據(jù)題干信息定位至原文第二段。該段第一句提到“SomemightseetheproposalasaboobyprizeforthefactthatBritainisnolongerabletoapplyforthemuchmoreprestigioustitleofEuropeancapitalofculture”，即有些人可能會對這個提議發(fā)出唏噓聲，因為事實是英國已經(jīng)不能再申請更有聲望的歐洲文化之都的稱號了。由此可以推斷，有些人是在“喝倒彩”。后面提到“Onthevergeofdisappearingintoanendlessfeverofself-celebrationinitsdesperationtoreinventitselfforthepost-Brexitworld”，在絕望地為英國退歐后的世界重塑形象之際，英國即將消失在一場無休止的自我慶祝熱潮之中。接下來幾個反問句，能看出來是一種自我欺騙的嘗試，所以選B。查看材料23.【閱讀理解PartA】Theauthorsuggeststhatatitleholderissuccessfulonlyifit???.A.endeavourstomaintainitsimageB.meetstheaspirationsofitspeopleC.bringsitslocalartstoprominenceD.commitstoitslong-termgrowth正確答案：D參考解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞titleholder和successful可以定位到原文第三段。第三句提到“Thereallysuccessfulholdersofsuchtitlesarethosethatdoagreatdealmorethanfillhotelbedroomsandbringinhigh-profileartseventsandgoodpressforayear”，即這些真正成功的頭銜持有者，是那些除了為酒店帶來收入、帶來高額利潤的藝術(shù)活動和一年的良好報道之外，還做了很多事情的人。接著第四句提到他們轉(zhuǎn)變了當(dāng)?shù)鼐用竦脑竿?；他們將城市的自我形象推向更大膽、更樂觀的一面。由此可知，ABC項只是其中的一方面，只有D項“致力于長期發(fā)展”能夠全面地涵蓋文中提到的幾個方面，所以選D。查看材料24.【閱讀理解PartA】GlasgowismentionedinParagraph3topresent???.A.acontrastingcaseB.asupportingexampleC.abackgroundstoryD.arelatedtopic正確答案：B參考解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干信息可以定位至第三段。該段倒數(shù)第一句前面有明顯的轉(zhuǎn)折連詞But，前一句提到這個問題很難解決，需要高度的遠(yuǎn)見卓識，以及城市當(dāng)局、私營部門、社區(qū)團(tuán)體和文化組織之間的合作。But后面一句指出盡管問題很難解決，但并不是不可完成，格拉斯哥作為歐洲文化之都的一年，可以被看作是一系列復(fù)雜的因素之一，這些因素把這座城市變成了藝術(shù)、音樂和戲劇的力量。由此可知，作者列舉格拉斯哥的例子是作為一個反面的示例來證明這是可以做到的，故選B。查看材料25.【閱讀理解PartA】Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardstheproposal?A.SkepticalB.ObjectiveC.FavourableD.Critical正確答案：C參考解析：觀點態(tài)度題。第一段提出設(shè)立英國“文化之城”獎的建議；第二段指出一些人認(rèn)為這個建議有點吹噓之意；第三段指出不能將這些頭銜看作“萬靈藥”，并提到擁有此頭銜為成功城市帶來的好處；只有最后一段能看出作者對此建議的態(tài)度，提出“文化之城”不僅僅是藝術(shù)之城，而且要尊重一個城市的特色——幫助維持它的商業(yè)街，支持當(dāng)?shù)氐脑O(shè)施，最重要的是贊美它的人民，并將其轉(zhuǎn)化為行動。由此可知，作者對文章提出的建議持積極贊成的態(tài)度，故選C。背景材料材料題根據(jù)以下材料，回答26-30題?Scientificpublishinghaslongbeenalicencetoprintmoney.Scientistsneedjournalsinwhichtopublishtheirresearch,sotheywillsupplythearticleswithoutmonetaryreward.Otherscientistsperformthespecialisedworkofpeerreviewalsoforfree,becauseitisacentralelementintheacquisitionofstatusandtheproductionofscientificknowledge.?Withthecontentofpaperssecuredforfree,thepublisherneedsonlytofindamarketforitsjournal.Untilthiscentury,universitylibrarieswerenotverypricesensitive.Scientificpublishersroutinelyreportprofitmarginsapproaching40%ontheiroperations,atatimewhentherestofthepublishingindustryisinanexistentialcrisis.?TheDutchgiantElsevier,whichclaimstopublish25%ofthescientificpapersproducedintheworld,madeprofitsofmorethan$900mlastyear,whileUKuniversitiesalonespentmorethan$210min2016toenableresearcherstoaccesstheirownpubliclyfundedresearch;bothfiguresseemtoriseunstoppablydespiteincreasinglydesperateeffortstochangethem.?Themostdrastic,andthoroughlyillegal,reactionhasbeentheemergenceofSci-Hub,akindofglobalphotocopierforscientificpapers,setupin2012,whichnowclaimstoofferaccesstoeverypaywalledarticlepublishedsince2015.ThesuccessofSci-Hub,whichreliesonresearcherspassingoncopiestheyhavethemselveslegallyaccessed,showsthelegalecosystemhaslostlegitimacyamongitsusersandmustbetransformedsothatitworksforallparticipants.?InBritainthemovetowardsopenaccesspublishinghasbeendrivenbyfundingbodies.Insomewaysithasbeenverysuccessful.MorethanhalfofallBritishscientificresearchisnowpublishedunderopenaccessterms:eitherfreelyavailablefromthemomentofpublication,orpaywalledforayearormoresothatthepublisherscanmakeaprofitbeforebeingplacedongeneralrelease.?Yetthenewsystemhasnotworkedoutanycheaperfortheuniversities.Publishershaverespondedtothedemandthattheymaketheirproductfreetoreadersbychargingtheirwritersfeestocoverthecostsofpreparinganarticle.Theserangefromaround$500to$5,000.Areportlastyearpointedoutthatthecostsbothofsubscriptionsandofthese“articlepreparationcosts”hadbeensteadilyrisingatarateaboveinflation.Insomewaysthescientificpublishingmodelresemblestheeconomyofthesocialinternet:labourisprovidedfreeinexchangeforthehopeofstatus,whilehugeprofitsaremadebyafewbigfirmswhorunthemarketplaces.Inbothcases,weneedarebalancingofpower.查看材料26.【閱讀理解PartA】Scientificpublishingisseenas“alicensetoprintmoney”partlybecause???.A.itsfundinghasenjoyedasteadyincreaseB.itsmarketingstrategyhasbeensuccessfulC.itspaymentforpeerreviewisreducedD.itscontentacquisitioncostsnothing正確答案：D參考解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干中關(guān)鍵詞“alicencetoprintmoney”和because定位到第一段。第二句指出科學(xué)家需要在其中發(fā)表研究的期刊，因此他們將提供沒有金錢獎勵的文章。緊接著第三句提到“Otherscientistsperformthespecialisedworkofpeerreviewalsoforfree,becauseitisacentralelementintheacquisitionofstatusandtheproductionofscientificknowledge”，即其他科學(xué)家也免費進(jìn)行同行評議的專門工作，因為它是獲得地位和生產(chǎn)科學(xué)知識的核心要素。AB項在原文未提及，排除?？茖W(xué)家進(jìn)行同行評議工作的是免費的，C項“同行評議工作的報酬降低”與原文表述不符，排除。D項中的acquisition屬于原文復(fù)現(xiàn)，costnothing是原文forfree的同義替換，是正確答案。查看材料27.【閱讀理解PartA】AccordingtoParagraphs2and3,scientificpublisherslikeElsevierhave???.A.thrivedmainlyonuniversitylibrariesB.gonethroughanexistentialcrisisC.revivedthepublishingindustryD.financedresearchersgenerously正確答案：A參考解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Elsevier定位到第三段。第一句提到“TheDutchgiantElsevier,…madeprofitsofmorethan￡900mlastyear,whileUKuniversitiesalonespentmorethan￡210min2016”，即該公司去年利潤超過9億英鎊，然而僅英國大學(xué)在2016年就花費了超過2.1億英鎊。由此可知，Elsevier科學(xué)出版社主要依靠大學(xué)圖書館興旺發(fā)展，故選A。查看材料28.【閱讀理解PartA】HowdoestheauthorfeelaboutthesuccessofSci-Hub?A.RelievedB.PuzzledC.ConcernedD.Encouraged正確答案：C參考解析：觀點態(tài)度題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Sci-Hub定位到第四段。該段第二句提到“ThesuccessofSci-Hub,......havethemselveslegallyaccessed,showsthelegalecosystemhaslostlegitimacyamongitsusersandmustbetransformedsothatitworksforallparticipants”，即這表明法律生態(tài)系統(tǒng)在其用戶中已經(jīng)失去了合法性，必須進(jìn)行改造，以便為所有參與者服務(wù)。由此可見，作者對Sci-Hub的成功采取否定態(tài)度，C項concerned“擔(dān)憂，擔(dān)心”正確。A項relieved“寬慰的。查看材料29.【閱讀理解PartA】ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphs5and6thatopenaccessterms???.A.allowpublisherssomeroomtomakemoneyB.renderpublishingmucheasierforscientistsC.reducethecostofpublicationsubstantiallyD.freeuniversitiesfromfinancialburdens正確答案：A參考解析：根據(jù)題干可定位至原文第五、第六段。第五段最后一句提到超過一半的英國科研成果以開放獲取的方式出版：從出版之日起即可免費使用，或者付費使用一年或更長時間，以便出版商在正式發(fā)行之前從中獲取利潤。A項“允許出版商有獲取利潤的空間”與原文表述一致，故選A。第六段提到新系統(tǒng)并沒有給大學(xué)帶來任何方便，但不能體現(xiàn)D項“釋放大學(xué)的財政壓力”，排除。隨后提到出版商通過向作家收取費用來支付其準(zhǔn)備文章的費用，從而滿足了他們向讀者免費提供產(chǎn)品的要求。這些費用從500英鎊到5000美元不等。由此并不能體現(xiàn)“使科學(xué)家發(fā)行刊物更方便”，排除B項。第四句提到訂閱費用和這些“文章準(zhǔn)備費用”均以高于通貨膨脹率的速度穩(wěn)定增長，也就是說出版物發(fā)行費用并沒有降低，c項“大大地降低了出版費用”與原文表述不符，排除。查看材料30.【閱讀理解PartA】Whichofthefollowingcharacterisesthescientificpublishingmodel?A.Trialsubscriptionisoffered.B.Labourtriumphsoverstatus.C.Costsarewellcontrolled.D.Thefewfeedonthemany.正確答案：D參考解析：根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“scientificpublishingmodel”定位到最后一段。該段第五句提到“Labourisprovidedplacesfreeinexchangeforthehopeofstatus,whilehugeprofitsaremadebyafewbigfirmswhorunthemarketplaces”，即勞動力被免費提供以換取地位的希望，而一些經(jīng)營市場的大公司則獲得了巨額利潤。由此可知，小部分作者免費勞動，大部分公司盈利，D項為同義替換。材料題根據(jù)以下材料，回答31-35題?Progressivesoftensupportdiversitymandatesasapathtoequalityandawaytoleveltheplayingfield.Butalltoooftensuchpoliciesareaninsincereformofvirtue-signalingthatbenefitsonlythemostprivilegedanddoeslittletohelpaveragepeople.?ApairofbillssponsoredbyMassachusettsstateSenatorJasonLewisandHouseSpeakerProTemporePatriciaHaddad,toensure“genderparity”onboardsandcommissions,provideacaseinpoint.?HaddadandLewisareconcernedthatmorethanhalfthestate-governmentboardsarelessthan40percentfemale.Inordertoensurethatelitewomenhavemoresuchopportunities,theyhaveproposedimposinggovernmentquotas.Ifthebillsbecomelaw,stateboardsandcommissionswillberequiredtosetaside50percentofboardsseatsforwomenby2022.?ThebillsaresimilartoameasurerecentlyadoptedinCalifornia,whichlastyearbecamethefirststatetorequiregenderquotasforprivatecompanies.Insigningthemeasure,CaliforniaGovernorJerryBrownadmittedthatthelaw,whichexpresslyclassifiespeopleonthebasisofsex,isprobablyunconstitutional.?TheUSSupremeCourtfrownsonsex-basedclassificationsunlesstheyaredesignedtoaddressan“important”policyinterest.BecausetheCalifornialawappliestoallboards,evenwherethereisnohistoryofpriordiscrimination,courtsarelikelytorulethatthelawviolatestheconstitutionalguaranteeof“equalprotection.”?Butaresuchgovernmentmandatesevennecessary?Femaleparticipationoncorporateboardsmaynotcurrentlymirrorthepercentageofwomeninthegeneralpopulation,butsowhat??Thenumberofwomenoncorporateboardshasbeensteadilyincreasingwithoutgovernmentinterference.AccordingtoastudybyCatalyst,between2010and2015theshareofwomenontheboardsofglobalcorporationsincreasedby54percent.?Requiringcompaniestomakegendertheprimaryqualificationforboardmembershipwillinevitablyleadtolessexperiencedprivatesectorboards.ThatisexactlywhathappenedwhenNorwayadoptedanationwidecorporategenderquota.?WritinginTheNewRepublic,AliceLeenotesthatincreasingthenumberofopportunitiesforboardmembershipwithoutincreasingthepoolofqualifiedwomentoserveonsuchboardshasledtoa“goldenskirt”phenomenon,wherethesameelitewomenscoopupmultipleseatsonavarietyofboards.?Nexttimesomebodypushescorporatequotasasawaytopromotegenderequity,rememberthatsuchpoliciesarelargelyself-servingmeasuresthatmaketheirsponsorsfeelgoodbutdolittletohelpaveragewomen.查看材料31.【閱讀理解PartA】TheauthorbelievesthatthebillssponsoredbyLewisandHaddadwill???.A.helplittletoreducegenderbiasB.poseathreattothestategovernmentC.raisewomen’spositioninpoliticsD.greatlybroadencareeroptions正確答案：A參考解析：觀點態(tài)度題。縱觀全文，文章一直在論述該法案，第一段提到改革派經(jīng)常支持多樣化的統(tǒng)治，但這樣的政策往往使大多數(shù)有特權(quán)的人受益，對普通人并沒有多大幫助。原文還提到Lewis和Haddad發(fā)起的法案就是一個很好的例證。在最后一段作者提出了自己的想法，若下次有人把企業(yè)配額作為促進(jìn)性別平等的一種方式，請記住，這些基本上都是自私自利的措施，讓他們的贊助商感覺良好，但其實并對普通女性沒有什么幫助。由此可見，作者對此法案采取否定態(tài)度，A項“對減少性別偏見沒什么幫助”概括了作者的觀點，符合題目要求，故選A。查看材料32.【閱讀理解PartA】WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheCaliforniameasure?A.Ithasirritatedprivatebusinessowners.B.ItiswelcomedbytheSupremeCourt.C.ItmaygoagainsttheConstitution.D.Itwillsettlethepriorcontroversies.正確答案：C參考解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Californiameasures定位到原文第五段。該段第二句提到“BecausetheCalifornialawappliestoallboards.…courtsarelikelytorulethatthelawviolatetheconstitutionalguaranteeof‘equalprotection’”,violate表示違反憲法，C項中的against與violate為同義替換，C項正確。查看材料33.【閱讀理解PartA】TheauthormentionsthestudybyCatalysttoillustrate???.A.theharmfromarbitraryboarddecisionsB.theimportanceofconstitutionalguaranteesC.thepressureonwomeninglobalcorporationsD.theneedlessnessofgovernmentinterventions正確答案：D參考解析：例證題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Catalyst定位到第七段。關(guān)鍵詞位于第七段，第二句“根據(jù)Catalyst的一項研究，2010年到2015年期間，全球公司董事會中，女性的比例增加了54％”即為論據(jù)，第一句“Thenumberofwomenoncorporateboardshasbeensteadilyincreasingwithoutgovernmentinterference”即為論點，在沒有政府的干預(yù)的情況下，公司董事會中的女性人數(shù)一直在穩(wěn)步增長。D項中theneedlessnessof是原文中without的同義替換，governmentinterventions是原文中g(shù)overnmentinterference的同義替換，故選D。查看材料34.【閱讀理解PartA】Norway’sadoptionofanationwidecorporategenderquotahasledto???.A.theunderestimationofelitewomen’sroleB.theobjectiontofemaleparticipationonboardsC.theentryofunqualifiedcandidatesintotheboardD.thegrowingtensionbetweenlaborandmanagement正確答案：C參考解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)Norway定位到倒數(shù)第三段。該段提到將性別作為董事會成員的主要資格，這一要求必然會導(dǎo)致私營部門董事會減少。緊接著下一段提到AliceLee認(rèn)為董事會成員的機會越來越多，卻沒有合格的女性來擔(dān)任董事會成員。由此可見，準(zhǔn)入門檻降低，會有不合格的人進(jìn)入董事會，c項符合題意。查看材料35.【閱讀理解PartA】Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthetext?A.Women’sneedsinemploymentshouldbeconsidered.B.Feasibilityshouldbeaprimeconcerninpolicymaking.C.Everyoneshouldtryhardtopromotesocialjustice.D.Majorsocialissuesshouldbethefocusoflegislation.正確答案：B參考解析：推斷題。由最后一段可知，下次有人把企業(yè)配額作為促進(jìn)性別平等的一種方式。請記住，這些基本上都是自私自利的措施，讓他們的贊助商感覺良好，但其實并沒有什么幫助。由此可知，該政策并不可取，可行性應(yīng)是決策的首要考慮因素，故選B。背景材料材料題根據(jù)以下材料，回答36-40題?LastThursday,theFrenchSenatepassedadigitalservicestax,whichwouldimposeanentirelynewtaxonlargemultinationalsthatprovidedigitalservicestoconsumersorusersinFrance.Digitalservicesincludeeverythingfromprovidingaplatformforsellinggoodsandservicesonlinetotargetingadvertisingbasedonuserdata,andthetaxappliestogrossrevenuefromsuchservices.ManyFrenchpoliticiansandmediaoutletshavereferredtothisasa“GAFAtax,”meaningthatitisdesignedtoapplyprimarilytocompaniessuchasGoogle,Apple,FacebookandAmazon—inotherwords,multinationaltechcompaniesbasedintheUnitedStates.?ThedigitalservicestaxnowawaitsthesignatureofPresidentEmmanuelMacron,whohasexpressedsupportforthemeasure,anditcouldgointoeffectwithinthenextfewweeks.Butithasalreadysparkedsignificantcontroversy,withtheUniteSatestraderepresentativeopeninganinvestigationintowhetherthetaxdiscriminatesagainstAmericancompanies,whichinturncouldleadtotradesanctionsagainstFrance.?TheFrenchtaxisnotjustaunilateralmovebyonecountryinneedofrevenue.?Instead,thedigitalservicestaxispartofamuchlargertrend,withcountriesoverthepastfewyearsproposingorputtinginplaceanalphabetsoupofnewinternationaltaxprovisions.TheyhaveincludedBritain’sDPT(divertedprofitstax),Australia’sMAAL(multinationalanti-avoidancelaw),andIndia’sSEP(significanteconomicpresence)test,tonamebutafew.Atthesametime,theEuropeanUnion,Spain,Britainandseveralothercountrieshaveallseriouslycontemplateddigitalservicestaxes.?Theseunilateraldevelopmentsdifferintheirspecifics,buttheyarealldesignedtotaxmultinationalsonincomeandrevenuethatcountriesbelievetheyshouldhavearighttotax,evenifinternationaltaxrulesdonotgrantthemthatright.Inotherwords,theyallshareaviewthattheinternationaltaxsystemhasfailedtokeepupwiththecurrenteconomy.?Inresponsetothesemanyunilateralmeasures,theOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD)iscurrentlyworkingwith131countriestoreachaconsensusbytheendof2020onaninternationalsolution.BothFranceandtheUnitedStatesareinvolvedintheorganization’swork,butFrance’sdigitalservicestaxandtheAmericanresponseraisequestionsaboutwhatthefutureholdsfortheinternationaltaxsystem.?France’splannedtaxisaclearwarning:Unlessabroadconsensuscanbereachedonreformingtheinternationaltaxsystem,othernationsarelikelytofollowsuit,andAmericancompanieswillfaceacascadeofdifferenttaxesfromdozensofnationsthatwillproveburdensomeandcostly.查看材料36.【閱讀理解PartA】TheFrenchSenatehaspassedabillto???.A.regulatedigitalservicesplatformsB.protectFrenchcompanies’interestsC.imposealevyontechmultinationalsD.curbtheinfluenceofadvertising正確答案：C參考解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干信息可以定位到第一段。該段第一句提到“theFrenchSenatepassedadigitalservicestax，whichwouldimposeanentirelynewtaxonlargemultinationalsthatprovidedigitalservicestoconsumersorusersinFrance”，即法國參議院通過了一項數(shù)字服務(wù)稅，該稅法將向為法國消費者或用戶提供數(shù)字服務(wù)的大型跨國公司征收一項全新的稅收。c項中的impose是原文信息復(fù)現(xiàn)，levy是tax的同義復(fù)現(xiàn)，techmultinationals是digitalservices的同義復(fù)現(xiàn)。因此C為正確答案，其余選項均未體現(xiàn)。查看材料37.【閱讀理解PartA】ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph2thatthedigitalservicestax???.A.maytriggercountermeasuresagainstFranceB.isapttoarousecriticismathomeandabroadC.aimstoeaseinternationaltradetensionsD.willpromptthetechgiantstoquitFrance正確答案：A參考解析：推斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段。該段第二句提到“Butithasalreadysparkedsignificantcontroversy….