2019年全國(guó)碩士研究生招生考試《英語(yǔ)一》真題及解析

2019年全國(guó)碩士研究生招生考試《英語(yǔ)一》真題及解析材料題根據(jù)以下材料，回答1-20題Today,weliveinaworldwhereGPSsystems,digitalmaps,an（江南博哥）dothernavigationappsareallavailableonoursmartphones.1ofusjustwalkstraightintothewoodswithoutaphone.Butphones2onbatteries,andbatteriescandiefasterthanwerealize.3yougetlostwithoutaphoneoracompass,andyou4can'tfindnorth,afewtricksmayhelpyounavigate5tocivilization,oneofwhichistofollowtheland.Whenyoufindyourselfwell6atrail,butnotinacompletely7area,youhavetoanswertwoquestions:Which8isdownhill,inthisparticulararea?Andwhereisthenearestwatersource?Humansoverwhelminglyliveinvalleys,andonsuppliesoffreshwater.9,ifyouheaddownhill,andfollowanyH20youfind,youshould10seesignsofpeople.Ifyou'veexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamiliarsights-youmaybe11howquicklyidentifyingadistinctiverockortreecanrestoreyourbearings.Another12:Climbhighandlookforsignsofhumanhabitation.13,evenindenseforest,youshouldbeableto14gapsinthetreelineduetoroads,traintracks,andotherpathspeoplecarve15thewoods.Headtowardthese16tofindawayout.Atnightscanthehorizonfor17lightsources,suchasfiresandstreetlights,thenwalktowardtheglowoflightpollution.18,assumingyou'relostinanareahumanstendtofrequent,lookforthe19weleaveonthelandscape.Trailblazes,tiretracks,andotherfeaturescan20youtocivilization.查看材料1.【完形填空】第1題答案是_____.A.SomeB.MostC.FewD.All正確答案：C參考解析：此題考查詞義辨析和上下文語(yǔ)境。首句為主題句：今天，我們生活在一個(gè)GPS定位系統(tǒng)，數(shù)字地圖和其他導(dǎo)航應(yīng)用程序都能在我們的智能手機(jī)中找到的世界里?？崭袼诰渲赋觯何覀冎械腳_______在沒(méi)有電話(huà)的情況下直接走進(jìn)樹(shù)林?？崭窬淝罢劦轿覀兩钤谝粋€(gè)靠智能手機(jī)指引的世界里，所以句意為在沒(méi)有手機(jī)的情況下我們很少有人走進(jìn)樹(shù)林。本句由without和few構(gòu)成雙重否定表肯定。根據(jù)句意應(yīng)填入few“幾乎沒(méi)有人”，符合題意，故選c。查看材料2.【完形填空】第2題答案是A.put

B.take

C.run

D.come正確答案：C參考解析：此題考查固定搭配。runonbattery表示手機(jī)用電池發(fā)動(dòng)，運(yùn)行。其他選項(xiàng)：puton“穿上，使運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)”，takeon“承擔(dān)，呈現(xiàn)”，comeon“快點(diǎn)，開(kāi)始”，代入文中，語(yǔ)義不通順，故選c。查看材料3.【完形填空】第3題答案是_____.A.SinceB.If

C.ThoughD.Until正確答案：B參考解析：此題考查邏輯關(guān)系。空格所在句譯文：_____你在沒(méi)有手機(jī)和指南針的情況下迷路，______找不到北方，我們有一些技巧可以幫助你導(dǎo)航_____文明之地。聯(lián)系上下文，此處為假設(shè)的情況，故填入if，符合題意，故選B。查看材料4.【完形填空】第4題答案是____.A.formallyB.relativelyC.graduallyD.literally正確答案：D參考解析：空格所在句譯文：如果你在沒(méi)有手機(jī)和指南針的情況下迷路，_____找不到北方，我們有一些技巧可以幫助你導(dǎo)航_______文明之地。此處literally表示“確實(shí)地，真正地”，代入原文，語(yǔ)義通順，即確實(shí)找不到北方，故選D。代入其他選項(xiàng)后，不符合原文意思，故排除。查看材料5.【完形填空】第5題答案是____.A.back

B.next

C.around

D.away正確答案：A參考解析：空格所在句譯文：如果你在沒(méi)有手機(jī)和指南針的情況下迷路，確實(shí)找不到北方，我們有一些技巧可以幫助你_____導(dǎo)航文明之地。前文講lost(迷路)，此處填入back(回到)文明之地，相互呼應(yīng)，故選A。查看材料6.【完形填空】第6題答案是______.A.ontoB.off

C.across

D.along正確答案：B參考解析：此處考查詞義辨析和詞組搭配?？崭袼诰涞淖g文為：當(dāng)你____路徑，但不是完全____的區(qū)域，你需要回答兩個(gè)問(wèn)題：在這個(gè)特殊區(qū)域，哪條_____是下坡?哪里有最近的水源?通過(guò)后半句的問(wèn)題，能了解到前面是當(dāng)你偏離軌道，迷失蹤跡的時(shí)候。B項(xiàng)off意為“逃離，離開(kāi)”符合語(yǔ)義要求，故選B。查看材料7.【完形填空】第7題答案是______.A.unattractiveB.uncrowdedC.unchangedD.unfamiliar正確答案：D參考解析：此處考查詞義辨析?？崭袼诰涞那耙痪湔f(shuō)迷失蹤跡，偏離軌道?？崭袼诤蟀刖鋌ut開(kāi)頭，所填入的形容詞需要和前面構(gòu)成邏輯轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，雖然偏離軌道，但也不是完全不熟悉的路。只有D項(xiàng)unfamiliar“不熟悉的”，符合題意。A項(xiàng)意為“不吸引人的”，B項(xiàng)意為“寬敞的”，C項(xiàng)意為“未改變的”，均不符合題意，故排除。查看材料8.【完形填空】第8題答案是_____.A.site

B.point

C.way

D.place正確答案：C參考解析：此處考查詞義辨析?？崭袼诰渚湟猓耗阈枰卮饍蓚€(gè)問(wèn)題，在這個(gè)特殊區(qū)域，哪個(gè)_____是下坡?哪里有最近的水源?空格處所填的詞需要符合上下文語(yǔ)境。c項(xiàng)意為“道路”，即哪個(gè)是下坡路?符合語(yǔ)義要求。查看材料9.【完形填空】第9題答案是_____.A.So

B.Yet

C.Instead

D.Besides正確答案：A參考解析：此處考查詞邏輯關(guān)系?？崭袼诰涞那耙痪渲赋觯荷钤谏焦鹊娜耍径伎康疄樯?。后面也就是空格所在句：_____如果你下山，沿著水走，你_____會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)人類(lèi)的跡象。很明顯空格處所填的連詞和前面構(gòu)成因果邏輯關(guān)系，只有A項(xiàng)符合題意，故選A。查看材料10.【完形填空】第10題答案是______.A.immediatelyB.intentionallyC.unexpectedlyD.eventually正確答案：D參考解析：此處考查詞義辨析?？崭袼诰渚湟猓核匀绻阆律剑刂阏业降乃恢弊?，你_____會(huì)看到人類(lèi)的跡象。空格處所需的副詞需要符合本句語(yǔ)境并使句子通順。D項(xiàng)eventually“最后，終于”，符合語(yǔ)義要求，故選D。A項(xiàng)意為“立刻”，B項(xiàng)意為“有意地”，c項(xiàng)意為“出乎意料地”，三個(gè)選項(xiàng)代入空格均不符合題意。查看材料11.【完形填空】第11題答案是______.A.surprisedB.annoyedC.frightenedD.confused正確答案：A參考解析：空格所在句提到：如果你之前去過(guò)這個(gè)地方，一定要注意熟悉的景象，你或許會(huì)_____識(shí)別出一塊特征明顯的巖石或樹(shù)木能如此快速地幫助你恢復(fù)方位感。此句明顯體現(xiàn)了積極褒義的感情色彩，根據(jù)這個(gè)線(xiàn)索，可直接選出A項(xiàng)為正確答案，即“你或許會(huì)驚訝于……”查看材料12.【完形填空】第12題答案是______.A.problemB.option

C.view

D.result正確答案：B參考解析：這里提到了一個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞another，所以說(shuō)明它所指代的內(nèi)容在上文中提到過(guò)，且后面有冒號(hào)解釋說(shuō)明：爬到高處，尋找人類(lèi)居住的跡象。說(shuō)明這也是另一種方法，所以只有option最合適，故選B。查看材料13.【完形填空】第13題答案是______.A.AboveallB.IncontrastC.OnaverageD.Forexample正確答案：D參考解析：此處考查上下文邏輯。此處需要根據(jù)空格前后兩句話(huà)之間的語(yǔ)義關(guān)系來(lái)選擇?？崭袂疤岬健傲硪粋€(gè)辦法就是來(lái)尋找有人類(lèi)居住的跡象”是一種大致的方法，后面內(nèi)容是具體分析，所以用表示舉例分析的forexample最合適，故選D。查看材料14.【完形填空】第14題答案是_____.A.bridgeB.avoid

C.spot

D.separate正確答案：C參考解析：結(jié)合原文語(yǔ)境，“即使是在茂密的森林里，你也能夠_____林木線(xiàn)的縫隙?！彼赃@里填上的動(dòng)詞需與縫隙搭配，只有spot“觀察”，符合題意，故選C。查看材料15.【完形填空】第15題答案是_____.A.fromB.through

C.beyond

D.under正確答案：B參考解析：空格處需填入介詞來(lái)和前面的動(dòng)詞carve及后面的名詞woods構(gòu)成順暢的語(yǔ)義搭配。Carve_____thewoods：在森林中開(kāi)辟道路，B項(xiàng)through用法最恰當(dāng)，故選B。查看材料16.【完形填空】第16題答案是_____.A.postsB.links

C.shades

D.breaks正確答案：D參考解析：本題空格前有一個(gè)指示代詞these，通過(guò)語(yǔ)義，“these_____”指代上文的“roads，traintracks，andotherpaths”，并有定語(yǔ)從句“peoplecarvethroughthewoods”修飾，從語(yǔ)義上看，breaks“岔路口”最合適，即朝著這些岔路口走，找到一條出路，故選D。查看材料17.【完形填空】第17題答案是______.A.artificialB.mysteriousC.hidden

D.limited正確答案：A參考解析：本題所在句子“scan…for_____lightsources”，與本段開(kāi)頭“l(fā)ookforsignsofhumanhabitation”結(jié)構(gòu)一致，語(yǔ)義相關(guān)，空格處所填的形容詞和human意思相近，選擇artificial“人造的”。除此之外，該空后所列舉的兩種光源的共同特點(diǎn)就是artificial“人工的，人造的”，故選A。查看材料18.【完形填空】第18題答案是____.A.FinallyB.ConsequentlyC.IncidentallyD.Generally正確答案：A參考解析：本空位于段首，并由逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，所以考查上下文邏輯?？蘸鬄闂l件狀語(yǔ)從句“assumingyou”，與上文構(gòu)成順接遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，選項(xiàng)中，只有finally表順接遞進(jìn)，故選A。查看材料19.【完形填空】第19題答案是_____.A.memoriesB.marks

C.notes

D.belongings正確答案：B參考解析：空格后的定語(yǔ)從句“weleaveonthelandscape”，由語(yǔ)義得知此處應(yīng)填“標(biāo)記”，即假設(shè)你迷失在一個(gè)人類(lèi)常去的地方，尋找我們?cè)陲L(fēng)景中留下的標(biāo)記，故選B。查看材料20.【完形填空】第20題答案是______.A.restrictB.adopt

C.lead

D.expose正確答案：C參考解析：本空主要考查語(yǔ)義搭配，所填動(dòng)詞需要與主語(yǔ)“Trailblazes，tiretracksandotherfeatures”，賓語(yǔ)“you”，以及不定式“tocivilization”之間構(gòu)成完整語(yǔ)義，所以此處填lead“引導(dǎo)”最合適，即引導(dǎo)你回歸文明之地，故選C。材料題根據(jù)以下材料，回答21-25題FinancialregulatorsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthebossesofbigbanks.Startingnextyear,anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbedelayed10yearsiftheirbanksareunderinvestigationforwrongdoing.Themainpurposeofthis"clawback"ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisk-takingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitutions.Yetofficialsalsohopeforamuchlargerbenefit:morelong-termdecision-makingnotonlybybanksbutbyallcorporations,tobuildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations."Short-termism"orthedesireforquickprofits,hasworsenedinpubliclytradedcompanies,saystheBankofEngland'stopeconomist,AndrewHaldane.Hequotesagiantofclassicaleconomics,AlfredMarshall,indescribingthisfinancialimpatienceasactinglike"childrenwhopicktheplumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeatthematonce"ratherthanputtingthemasidetobeeatenlast.TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandBritain,henotes,hasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentdecades.Transientinvestors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirm'seffortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty.Thishasbeendubbed"quarterlycapitalism."Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingofequities,quickeruseofinformation,andthusshorterattentionspansinfinancialmarkets."Thereseemstobeapredominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpenseoflong-terminvesting,"saidCommissionerDanielGallagheroftheUSSecuritiesandExchangeCommissioninaspeechthisweek.IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyActof2002haspushedmostpubliccompaniestodeferperformancebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,slightlyhelpingreduce"short-termism."InitslatestsurveyofCEOpay,TheWallStreetJournalfindsthat"asubstantialpart"ofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage"long-termism,"suchaschangesinthetaxcodeandquickerdisclosureofstockacquisitions.InFrance,shareholderswhoholdontoacompanyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimesearnmorevotingrightsinacompany.Withincompanies,therightcompensationdesigncanprovideincentivesforexecutivestothinkbeyondtheirowntimeatthecompanyandonbehalfofallstakeholders.Britain'snewruleisaremindertobankersthatsocietyhasaninterestintheirperformance,notjustfortheshorttermbutforthelongterm.查看材料21.【閱讀理解PartA】AccordingtoParagraph1,onemotiveinimposingthenewruleisto______.A.enhancebankers'senseofresponsibility.B.helpcorporationsachievelargerprofits.C.buildanewsystemoffinancialregulation.D.guaranteethebonusesoftopexecutives.正確答案：A參考解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“paragraph1”和“onemotiveinimposingthenewrule”可定位在文章第一段第三句“Themainpurposeofthis‘clawback’ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisk-takingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitution．”，由此可知這個(gè)規(guī)則的主要目的是讓銀行家為不良風(fēng)險(xiǎn)負(fù)責(zé)以及修復(fù)公眾對(duì)金融機(jī)構(gòu)的信任。對(duì)比四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，只有A項(xiàng)enhancebanks’senseofresponsibility“增加銀行的責(zé)任感”與原文表述一致，故為正確答案。查看材料22.【閱讀理解PartA】AlfredMarshallisquotedtoindicate_____.A.theconditionsforgeneratingquickprofits.B.governments'impatienceindecision-making.C.thesolidstructureofpubliclytradedcompanies.D."short-termism"ineconomicactivities.正確答案：D參考解析：根據(jù)題干中的AlfredMarshall可定位在文章第二段最后一句“…AlfredMarshall，indescribingthisfinancialimpatienceasactinglike…”，其中的“thisfinancialimpatience”指上文提到的“short-termism”，也就是AlfredMarshall描述“短期主義”的行為就像……，由此可知，D項(xiàng)“short-termism”ineconomicactivities“經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)中的‘短期主義”’為正確答案。其他選項(xiàng)在原文均未提及，故排除。查看材料23.【閱讀理解PartA】Itisarguedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestmentonpubliccompaniescanbe_____.A.indirect.B.adverse.C.minimal.D.temporary.正確答案：B參考解析：由題干中的關(guān)鍵詞“transientinvestment”定位到文章第三段第二句“Transientinvestors，whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies，canhinderafirm’seffortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty．”，由此可知，短期投資會(huì)對(duì)公司的長(zhǎng)期規(guī)劃設(shè)阻，并影響客戶(hù)的忠誠(chéng)度。B項(xiàng)adverse“不利的”對(duì)應(yīng)原文“hinder”，故為正確選項(xiàng)。ACD項(xiàng)在原文并未提及，故排除。查看材料24.【閱讀理解PartA】TheUSandFranceexamplesareusedtoillustrate_____.A.theobstaclestopreventing"short-termism".B.thesignificanceoflong-termthinking.C.theapproachestopromoting"long-termism".D.theprevalenceofshort-termthinking.正確答案：C參考解析：根據(jù)題干定位到文章第五、第六段，第五段為美國(guó)的例子，主要講述美國(guó)延遲發(fā)放才上任一年左右的高管績(jī)效津貼，繼而促進(jìn)緩解“短期主義”盛行的現(xiàn)狀。第六段為法國(guó)的例子，主要講述法國(guó)持股兩年以上者擁有更多的選票權(quán)。第六段首句承前啟后講到“Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage'longtermism'"，即促進(jìn)“長(zhǎng)期主義”還有很多做法。C項(xiàng)theapproachestopromotinglong-termism“促進(jìn)‘長(zhǎng)期主義’的方法”，與原文一致，故為正確答案。查看材料25.【閱讀理解PartA】Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.FailureofQuarterlyCapitalismB.PatienceasaCorporateVirtueC.DecisivenessRequiredofTopExecutivesD.FrustrationofRisk-takingBankers正確答案：B參考解析：主旨大意題。綜觀全文，文章圍繞西方國(guó)家的金融企業(yè)的“短期主義”投資和“長(zhǎng)期主義”投資展開(kāi)。第一段由金融管理者制訂一項(xiàng)限制高管津貼措施引出全文中心話(huà)題，促進(jìn)金融投資的“長(zhǎng)期主義”規(guī)劃；第二段介紹了目前英國(guó)銀行高管中“短期主義”投資愈發(fā)盛行；第三段指出“短期主義”投資的弊端；第四段主要介紹美國(guó)現(xiàn)階段仍然通過(guò)技術(shù)手段使得“短期主義”投資愈發(fā)盛行；第五、第六段點(diǎn)明美法兩國(guó)為促進(jìn)“短期主義”投資所采取的措施；文章尾段再次呼應(yīng)首段，點(diǎn)明英國(guó)新政提醒銀行家們注重“長(zhǎng)期主義”投資。B項(xiàng)Patience對(duì)應(yīng)文章中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的short-termism和long．termism，Corporate本身在文章就多次出現(xiàn)，所以為最佳標(biāo)題。背景材料材料題根據(jù)以下材料，回答26-30題Gradeinflation—thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAs(grade-pointaverages)overthepastfewdecades—isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation,inwhichstudentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobepleased.Butanother,relatedforce—apolicyoftenburieddeepincoursecatalogscalled"gradeforgiveness"-ishelpingraiseGPAs.Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichtheyreceivedalowgrade,andthemostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethatcountsincalculatingastudent'soverallGPA.Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,ascollegescontinuetodotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool(andpayingtuition)andimprovetheirgraduationrates.Whenthispracticefirststarteddecadesago,itwasusuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses.Butnowmostcolleges,saveformanyselectivecampuses,allowallundergraduates,andevengraduatestudents,togettheirlowgradesforgiven.Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessislessaboutthegradeitselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretakecoursescriticaltotheirdegreeprogramandgraduationwithoutincurringabigpenalty."Ultimately,"saidJackMine,OhioStateUniversity'sregistrar,"weseestudentsachievemoresuccessbecausetheyretakeacourseanddobetterinsubsequentcoursesormasterthecontentthatallowsthemtograduateontime."Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescolleges'ownneedsaswell.Forpublicinstitutions'statefundsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetricssuchasgraduationratesandstudentretention—sobettergradescan,byboostingfigureslikethose,meanmoremoney.AndanythingthatraisesGPAswilllikelymakestudents—who,attheendofthedayarepayingthebill-feelthey'vegottenabettervaluefortheirtuitiondollars,whichisanotherbigconcernforcolleges.Indeed,gradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesarerespondingtoconsumers'expectationsforhighereducation.Sincestudentsandparentsexpectacollegedegreetoleadtoajob,itisinthebestinterestofaschooltoturnoutgraduateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible—oratleastappeartobe.Onthis,students'andcolleges'incentivesseemtobealigned.查看材料26.【閱讀理解PartA】Whatiscommonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeinflation?A.Thechangeofcoursecatalogs.B.Students'indifferencetoGPAs.C.Colleges'neglectofGPAs.D.Theinfluenceofconsumerculture.正確答案：D參考解析：根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到文章第一段第一句，句子主干“Gradeinflation…isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation…”可知高校分?jǐn)?shù)膨脹問(wèn)題通常被認(rèn)為是消費(fèi)者至上時(shí)代的產(chǎn)物。選項(xiàng)Theinfluenceofconsumerculture“消費(fèi)者至上文化的影響”正是該句原因的同義表達(dá)，故選D。查看材料27.【閱讀理解PartA】Whatwastheoriginalpurposeofgradeforgiveness?A.Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.B.Tomaintaincolleges'graduationrates.C.Topreparegraduatesforachallengingfuture.D.Toincreaseuniversities'incomefromtuition.正確答案：A參考解析：根據(jù)題干要求定位到文章第三段第二句。該句中的thispractice對(duì)應(yīng)題干中的gradeforgiveness，firststarted對(duì)應(yīng)題干中的original，而以不定式短語(yǔ)“…togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses．”為目的，即……給他們第二次機(jī)會(huì)去上課，對(duì)應(yīng)題干中的purpose，故正確答案為A項(xiàng)Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning“幫助大一新生適應(yīng)大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)”。查看材料28.【閱讀理解PartA】AccordingtoParagraph5,gradeforgivenessenablescollegesto______.A.obtainmorefinancialsupport.B.boosttheirstudentenrollments.C.improvetheirteachingquality.D.meetlocalgovernments'needs.正確答案：A參考解析：根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞可定位到文章第五段第一句。通過(guò)第一句話(huà)可以看出“gradeforgiveness”滿(mǎn)足了大學(xué)自己的需要，而具體的需要在第二句體現(xiàn)。因此，本題真正的答案出于第二句“Forpublicinstitutions’statefundsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetricssuchasgraduationratesandstudentretention——sobettergradescan,byboostingfigureslikethose,meanmoremoney．”，即對(duì)于大學(xué)來(lái)講，國(guó)家的基金有時(shí)候是跟一些因素有關(guān)的。比如，畢業(yè)率和學(xué)生在學(xué)率，因此好的分?jǐn)?shù)意味著錢(qián)。由此可知“gradeforgiveness”使大學(xué)能夠獲得更多的國(guó)家的基金，這與A項(xiàng)obtainmorefinancialsupport“獲得更多的經(jīng)濟(jì)支持”匹配，故選A。

查看材料29.【閱讀理解PartA】Whatdoesthephrase"tobealigned"(Para.6)mostprobablymean?A.Tocounterbalanceeachother.B.Tocomplementeachother.C.Tobeidenticalwitheachother.D.Tobecontradictorytoeachother.正確答案：C參考解析：根據(jù)題目定位到文章第六段最后一句“Onthis,students’andcolleges’incentivesseemtobealigned．”，解決本題的關(guān)鍵是this指代的內(nèi)容，根據(jù)上文“Sincestudentsandparentsexpectacollegedegreetoleadtoajob，itisinthebestinterestofaschooltoturnoutgraduateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible—oratleastappeartobe．”可知由于學(xué)生和家長(zhǎng)都希望通過(guò)大學(xué)學(xué)歷找工作，因此符合學(xué)校最佳利益的便是盡可能地證明學(xué)生的能力——或者說(shuō)至少看起來(lái)如此，即學(xué)生和學(xué)校有著共同的利益目標(biāo)，所以正確答案選C。查看材料30.【閱讀理解PartA】Theauthorexaminesthepracticeofgradeforgivenessby______.A.assessingitsfeasibility.B.analyzingthecausesbehindit.C.comparingdifferentviewsonit..D.listingitslong-runeffects.正確答案：B參考解析：由題干可知，表面上問(wèn)作者通過(guò)什么論述方式來(lái)探討gradeforgiveness的實(shí)踐操作，實(shí)際是考全文的主旨寫(xiě)作手法，方法即是串讀每段段落的大意句，把握作者的論述角度。文章的每段都突出了gradeforgiveness能夠滿(mǎn)足大學(xué)自身的需求，這也是分析了gradeforgiveness的原因。因此，該題答案是B項(xiàng)analyzingthecausesbehindit。材料題根據(jù)以下材料，回答31-35題ThisyearmarksexactlytwocenturiessincethepublicationofFrankenstein;or,TheModernPrometheus,byMaryShelley.Evenbeforetheinventionoftheelectriclightbulb,theauthorproducedaremarkableworkofspeculativefictionthatwouldforeshadowmanyethicalquestionstoberaisedbytechnologiesyettocome.Todaytherapidgrowthofartificialintelligence(AI)raisesfundamentalquestions:"Whatisintelligence,identity,orconsciousness?Whatmakeshumanshumans?"Whatisbeingcalledartificialgeneralintelligence,machinesthatwouldimitatethewayhumansthink,continuestoevadescientists.Yethumansremainfascinatedbytheideaofrobotsthatwouldlook,move,andrespondlikehumans,similartothoserecentlydepictedonpopularsci-fiTVseriessuchas"Westworld"and"Humans."Justhowpeoplethinkisstillfartoocomplextobeunderstood,letalonereproduced,saysDavidEagleman,aStanfordUniversityneuroscientist."Wearejustinasituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexplainingwhatconsciousnessactuallyisandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachinetogetthere."Butthatdoesn'tmeancrucialethicalissuesinvolvingAIaren'tathand.Thecominguseofautonomousvehicles,forexample,posesthornyethicalquestions.Humandriverssometimesmustmakesplit-seconddecisions.Theirreactionsmaybeacomplexcombinationofinstantreflexes,inputfrompastdrivingexperiences,andwhattheireyesandearstelltheminthatmoment.AI"vision"todayisnotnearlyassophisticatedasthatofhumans.Andtoanticipateeveryimaginabledrivingsituationisadifficultprogrammingproblem.Wheneverdecisionsarebasedonmassesofdata,"youquicklygetintoalotofethicalquestions,"notesTanKiatHow,chiefexecutiveofaSingapore-basedagencythatishelpingthegovernmentdevelopavoluntarycodefortheethicaluseofAI.AlongwithSingapore,othergovernmentsandmega-corporationsarebeginningtoestablishtheirownguidelines.Britainissettingupadataethicscenter.IndiareleaseditsAIethicsstrategythisspring.OnJune7Googlepledgednotto"designordeployAI"thatwouldcause"overallharm,"ortodevelopAI-directedweaponsoruseAIforsurveillancethatwouldviolateinternationalnorms.ItalsopledgednottodeployAIwhoseusewouldviolateinternationallawsorhumanrights.Whilethestatementisvague,itrepresentsonestartingpoint.SodoestheideathatdecisionsmadebyAIsystemsshouldbeexplainable,transparent,andfair.Toputitanotherway:Howcanwemakesurethatthethinkingofintelligentmachinesreflectshumanity'shighestvalues?OnlythenwilltheybeusefulservantsandnotFrankenstein'sout-of-controlmonster.查看材料31.【閱讀理解PartA】MaryShelley'snovelFrankensteinismentionedbecauseit______.A.fascinatesAIscientistsallovertheworld.B.hasremainedpopularforaslongas200years.C.involvessomeconcernsraisedbyAItoday.D.hassparkedseriousethicalcontroversies.正確答案：C參考解析：根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到文章第一段最后一句話(huà)“Evenbeforetheinventionoftheelectriclightbulb，theauthorproducedaremarkableworkofspeculativefictionthatwouldforeshadowmanyethicalquestionstoberaisedbytechnologiesyettocome．”，即甚至在電燈發(fā)明之前，作者創(chuàng)作了這部舉世矚目的推測(cè)性小說(shuō)，這部小說(shuō)預(yù)示了很多即將到來(lái)的技術(shù)所帶來(lái)的很多道德倫理方面的問(wèn)題。由此可知C項(xiàng)“涉及了一些今天Al人工智能帶來(lái)的擔(dān)憂(yōu)”為正確答案，其中，involves對(duì)應(yīng)foreshadow，someconcerns對(duì)應(yīng)manyethicalquestions。其余選項(xiàng)在原文均無(wú)依據(jù)，故排除。查看材料32.【閱讀理解PartA】InDavidEagleman'sopinion,ourcurrentknowledgeofconsciousness______.A.helpsexplainartificialintelligence.B.canbemisleadingtorobotmaking.C.inspirespopularsci-fiTVseries.D.istoolimitedforustoreproduceit.正確答案：D參考解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干信息DavidEagleman找到定位點(diǎn)第四段第二句“‘Wearejustinasituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexplainingwhatconsciousnessactuallyisandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachinetogetthere．”’，即我們?nèi)匀惶幵跊](méi)有確鑿的理論解釋“意識(shí)”是什么，而且也不能發(fā)明機(jī)器實(shí)現(xiàn)這一點(diǎn)。從這句話(huà)就能選擇D項(xiàng)istoolimitedforUStoreproduceit“對(duì)于我們來(lái)說(shuō)我們能力太有限以致于不能去復(fù)制它”。查看材料33.【閱讀理解PartA】Thesolutiontotheethicalissuesbroughtbyautonomousvehicles______.A.canhardlyeverbefound.B.isstillbeyondourcapacity.C.causeslittlepublicconcern.D.hasarousedmuchcuriosity.正確答案：B參考解析：根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第五段第二句。該句出現(xiàn)forexample，可知autonomousvehicle是具體例子。文中的例子是為了證明論點(diǎn)，應(yīng)往前看，即證明第一句的觀點(diǎn)：涉及人工智能的倫理問(wèn)題在我們身邊，說(shuō)明問(wèn)題依然存在。B項(xiàng)與題干結(jié)合，含義為：找出由自動(dòng)駕駛車(chē)帶來(lái)的人工智能倫理問(wèn)題的解決方法超出了我們的能力，與文章含義一致。A項(xiàng)過(guò)于絕對(duì)，CD項(xiàng)原文未提及，故選B。查看材料34.【閱讀理解PartA】Theauthor'sattitudetowardGoogle'spledgesisoneof______.A.affirmation.B.skepticism.C.contempt.D.respect.正確答案：A參考解析：根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第七、第八段。但第七段都是在講Google’spledge，繼續(xù)看第八段，開(kāi)頭while，表轉(zhuǎn)折，whilethestatementisvague，與vague意思相反的即是作者的觀點(diǎn)。vague“模糊的、曖昧的”，是負(fù)向情感的詞語(yǔ)，相反方向應(yīng)是正向情感。BC項(xiàng)都是負(fù)向情感，D項(xiàng)雖是正向情感，但程度太深，所以選A。查看材料35.【閱讀理解PartA】Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.AI'sFuture:IntheHandsofTechGiantsB.Frankenstein,theNovelPredictingtheAgeofAIC.TheConscienceofAI:ComplexButInevitableD.AIShallBeKillersOnceOutofControl正確答案：C參考解析：本文首段通過(guò)引用MaryShelley的書(shū)引出本文要探討的話(huà)題，即新技術(shù)所引發(fā)的道德問(wèn)題。第二段更是明確指出AI引起了一些問(wèn)題。第三段和第四段是對(duì)第二段的詳細(xì)論述，表明我們并不能確定智能化的程度，以及因?yàn)樗幁h(huán)境的復(fù)雜無(wú)法定義人類(lèi)自我意識(shí)。而在第五段轉(zhuǎn)折之后明確指出Al所涉及的道德問(wèn)題已經(jīng)觸手可及了。全篇復(fù)現(xiàn)了Al和conscience這兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞，因此正確答案為C項(xiàng)“人工智能的道德問(wèn)題：復(fù)雜但是不可避免”。背景材料材料題根據(jù)以下材料，回答36-40題StateswillbeabletoforcemorepeopletopaysalestaxwhentheymakeonlinepurchasesunderaSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaythatwillleaveshopperswithlighterwalletsbutisabigfinancialwinforstates.TheSupremeCourt'sopinionThursdayoverruledapairofdecades-olddecisionsthatstatessaidcostthembillionsofdollarsinlostrevenueannually.Thedecisionsmadeitmoredifficultforstatestocollectsalestaxoncertainonlinepurchases.Thecasesthecourtoverturnedsaidthatifabusinesswasshippingacustomer'spurchasetoastatewherethebusinessdidn'thaveaphysicalpresencesuchasawarehouseoroffice,thebusinessdidn'thavetocollectsalestaxforthestate.Customersweregenerallyresponsibleforpayingthesalestaxtothestatethemselvesiftheyweren'tchargedit,butmostdidn'trealizetheyoweditandfewpaid.JusticeAnthonyKennedywrotethatthepreviousdecisionswereflawed."Eachyearthephysicalpresencerulebecomesfurtherremovedfromeconomicrealityandresultsinsignificantrevenuelossestothestates,"hewroteinanopinionjoinedbyfourotherjustices.Kennedywrotethattherule"limitedstates'abilitytoseeklong-termprosperityandhaspreventedmarketparticipantsfromcompetingonanevenplayingfield."Therulingisavictoryforbigchainswithapresenceinmanystates,sincetheyusuallycollectsalestaxononlinepurchasesalready.Now,rivalswillbechargingsalestaxwheretheyhadn'tbefore.Bigchainshavebeencollectingsalestaxnationwidebecausetheytypicallyhavephysicalstoresinwhateverstateapurchaseisbeingshippedto.A,withitsnetworkofwarehouses,alsocollectssalestaxineverystatethatchargesit,thoughthird-partysellerswhousethesitedon'thaveto.Untilnow,manysellersthathaveaphysicalpresenceinonlyasinglestateorafewstateshavebeenabletoavoidchargingsalestaxeswhentheyshiptoaddressesoutsidethosestates.SellersthatuseeBayandEtsy,whichprovideplatformsforsmallersellers,alsohaven'tbeencollectingsalestaxnationwide.UndertherulingThursday,statescanpasslawsrequiringout-of-statesellerstocollectthestate'ssalestaxfromcustomersandsendittothestate.Retailtradegroupspraisedtheruling,sayingitlevelstheplayingfieldforlocalandonlinebusinesses.Thelosers,saidretailanalystNeilSaunders,areonline-onlyretailers,especiallysmallerones.Thoseretailersmayfaceheadachescomplyingwithvariousstatesalestaxlaws.TheSmallBusinessandEntrepreneurshipCounciladvocacygroupsaidinastatement,"Smallbusinessesandinternetentrepreneursarenotwellservedatallbythisdecision."查看材料36.【閱讀理解PartA】TheSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaywill______.A.betterbusinesses'revolutionswithstates.B.putmostonlinebusinessesinadilemma.C.makemoreonlineshopperspaysalestax.D.forcesomestatestocutsalestax.正確答案：C參考解析：根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到文章第一段第一句“StateswillbeabletoforcemorepeopletopaysalestaxwhentheymakeonlinepurchasesunderaSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaythatwillleaveshopperswithlighterwalletsbutisabigfinancialwinforstates．”，由此可知最高法院的裁決可能讓州政府去強(qiáng)制消費(fèi)者在網(wǎng)上購(gòu)物時(shí)要上交銷(xiāo)售稅，直接得出c項(xiàng)makemoreonlineshopperspaysalestax“讓更多的在線(xiàn)購(gòu)物者支付銷(xiāo)售稅”。查看材料37.【閱讀理解PartA】ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphs2and3thattheoverruleddecisions______.A.haveledtothedominanceofe-commerce.B.havecostconsumersalotovertheyears.C.werewidelycriticizedbyonlinepurchasers.D.wereconsideredunfavorablebystates.正確答案：D參考解析：根據(jù)題干定位到文章第二段“…thatstatessaidcostthembillionsofdollarsinlostrevenueannually．Thedecisionsmadeitmoredifficultforstatestocollectsalestaxoncertainonlinepurchases．”，由此可知，州政府抱怨之前的政策導(dǎo)致每年稅收損失慘重，原政策讓州政府很難收取網(wǎng)上購(gòu)物的營(yíng)業(yè)稅。綜合可知，D項(xiàng)wereconsideredunfavorablebystate“州政府認(rèn)為原政策對(duì)州不利”為正確答案。查看材料38.【閱讀理解PartA】AccordingtoJusticeAnthonyKennedy,thephysicalpresencerulehas______.A.hinderedeconomicdevelopment.B.broughtprosperitytothecountry.C.harmedfairmarketcompetition.D.boostedgrowthinstates'revenue.正確答案：C參考解析：根據(jù)題干定位到文章第四段第二句“‘EachyearthephysicalpresencerulebecomesfurtherremovedfromeconomicrealityandresultsinsignificantrevenuelossestotheStates’…”，由此可知實(shí)體店規(guī)定導(dǎo)致州政府稅收虧損嚴(yán)重，由第三句“…therule‘limitedstates’abilitytoseeklong-termprosperityandhaspreventedmarketparticipantsfromcompetingonanevenplayingfield．”’可知該規(guī)定限制了州政府尋求長(zhǎng)期繁榮的能力，并妨礙了所有市場(chǎng)參與者公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，從而得出C項(xiàng)harmedfairmarketcompetition“破壞了市場(chǎng)公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)”。查看材料39.【閱讀理解PartA】WhoaremostlikelytowelcometheSupremeCourtruling?A.Internet

entrepreneurs.B.Big-chainowners.C.Third-partysellers.D.Smallretailers.正確答案：B參考解析：根據(jù)題干細(xì)節(jié)“mostlikelytowelcometheSupremeCourtruling”定位到文章第五段第一句“Therulingisavictoryforbigchains…”，由此可知這項(xiàng)裁決對(duì)于大型連鎖公司來(lái)說(shuō)是個(gè)勝利，從而得出B項(xiàng)Big-chainowners“大型連鎖公司”。查看材料40.【閱讀理解PartA】IndealingwiththeSupremeCourtdecisionThursday,theauthor______.A.givesafactualaccountofitanddiscussesitsconsequences.B.describesthelongandcomplicatedprocessofitsmaking.C.presentsitsmainpointswithconflictingviewsonthem.D.citessomecasesrelatedtoitandanalyzestheirimplications.正確答案：A參考解析：整篇文章首段直接點(diǎn)明最高法院通過(guò)新的裁決，征收在線(xiàn)營(yíng)業(yè)稅。然后第二、第三、第四段列出一些與此有關(guān)的案例，第五、第六、第七段論其對(duì)行業(yè)內(nèi)各界的影響。由此得知A項(xiàng)giveafactualaccountofitanddiscussitsconsequences“給出了事實(shí)說(shuō)明并討論其影響”為正確答案。文章中并未提及最高法院裁決得制定過(guò)程，故排除B項(xiàng)。文章第五段至第七段雖然提到，新裁決之下有“贏家”，也有“輸家”，但這只能說(shuō)明新裁決并不是對(duì)所有組織都有利，而且文章也只是在末尾提到了小企業(yè)和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)企業(yè)并未從新裁決中獲得益處，并沒(méi)有花大篇幅強(qiáng)調(diào)這一矛盾，故排除c項(xiàng)“用相互矛盾的觀點(diǎn)陳述其要點(diǎn)”。文章在闡述新裁決的相關(guān)影響時(shí)，簡(jiǎn)單列舉了一些案例，但并未就案例本身所造成的影響進(jìn)行分析，故排除D項(xiàng)“列舉了一些與此相關(guān)的案例，并分析了它們的影響”。材料題根據(jù)以下材料，回答41-45題A．Thesetoolscanhelpyouwineveryargument—notintheunhelpfulsenseofbeatingyouropponentsbutinthebettersenseoflearningab