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2015年考研英語(yǔ)(一)真題試卷
(總分:144.00,做題時(shí)間:90分鐘)
一、UseofEnglish(總題數(shù):2,分?jǐn)?shù):80.00)
1.SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreach
numberedblankandmarkA,B,CorD.(分?jǐn)?shù):40.00)
解析:
Thoughnotbiologicallyrelated,friendsareas“related“asfourthcousins,sharingabout1%
ofgenes.Thatis[Bl]1astudy,publishedfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaandYale
UniversityintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,has[B2]Thestudyis
agenome-wideanalysisconducted[B3]1,932uniquesubjectswhich[B4]pairsof
unrelatedfriendsandunrelatedstrangers.Thesamepeoplewereusedinboth[B5]While
1%mayseem[B6]_____,itisnotsotoageneticist.AsJamesFowler,professorofmedical
geneticsatUCSanDiego,says,“Mostpeopledonoteven[B7]_theirfourthcousinsbutsomehow
managetoselectasfriendsthepeoplewho[B8]___ourkin."Thestudy[B9]foundthat
thegenesforsmellweresomethingsharedinfriendsbutnotgenesforimmunity.Whythissimilarity
existsinsmellgenesisdifficulttoexplain,fornow.[B10]_____,astheteamsuggests,it
drawsustosimilarenvironmentsbutthereismore[Bl1]it.Therecouldbemanymechanisms
workingtogetherthat[B12]usinchoosinggeneticallysimilarfriends[B13]
“functionalkinship"ofbeingfriendswith[B14]!Oneoftheremarkablefindings
ofthestudywasthatthesimilargenesseemtobeevolving[B15]thanothergenes.Studying
thiscouldhelp[B16]whyhumanevolutionpickedpaceinthelast30,000years,withsocial
environmentbeingamajor[B17]factor.Thefindingsdonotsimplyexplainpeople,s[B18]
_tobefriendthoseofsimilar[B19]backgrounds,saytheresearchers.Thoughallthe
subjectsweredrawnfromapopulationofEuropeanextraction,carewastakento[B20]that
allsubjects,friendsandstrangers,weretakenfromthesamepopulation.(分?jǐn)?shù):40.00)
(1).[Bl](分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)
A.when
B.why
C.how
D.whatJ
解析:解析:本題考查特殊疑問(wèn)詞用法。文章首句點(diǎn)明此選段主要內(nèi)容,指出“即便沒(méi)有血緣關(guān)系,朋友
之間就像第四代表親一樣,約有1%的基因相同?!痹擃}的選項(xiàng)全是特殊疑問(wèn)詞,when通常用來(lái)詢問(wèn)時(shí)間;
why用來(lái)提問(wèn)“為什么”;how則是詢問(wèn)“……怎么樣”。在本題復(fù)合句中,what做關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo)疑問(wèn)分句,
并且在句子中擔(dān)任賓語(yǔ),表示“研究得出的結(jié)果”。
(2).[B2](分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)
A.defended
B.concludedV
C.withdrawn
D.advised
解析:解析:本題考查動(dòng)詞用法。該選項(xiàng)所在句的主干是Thatiswhatastudyhas_句子中間的
publishedfromthe…ofsciences是用來(lái)修飾astudy的后置定語(yǔ)。選項(xiàng)defend意為"辯護(hù);防護(hù);保
衛(wèi)";conclude意為“推斷;決定,作結(jié)論";withdraw意為“取出;撤退";advise意為“建議:勸
告”。而與名詞study的慣用搭配即是“研究得出什么結(jié)論”。
(3).[B3](分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)
A.for
B.with
C.onJ
D.by
解析:解析:本題考杳固定搭配。動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)conducton為固定搭配,譯為“對(duì)……進(jìn)行研究”,在此句中
表示“對(duì)1932位獨(dú)立的個(gè)體進(jìn)行研究”。
(4).[B4](分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)
A.comparedJ
B.sought
C.separated
D.connected
解析:解析:本題考查動(dòng)詞用法。Compare主要意為“比較;對(duì)照;與……比較起來(lái)”;seek則是“尋找;
搜索”;separate是“使分離;使分開(kāi)";connect是“連接;聯(lián)合”。該空格后出現(xiàn)線索詞pairs,可
推測(cè)此處應(yīng)是表達(dá)“將無(wú)關(guān)的朋友組和無(wú)關(guān)的陌生人組進(jìn)行對(duì)照基因組分析”。
(5).[B5](分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)
A.tests
B.objects
C.samplesJ
D.examples
解析:解析:本題考查名詞用法。Test意為“試驗(yàn);檢驗(yàn)":object意為“對(duì)象;目標(biāo);物體":sample
意為“樣本;例子”;ex—ample意為“例子;榜樣”。此句應(yīng)是表達(dá)“所有實(shí)驗(yàn)個(gè)體都會(huì)被重新分在不
同對(duì)照組進(jìn)行分析"。而sample所表示的“樣本”指的是其他的都與這個(gè)“樣本”在質(zhì)量、性質(zhì)和設(shè)計(jì)上
相同;example所對(duì)比的通常是作為有典型的、能說(shuō)明問(wèn)題的、有代表性的例子。
(6).[B6](分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)
A.insignificantJ
B.unexpected
C.unreliable
D.incredible
解析:解析:本題考查形容詞用法。選項(xiàng)中unbelievable和incredible均表示“難以置信的;不可思議
的":insignificant意為“無(wú)關(guān)緊要的";unexpected意為“意外的;想不到的“。而此處,句意表達(dá)
的是“1%的共享基因看似無(wú)關(guān)緊要,而對(duì)一位遺傳學(xué)者卻意義非凡”。
(7).[B7](分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)
A.visit
B.miss
C.seek
D.knowJ
解析:解析:本題考查前后轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯關(guān)系。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)均是常見(jiàn)單詞,在此處主要考查學(xué)生的語(yǔ)感。線索詞
是fourthcousins,在錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的人際交往中,第四代表親可以說(shuō),彼此親戚關(guān)系已經(jīng)很遠(yuǎn)了,故判斷此
處應(yīng)是“不認(rèn)識(shí)”。
(8).[B8](分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)
A.resembleJ
B.influence
C.favor
D.surpass
解析:解析:本題考查動(dòng)詞用法。Resemble意為“類(lèi)似,像";influence意為“影響;改變";favor
意為“贊成;喜歡";surpass意為“超越;勝過(guò),優(yōu)于”。顯然,選項(xiàng)填入后,應(yīng)切合文章主題“朋友
間約1%基因相同”,故此處應(yīng)是指出“但不知何故,選擇的朋友就像我們的親戚”。
(9).[B9](分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)
A.again
B.alsoJ
C.instead
D.thus
解析:解析:本題考查副詞用法。Again表示“又,此外;再一次”。一般用于表示幾個(gè)主語(yǔ)共同一個(gè)謂
賓,或一個(gè)主謂多個(gè)賓語(yǔ);also表示“也;而且",一般是指動(dòng)作(謂語(yǔ))重復(fù)、反復(fù)進(jìn)行;instead表示
“代替;反而",表轉(zhuǎn)折;thus表示“因此;從而”,表因果。顯然,此處欲表達(dá)的是“研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)……”。
(10).[B10](分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)
A.Meanwhile
B.Furthermore
C.Likewise
D.PerhapsJ
解析:解析:本題考杳副詞用法。Meanwhile意為“同時(shí),其間”,表示并列連接,通常含有遞進(jìn)的意思;
furthermore意為“此外;而且“,屬于進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明,后面與前面所涉及的內(nèi)容更近一步;1ikewise意為
“同樣地;也”,與前述內(nèi)容承接;perhaps意為“或許:也許",表示不確定的推測(cè)。此處前文并沒(méi)有
給出其它原因,判斷應(yīng)僅是推測(cè)。
(11).[B11](分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)
A.about
B.toJ
C.from
D.like
解析:解析:本題考查介詞用法。句子意思是“就像這個(gè)科研團(tuán)隊(duì)所發(fā)現(xiàn)的,這個(gè)因素不僅把我們帶到相
似的環(huán)境中來(lái),更有一些深層次的影響?!鼻昂髮?duì)應(yīng),故選B項(xiàng)。
(12).[B12](分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)
A.driveJ
B.observe
C.confuse
D.limit
解析:解析:本題考查動(dòng)詞用法。Drive為“推動(dòng);驅(qū)使";observe為“觀察;遵守";confuse為“使
混亂;使困惑”;limit為“限制;限定”。將四選項(xiàng)依次代入,可以斷定A選項(xiàng)正確,意為“可能有很
多機(jī)制共同作用,驅(qū)使我們選擇基因相似的朋友”。
(13).[B13](分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)
A.accordingto
B.ratherthanJ
C.regardlessof
D.alongwith
解析:解析:本題考查介系詞用法。Accordingto主要用來(lái)表示“根據(jù)”某學(xué)說(shuō)、某文件、某人所說(shuō)等或
表示“按照”某法律、某規(guī)定、某慣例、某情況等;ratherthan是一個(gè)并列連詞,不與would連用時(shí),
表示客觀事實(shí),意為“是……而不是……;與其……不如……";regardlessof為“不管:不顧”,一
般用于客觀上無(wú)法避免的事實(shí),往往是不利的條件,因素;alongwith意為"和……一起”時(shí),經(jīng)??疾?/p>
主謂?致,意為"(除…外)又……;加之”,在這里是包括某事物的。此處文章顯然考的是ratherthan,
表示“而不是以功能性的親戚關(guān)系作為選友基準(zhǔn)”。
(14).[B14](分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)
A.chances
B.responses
C.missions
D.benefitsV
解析:解析:本題考查名詞用法。短語(yǔ)with_是用來(lái)修飾名詞短語(yǔ)functionalKinship的,因此可
判斷選項(xiàng)benefits與functional前后對(duì)應(yīng)。
(15).LB15](分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)
A.later
B.s1ower
C.fasterJ
D.earlier
解析:解析:本題考查形容詞用法。此處句意可以理解為“研究中,其中的一個(gè)顯著發(fā)現(xiàn)是相似基因好像
比其他基因進(jìn)化……”,再根據(jù)下文中出現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵詞pickedpace,“步子快;發(fā)展迅速”,可判斷正確
答案為C選項(xiàng)。
(16).[B16](分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)
A.forecast
B.remember
C.understandJ
D.express
解析:解析:本題考查動(dòng)詞用法。Forecast意為“預(yù)報(bào),預(yù)測(cè)“;remember意為“記得;牢記;紀(jì)念”;
understand意為“理解;懂:獲悉;推斷“:express意為“表達(dá);快遞”。顯然,所有研究的目的都是
為了解疑答惑,再根據(jù)線索詞why,可以判斷C選項(xiàng)為正確答案。
(17).[B17](分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)
A.unpredictable
B.contributoryJ
C.controllable
D.disruptive
解析:解析:本題考查形容詞用法。Unpredictable意為“不可預(yù)知的;不定的";contributory意為“捐
助的;貢獻(xiàn)的;有助于……的";controllable意為“可控制的;可管理的";disruptive意為“破壞的;
分裂性的”。此處的with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)是句子的伴隨狀語(yǔ),所表示的狀態(tài)是與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的,因此判斷
此處欲表達(dá)的是“社會(huì)環(huán)境在過(guò)去3萬(wàn)年的人類(lèi)快速進(jìn)化過(guò)程中起著不可或缺的作用”。
(18).[B18](分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)
A.endeavor
B.decision
C.arrangement
D.tendencyJ
解析:解析:本題考查名詞用法。Endeavor意為“努力;盡力“;decision意為“決定,決心”;arrangement
意為“布置;整理;準(zhǔn)備":tendency意為“傾向,趨勢(shì):癖好”。將四個(gè)選項(xiàng)依次代人,顯然D選項(xiàng)更
為合適,意為“傾向于和那些擁有相同……背景的人做朋友”,不可能是“努力做朋友”、“下定決心做
朋友”或者“準(zhǔn)備好去做朋友”。
(19).[B19](分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)
A.political
B.religious
C.ethnicV
D.economic
解析:解析:本題考查形容詞用法。Political意為“政治的;黨派的";religious意為“宗教的;虔誠(chéng)
的";ethnic意為“種族的;人種的";economic意為“經(jīng)濟(jì)的,經(jīng)濟(jì)上的”。根據(jù)下文中出現(xiàn)的allthe
subjectsweredrawnfromapopuIationofEuropeanextraction,判斷此處應(yīng)是指“擁有相同的種族
背景”。
(20).[B20](分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)
A.seeV
B.show
C.prove
D.tell
解析:解析:本題考查動(dòng)詞用法。sthbetakentosee是固定搭配,意為“采取……來(lái)看……”,在此
處的意思是“仍然倍加小心來(lái)保證……”。
二、ReadingComprehension(總題數(shù):10,分?jǐn)?shù):60.00)
2.SectionIIReadingComprehension
解析:
3.PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextby
choosingA,B,CorD.
解析:
KingJuanCarlosofSpainonceinsistedkingsdon“tabdicate,theydieintheirsleep."But
embarrassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicanleftintherecentEuro-electionshave
forcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.So,doestheSpanishcrisissuggestthatmonarchy
isseeingitslastdays?Doesthatmeanthewritingisonthewal1foral1Europeanroyals,with
theirmagnificentuniformsandmajesticlifestyles?TheSpanishcaseprovidesargumentsbothfor
andagainstmonarchy.Whenpublicopinionisparticularlypolarised,asitwasfollowingtheend
oftheFrancoregime,monarchscanriseabove"mere"politicsand"embody“aspiritofnational
unity.Itisthisapparenttranscendenceofpoliticsthatexplainsmonarchs,continuingpopularity
asheadsofstate.Andso,theMiddleEastexcepted,Europeisthemostmonarch-infestedregion
intheworld,with10kingdoms(notcountingVaticanCitjrandAndorra).Butunliketheirabsolutist
counterpartsintheGulfandAsia,mostroyalfamilieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvoters
toavoidthedifficultsearchforanon-controversialbutrespectedpublicfigure.Evenso,kings
andqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside.Symbolicofnationalunityastheyclaimtobe,their
veryhistory—andsometimesthewaytheybehavetoday—embodiesoutdatedandindefensible
privilegesandinequalities.AtatimewhenThomasPikettyandothereconomistsarewarningof
risinginequalityandtheincreasingpowerofinheritedwealth,itisbizarrethatwealthy
aristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmodemdemocraticstates.Themost
successfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheiroldaristocraticways.Princesand
princesseshaveday-jobsandridebicycles,nothorses(orhelicopters).Evenso,thesearewealthy
familieswhopartywiththeinternational1%,andmediaintrusivenessmakesitincreasingly
difficulttomaintaintherightimage.WhileEurope'smonarchieswi11nodoubtbesmartenough
tosurviveforsometimetocome,itistheBritishroyalswhohavemosttofearfromtheSpanish
example.ItisonlytheQueenwhohaspreservedthemonarchy'sreputationwithherrather
ordinary(ifwell-heeled)grannystyle.ThedangerwillcomewithCharles,whohasbothanexpensive
tasteoflifestyleandaprettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld.Hehasfailedtounderstandthat
monarchieshavelargelysurvivedbecausetheyprovideaservice一asnon-controversialand
non-politicalheadsofstate.CharlesoughttoknowthatasEnglishhistoryshows,itiskings,
notrepublicans,whoarethemonarchy'sworstenemies.(分?jǐn)?shù):10.00)
(1).Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,KingJuanCarlosofSpain(分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)
A.usedtoenjoyhighpublicsupport.
B.wasunpopularamongEuropeanroyals.
C.easedhisrelationshipwithhisrivals.
D.endedhisreigninembarrassment.J
解析:解析:本題屬于細(xì)節(jié)題。首先根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵飼KingJuancarlosofSpain定位至文章首段。文中
第二句指出:“Buiembarrassingscandals…h(huán)aveforcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddownn,
故D選項(xiàng)正確。
(2).MonarchsarekeptasheadsofstateinEuropemostly(分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)
A.owingtotheirundoubtedandrespectablestatus.J
B.toachieveabalancebetweentraditionandreality.
C.togivevotersmorepublicfigurestolookupto.
D.duetotheireverlastingpoliticalembodiment.
解析:解析:木題屬于細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)出題順序,定位答案應(yīng)是在文章三到四段。其中,第三段末句提到:
“但是不像他們?cè)趤喼藓秃车貐^(qū)的專(zhuān)制主義者同行,大多在歐洲的王室延續(xù)下來(lái)的原因是他們可以讓選
民免于到處尋找毫無(wú)爭(zhēng)議的但同時(shí)受人尊重的社會(huì)名人。”故A選項(xiàng)為正確答案。
(3).Whichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtoParagraph4?(分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)
A.Aristocrats“excessiverelianceoninheritedwealth.
B.Theroleofthenobilityinmodemdemocracies.V
C.Thesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticfamilies.
D.Thenobilityz/sadherencetotheirprivileges.
解析:解析:本題屬于詞義推測(cè)題。首先題干給出答案位置信息第四段,關(guān)鍵詞是Odd。瀏覽發(fā)現(xiàn),該段
末句出現(xiàn)生詞bizarre,該句原意是“當(dāng)ThomasPiketty和其他經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家對(duì)越來(lái)越多的不平等和不斷增長(zhǎng)
的財(cái)產(chǎn)繼承提出警告時(shí),富裕的貴族們竟然仍是現(xiàn)代民主國(guó)家的象征中心,這種現(xiàn)象是……”,很明顯,
這種現(xiàn)象是奇怪的(貴族特權(quán)與民主國(guó)家),故B選項(xiàng)“貴族在現(xiàn)代民主國(guó)家的角色定位”為正確答案。
(4).TheBritishroyals"havemosttofear"becauseCharles(分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)
A.takesatough1ineonpoliticalissues.
B.failstochangehislifestyleasadvised.
C.takesrepublicansashispotentialallies.
D.failstoadapthimselftohisfuturerole.J
解析:解析:本題屬于細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干線索詞havemosttofear以及人名Charles定位至文章六、七
段。其中,第六段后半句指出“英國(guó)皇室對(duì)西班牙皇室的落敗最心有余悸”;第七段第二句接著指出
“Cha門(mén)es的處境將會(huì)很危險(xiǎn),因?yàn)樗坏罘绞缴莩薅业燃?jí)制度思想深刻”,也就是Charles沒(méi)有
適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的生活方式。
(5).Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?(分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)
A.Carlos,GloryandDisgraceCombined
B.Charles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheThrone
C.Carlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanMonarchsV
D.Charles,SlowtoReacttotheComingThreats
解析:解析:本題屬于主旨要義題。文章主要討論了西班牙胡安?卡洛斯國(guó)王退位這一事件對(duì)歐洲諸多皇
室的影響,尤其是對(duì)英國(guó)皇室的影響。最終提出,君主領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者要改變?cè)械乃枷牒托袨榉绞?,和現(xiàn)代社會(huì)
的生活方式接軌,才能保證受到長(zhǎng)久的尊崇與榮耀。故選C項(xiàng)。
JusthowmuchdoestheConstitutionprotectyourdigitaldata?TheSupremeCourtwillnowconsider
whetherpolicecansearchthecontentsofamobilephonewithoutawarrantifthephoneison
oraroundapersonduringanarrest.Californiahasaskedthejusticestorefrainfromasweeping
ruling,particularlyonethatupsetstheoldassumptionthatauthoritiesmaysearchthroughthe
possessionsofsuspectsatthetimeoftheirarrest.Itishard,thestateargues,forjudges
toassesstheimplicationsofnewandrapidlychangingtechnologies.Thecourtwouldberecklessly
modestifitfollowedCaliforniansadvice.Enoughoftheimplicationsarediscernable,evenobvious,
sothatthejusticescanandshouldprovideupdatedguidelinestopolice,lawyersanddefendants.
TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCalifornia'slameargumentthatexploringthecontentsofa
smartphone—avaststorehouseofdigitalinformation-issimilarto,say,goingthrougha
suspect^spurse.Thecourthasruledthatpolicedon“tviolatetheFourthAmendmentwhenthey
gothroughthewalletorpocketbookofanarresteewithoutawarrant.Butexploringone's
smartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome.Asmartphonemaycontainanarresteedsreading
history,financialhistory,medicalhistoryandcomprehensiverecordsofrecentcorrespondence.
Thedevelopmentof“cloudcomputing,meanwhile,hasmaclethatexplorationsomuchtheeasier.
Americansshouldtakestepstoprotecttheirdigitalprivacy.Butkeepingsensitiveinformation
onthesedevicesisincreasinglyarequirementofnormallife.Citizensstillhavearightto
expectprivatedocumentstoremainprivateandprotectedbytheConstitution'sprohibitionon
unreasonablesearches.Assooftenisthecase,statingthatprincipledoesn'teasethechailenge
of1ine-drawing.Inmanycases,itwou1dnotbeoverlyburdensomeforauthoritiestoobtaina
warranttosearchthroughphonecontents.TheycouldstillinvalidateFourthAmendmentprotections
whenfacingsevere,urgentcircumstances,andtheycouldtakereasonablemeasurestoensurethat
phonedataarenoterasedoralteredwhilewaitingforawarrant.Thecourt,though,maywant
toallowroomforpolicetocitesituationswheretheyareentitledtomorefreedom.Butthe
justicesshouldnotswa11owCalifornia'sargumentwhole.New,disruptivetechnologysometimes
demandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitution'sprotections.OrinKerr,alawprofessor,compares
theexplosionandaccessibilityofdigitalinformationinthe21stcenturywiththeestablishment
ofautomobileuseasavirtualnecessityoflifeinthe20th:Thejusticeshadtospecifynovel
rulesforthenewpersonaldomainofthepassengercarthen;theymustsortouthowtheFourth
Amendmentappliestodigitalinformationnow.(分?jǐn)?shù):10.00)
(1).TheSupremeCourtwillworkoutwhether,duringaharrest,itislegitimateto(分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)
A.preventsuspectsfromdeletingtheirphonecontents.
B.searchforsuspects*mobilephoneswithoutawarrant.
C.checksuspects"phonecontentswithoutbeingauthorized.J
D.prohibitsuspectsfromusingtheirmobilephones.
解析:解析:本題屬于細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)出題順序及題干中關(guān)鍵詞SupremeCourt,whether定位至文章首段。
該段第二句提到“最高法院考慮到是否警察在沒(méi)有批準(zhǔn)令的情況下,在逮捕過(guò)程中可以搜查嫌疑人身上或
旁邊的手機(jī)信息”。故C選項(xiàng)正確。
(2).Theauthor'sattitudetowardCalifornia'sargumentisoneof(分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)
A.disapproval.J
B.indifference.
C.tolerance.
D.cautiousness.
解析:解析:本題屬于觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞California'sargument定位到第二、三、四段。這
些句子中提到hard…recklesslymodest…等負(fù)向詞,表達(dá)的是負(fù)面態(tài)度。另外,第四段首句給出作者明
確態(tài)度”theyshouldstartbydiscardingCalifornia,slameargument…”。
(3).Theauthorbelievesthatexploringone“sphonecontentsiscomparableto(分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)
A.gettingintoone'sresidence.V
B.handlingone〃shistoricalrecords.
C.scanningone'scorrespondences.
D.goingthroughone'swallet.
解析:解析:本題屬于細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞exploringone'sphonecontents定位至文章第四段。
其中該段第三句提到aButexploringone'ssmartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhomeff,
正好與A選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)。注意C選項(xiàng)提到內(nèi)容不是作者觀點(diǎn)。
(4).InParagraphs5and6,theauthorshowshisconcernthat(分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)
A.principlesarehardtobeclearlyexpressed.
B.thecourtisgivingpolicelessroomforaction.
C.citizens"privacyisnoteffectivelyprotected.V
D.phonesareusedtostoresensitiveinformation.
解析:解析:本題屬于推斷題。首先根據(jù)題干定位至第五、六段。其中,第五段首句為中心句提到“美國(guó)
人應(yīng)該采取措施保護(hù)數(shù)據(jù)隱私”;第六段則接著提到現(xiàn)有搜查原則的不當(dāng)之處。題干問(wèn)的是作者最關(guān)注什
么問(wèn)題,顯然根據(jù)這兩段內(nèi)容,可以推斷C選項(xiàng)“市民隱私未能得到有效保護(hù)”為正確答案。
(5).OrinKerriscomparisonisquotedtoindicatethat(分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)
A.theConstitutionshouldbeimplementedflexibly.
B.newtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheConstitution.J
C.California'sargumentviolatesprinciplesoftheConstitution.
D.principlesoftheConstitutionshouldneverbealtered.
解析:解析:本題屬于舉例論證題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞OrinKer/scomparison定位至文章末段。解答此類(lèi)
題時(shí)需注意,舉例是為了論證論點(diǎn),論點(diǎn)通常在論據(jù)的前面,所以要找例子前面的一句話。此處論點(diǎn)也就
是New,disruptivetechnologysometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitution's
protectionso故B選項(xiàng)正確。
ThejournalScienceisaddinganextraroundofstatisticalcheckstoitspeer-review
process,editor-in-chiefMarciaMcNuttannouncedtoday.Thepolicyfollowssimilareffortsfrom
otherjournals,afterwidespreadconcernthatbasicmistakesindataanalysisarecontributing
totheirreproducibilityofmanypublishedresearchfindings."Readersmusthaveconfidencein
theconclusionspublishedinourjournal,writesMcNuttinaneditorial.WorkingwiththeAmerican
StatisticalAssociation,thejournalhasappointedsevenexpertstoastatisticsboardof
reviewingeditors(SBoRE).Manuscriptwillbeflaggedupforadditionalscrutinybythejournal's
internaleditors,orbyitsexistingBoardofReviewingEditorsorbyoutsidepeerreviewers.
TheSBoREpanelwillthenfindexternalstatisticianstoreviewthesemanuscripts.Askedwhether
anyparticularpapershadimpelledthechange,McNuttsaid:"Thecreationofthe/"statisticsboard”
wasmotivatedbyconcernsbroadlywiththeapplicationofstatisticsanddataanalysisin
scientificresearchandispartofScience"overalldrivetoincreasereproducibilityinthe
researchwepublish."GiovanniParmigiani,abiostatisticianattheHarvardSchoolofPublic
Health,amemberoftheSBoREgroup,saysheexpectstheboardto"playprimarilyanadvisory
role."Heagreedtojoinbecausehe"foundtheforesightbehindtheestablishmentoftheSBoRE
tobenovel,uniqueandlikelytohavealastingimpact.Thisimpactwillnotonlybethrough
thepublicationsinScienceitself,buthopefullythroughalargergroupofpublishingplaces
thatmaywanttomodeltheirapproachafterScience.〃Johnloannidis,aphysicianwhostudies
researchmethodology,saysthatthepolicyismostwe1comestepforward*and"longoverdue.
“Mostjournalsareweakinstatisticalreview,andthisdamagesthequalityofwhattheypublish.
Ithinkthat,forthemajorityofscientificpapersnowadays,statisticalreviewismoreessential
thanexpertreview,hesays.ButhenotedthatbiomedicaljournalssuchasAnnalsofInternal
Medicine,theJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationandTheLancetpaystrongattention
tostatisticalreview.Professionalscientistsareexpectedtoknowhowtoanalyzedata,but
statisticalerrorsarealarminglycommoninpublishedresearch,accordingtoDavidVaux,acel1
biologist.Researchersshouldimprovetheirstandards,hewrotein2012,butjournalsshouldalso
takeatougherline,“engagingreviewerswhoarestatisticallyliterateandeditorswhocanverify
theprocess."VauxsaysthatScience'sideatopasssomepaperstostatisticians“hassome
merit,butaweaknessisthatitreliesontheboardofreviewingeditorstoidentify"thepapers
thatneedscrutiny"inthefirstplace.”(分?jǐn)?shù):10.00)
(1).ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph1that(分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)
A.Scienceintendstosimplifyitspeer-reviewprocess.
B.journalsarestrengtheningtheirstatisticalchecks.V
C.fewjournalsareblamedformistakesindataanalysis.
D.lackofdataanalysisiscommoninresearchprojects.
解析:解析:本題屬于細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干所給提示定位答案于第一段。其中,該段首句提到“Thejournal…is
addinganextraroundofstatisticalcheckstoitspeer——reviewprogress”,句中的addinganextra
roundofstatisticalchecks對(duì)應(yīng)C選項(xiàng)中的strengtheningtheirstatisticalchecks,故B選項(xiàng)正
確。
(2).Thephraseflaggedup〃(Para.2)istheclosestinmeaningto(分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)
A.found.
B.marked.J
C.revised.
D.stored.
解析:解析:本題屬于詞義推測(cè)題。解答此類(lèi)題要根據(jù)所猜詞匯所在句子的語(yǔ)意,進(jìn)而依次代人選項(xiàng),結(jié)
合文章主題(或段落中心)進(jìn)行判斷。短語(yǔ)flaggedup所在句子語(yǔ)意是:手稿將被flaggedup以供期刊內(nèi)
部編輯人員、或者現(xiàn)有的審稿編委會(huì)、或是外部同行審查。代人選項(xiàng),B選項(xiàng)最為合適。
(3).GiovanniParmigianibelievesthattheestablishmentoftheSBoREmay(分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)
A.poseathreattoallitspeers.
B.meetwithstrongopposition.
C.increaseScience'scirculation.
D.setanexampleforotherjournals.J
解析:解析:本題屬于細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干人名GiovanniParmigiani定位答案至第四段。該段最后兩句提
到,“他相信SBoRE的建立可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生很大的影響,不僅會(huì)對(duì)《科學(xué)》雜志本身的出版物有影響,還有望
影響其它較大一批可能想要模仿《科學(xué)》雜志做法的出版社?!惫蔇選項(xiàng)正確。
(4).DavidVauxholdsthatwhatScienceisdoingnow(分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)
A.addstoresearchers'7work1oad.
B.diminishestheroleofreviewers.
C.hasroomforfurtherimprovement.J
D.istofailintheforeseeablefuture.
解析:解析:本題屬于推斷題。根據(jù)題干人名DavidVaux和關(guān)鍵詞whatScienceisdoing定位至末段最
后一句。該句提到Science'sidea…h(huán)assomemerit,butaweaknessisthat***,意思是“有優(yōu)點(diǎn),但
是缺陷在于將本該首先進(jìn)行詳細(xì)審查的文件交給審核編委會(huì)鑒定”,故四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,推斷C選項(xiàng)“(說(shuō)明這
個(gè)想法)是有進(jìn)一步改進(jìn)空間的”更為合理些。
(5).Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?(分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)
A.ScienceJoinsPushtoScreenStatisticsinPapersJ
B.ProfessionalStatisticiansDeserveMoreRespect
C.DataAnalysisFindsItsWayontoEditors"Desks
D.StatisticiansAreComingBackwithScience
解析:解析:本題屬于主旨要義題。文章首段第一句就點(diǎn)明了文章的中心論點(diǎn),指出《科學(xué)》雜志將要對(duì)
同行評(píng)審過(guò)程增加額外統(tǒng)計(jì)檢查:然后全文其余各個(gè)段落分別闡述了不同專(zhuān)家對(duì)這一想法的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度。故
A選項(xiàng)可以概述全文。
Twoyearsago,RupertMurdoch'sdaughter,Elisabeth,spokeofthe^unsettlingdearthofintegrity
acrosssomanyofourinstitutions.Integrityhadcollapsed,sheargued,becauseofacollective
acceptancethattheonly“sortingmechanism"insocietyshouldbeprofitandthemarket.But"it〃s
us,humanbeings,wethepeoplewhocreatethesocietywewant,notprofit."Drivingherpoint
home,shecontinued:〃It“sincreasinglyapparentthattheabsenceofpurpose,ofamorallanguage
withingovernment,mediaorbusinesscouldbecomeoneofthemostdangerousgoalsforcapitalism
andfreedom.Thissameabsenceofmora1purposewaswoundingcompaniessuchasNewsInternational,
shethought,makingitmore1ikelythatitwou1clloseitswayasithadwithwidespreadi11ega1
telephonehacking.Asthehackingtrialconcludes-findingguiltyoneex-editoroftheNewsof
theWorld,AndyCoulson,forconspiringtohackphones,andfindinghispredecessor,RebekahBrooks,
innocentofthesamecharge-thewiderissueofdearthofintegritystillstands.Journalists
areknowntohavehackedthephonesofupto5,500people.Thisishackingonanindustrialscale,
aswasacknowledgedbyGlennMulcaire,themanhiredbytheNewsoftheWorIdin2001tobethe
pointpersonforphonehacking.Othersawaittrial.Thislongstorystillunfolds.Inmany
respects,thedearthofmoralpurposeframesnotonlythefactofsuchwidespreadphonehacking
butthetermsonwhichthetrialtookplace.Oneoftheastonishingrevelationswashowlittle
RebekahBrooksknewofwhatwentoninhernewsroom,howlittleshethoughttoaskandthefact
thatsheneverinquiredhowthestoriesarrived.TheCoreofhersuccessfuldefencewasthatshe
knewnothing.Intoday'sworld,ithasbecomenormalthatwell-paidexecutivesshouldnotbe
accountableforwhathappensintheorganisationsthattheyrun.Perhapsweshouldnotbeso
surprised.Forageneration,thecollectivedoctrinehasbeenthatthesortingmechanismofsociety
shouldbeprofit.Thewordsthathavematteredareefficiency,flexibility,shareholdervalue,
business-friendly,wealthgeneration,sales
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