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2015年考研英語(yǔ)(一)真題試卷

(總分:144.00,做題時(shí)間:90分鐘)

一、UseofEnglish(總題數(shù):2,分?jǐn)?shù):80.00)

1.SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreach

numberedblankandmarkA,B,CorD.(分?jǐn)?shù):40.00)

解析:

Thoughnotbiologicallyrelated,friendsareas“related“asfourthcousins,sharingabout1%

ofgenes.Thatis[Bl]1astudy,publishedfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaandYale

UniversityintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,has[B2]Thestudyis

agenome-wideanalysisconducted[B3]1,932uniquesubjectswhich[B4]pairsof

unrelatedfriendsandunrelatedstrangers.Thesamepeoplewereusedinboth[B5]While

1%mayseem[B6]_____,itisnotsotoageneticist.AsJamesFowler,professorofmedical

geneticsatUCSanDiego,says,“Mostpeopledonoteven[B7]_theirfourthcousinsbutsomehow

managetoselectasfriendsthepeoplewho[B8]___ourkin."Thestudy[B9]foundthat

thegenesforsmellweresomethingsharedinfriendsbutnotgenesforimmunity.Whythissimilarity

existsinsmellgenesisdifficulttoexplain,fornow.[B10]_____,astheteamsuggests,it

drawsustosimilarenvironmentsbutthereismore[Bl1]it.Therecouldbemanymechanisms

workingtogetherthat[B12]usinchoosinggeneticallysimilarfriends[B13]

“functionalkinship"ofbeingfriendswith[B14]!Oneoftheremarkablefindings

ofthestudywasthatthesimilargenesseemtobeevolving[B15]thanothergenes.Studying

thiscouldhelp[B16]whyhumanevolutionpickedpaceinthelast30,000years,withsocial

environmentbeingamajor[B17]factor.Thefindingsdonotsimplyexplainpeople,s[B18]

_tobefriendthoseofsimilar[B19]backgrounds,saytheresearchers.Thoughallthe

subjectsweredrawnfromapopulationofEuropeanextraction,carewastakento[B20]that

allsubjects,friendsandstrangers,weretakenfromthesamepopulation.(分?jǐn)?shù):40.00)

(1).[Bl](分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)

A.when

B.why

C.how

D.whatJ

解析:解析:本題考查特殊疑問(wèn)詞用法。文章首句點(diǎn)明此選段主要內(nèi)容,指出“即便沒(méi)有血緣關(guān)系,朋友

之間就像第四代表親一樣,約有1%的基因相同?!痹擃}的選項(xiàng)全是特殊疑問(wèn)詞,when通常用來(lái)詢問(wèn)時(shí)間;

why用來(lái)提問(wèn)“為什么”;how則是詢問(wèn)“……怎么樣”。在本題復(fù)合句中,what做關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo)疑問(wèn)分句,

并且在句子中擔(dān)任賓語(yǔ),表示“研究得出的結(jié)果”。

(2).[B2](分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)

A.defended

B.concludedV

C.withdrawn

D.advised

解析:解析:本題考查動(dòng)詞用法。該選項(xiàng)所在句的主干是Thatiswhatastudyhas_句子中間的

publishedfromthe…ofsciences是用來(lái)修飾astudy的后置定語(yǔ)。選項(xiàng)defend意為"辯護(hù);防護(hù);保

衛(wèi)";conclude意為“推斷;決定,作結(jié)論";withdraw意為“取出;撤退";advise意為“建議:勸

告”。而與名詞study的慣用搭配即是“研究得出什么結(jié)論”。

(3).[B3](分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)

A.for

B.with

C.onJ

D.by

解析:解析:本題考杳固定搭配。動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)conducton為固定搭配,譯為“對(duì)……進(jìn)行研究”,在此句中

表示“對(duì)1932位獨(dú)立的個(gè)體進(jìn)行研究”。

(4).[B4](分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)

A.comparedJ

B.sought

C.separated

D.connected

解析:解析:本題考查動(dòng)詞用法。Compare主要意為“比較;對(duì)照;與……比較起來(lái)”;seek則是“尋找;

搜索”;separate是“使分離;使分開(kāi)";connect是“連接;聯(lián)合”。該空格后出現(xiàn)線索詞pairs,可

推測(cè)此處應(yīng)是表達(dá)“將無(wú)關(guān)的朋友組和無(wú)關(guān)的陌生人組進(jìn)行對(duì)照基因組分析”。

(5).[B5](分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)

A.tests

B.objects

C.samplesJ

D.examples

解析:解析:本題考查名詞用法。Test意為“試驗(yàn);檢驗(yàn)":object意為“對(duì)象;目標(biāo);物體":sample

意為“樣本;例子”;ex—ample意為“例子;榜樣”。此句應(yīng)是表達(dá)“所有實(shí)驗(yàn)個(gè)體都會(huì)被重新分在不

同對(duì)照組進(jìn)行分析"。而sample所表示的“樣本”指的是其他的都與這個(gè)“樣本”在質(zhì)量、性質(zhì)和設(shè)計(jì)上

相同;example所對(duì)比的通常是作為有典型的、能說(shuō)明問(wèn)題的、有代表性的例子。

(6).[B6](分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)

A.insignificantJ

B.unexpected

C.unreliable

D.incredible

解析:解析:本題考查形容詞用法。選項(xiàng)中unbelievable和incredible均表示“難以置信的;不可思議

的":insignificant意為“無(wú)關(guān)緊要的";unexpected意為“意外的;想不到的“。而此處,句意表達(dá)

的是“1%的共享基因看似無(wú)關(guān)緊要,而對(duì)一位遺傳學(xué)者卻意義非凡”。

(7).[B7](分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)

A.visit

B.miss

C.seek

D.knowJ

解析:解析:本題考查前后轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯關(guān)系。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)均是常見(jiàn)單詞,在此處主要考查學(xué)生的語(yǔ)感。線索詞

是fourthcousins,在錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的人際交往中,第四代表親可以說(shuō),彼此親戚關(guān)系已經(jīng)很遠(yuǎn)了,故判斷此

處應(yīng)是“不認(rèn)識(shí)”。

(8).[B8](分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)

A.resembleJ

B.influence

C.favor

D.surpass

解析:解析:本題考查動(dòng)詞用法。Resemble意為“類(lèi)似,像";influence意為“影響;改變";favor

意為“贊成;喜歡";surpass意為“超越;勝過(guò),優(yōu)于”。顯然,選項(xiàng)填入后,應(yīng)切合文章主題“朋友

間約1%基因相同”,故此處應(yīng)是指出“但不知何故,選擇的朋友就像我們的親戚”。

(9).[B9](分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)

A.again

B.alsoJ

C.instead

D.thus

解析:解析:本題考查副詞用法。Again表示“又,此外;再一次”。一般用于表示幾個(gè)主語(yǔ)共同一個(gè)謂

賓,或一個(gè)主謂多個(gè)賓語(yǔ);also表示“也;而且",一般是指動(dòng)作(謂語(yǔ))重復(fù)、反復(fù)進(jìn)行;instead表示

“代替;反而",表轉(zhuǎn)折;thus表示“因此;從而”,表因果。顯然,此處欲表達(dá)的是“研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)……”。

(10).[B10](分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)

A.Meanwhile

B.Furthermore

C.Likewise

D.PerhapsJ

解析:解析:本題考杳副詞用法。Meanwhile意為“同時(shí),其間”,表示并列連接,通常含有遞進(jìn)的意思;

furthermore意為“此外;而且“,屬于進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明,后面與前面所涉及的內(nèi)容更近一步;1ikewise意為

“同樣地;也”,與前述內(nèi)容承接;perhaps意為“或許:也許",表示不確定的推測(cè)。此處前文并沒(méi)有

給出其它原因,判斷應(yīng)僅是推測(cè)。

(11).[B11](分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)

A.about

B.toJ

C.from

D.like

解析:解析:本題考查介詞用法。句子意思是“就像這個(gè)科研團(tuán)隊(duì)所發(fā)現(xiàn)的,這個(gè)因素不僅把我們帶到相

似的環(huán)境中來(lái),更有一些深層次的影響?!鼻昂髮?duì)應(yīng),故選B項(xiàng)。

(12).[B12](分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)

A.driveJ

B.observe

C.confuse

D.limit

解析:解析:本題考查動(dòng)詞用法。Drive為“推動(dòng);驅(qū)使";observe為“觀察;遵守";confuse為“使

混亂;使困惑”;limit為“限制;限定”。將四選項(xiàng)依次代入,可以斷定A選項(xiàng)正確,意為“可能有很

多機(jī)制共同作用,驅(qū)使我們選擇基因相似的朋友”。

(13).[B13](分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)

A.accordingto

B.ratherthanJ

C.regardlessof

D.alongwith

解析:解析:本題考查介系詞用法。Accordingto主要用來(lái)表示“根據(jù)”某學(xué)說(shuō)、某文件、某人所說(shuō)等或

表示“按照”某法律、某規(guī)定、某慣例、某情況等;ratherthan是一個(gè)并列連詞,不與would連用時(shí),

表示客觀事實(shí),意為“是……而不是……;與其……不如……";regardlessof為“不管:不顧”,一

般用于客觀上無(wú)法避免的事實(shí),往往是不利的條件,因素;alongwith意為"和……一起”時(shí),經(jīng)??疾?/p>

主謂?致,意為"(除…外)又……;加之”,在這里是包括某事物的。此處文章顯然考的是ratherthan,

表示“而不是以功能性的親戚關(guān)系作為選友基準(zhǔn)”。

(14).[B14](分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)

A.chances

B.responses

C.missions

D.benefitsV

解析:解析:本題考查名詞用法。短語(yǔ)with_是用來(lái)修飾名詞短語(yǔ)functionalKinship的,因此可

判斷選項(xiàng)benefits與functional前后對(duì)應(yīng)。

(15).LB15](分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)

A.later

B.s1ower

C.fasterJ

D.earlier

解析:解析:本題考查形容詞用法。此處句意可以理解為“研究中,其中的一個(gè)顯著發(fā)現(xiàn)是相似基因好像

比其他基因進(jìn)化……”,再根據(jù)下文中出現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵詞pickedpace,“步子快;發(fā)展迅速”,可判斷正確

答案為C選項(xiàng)。

(16).[B16](分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)

A.forecast

B.remember

C.understandJ

D.express

解析:解析:本題考查動(dòng)詞用法。Forecast意為“預(yù)報(bào),預(yù)測(cè)“;remember意為“記得;牢記;紀(jì)念”;

understand意為“理解;懂:獲悉;推斷“:express意為“表達(dá);快遞”。顯然,所有研究的目的都是

為了解疑答惑,再根據(jù)線索詞why,可以判斷C選項(xiàng)為正確答案。

(17).[B17](分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)

A.unpredictable

B.contributoryJ

C.controllable

D.disruptive

解析:解析:本題考查形容詞用法。Unpredictable意為“不可預(yù)知的;不定的";contributory意為“捐

助的;貢獻(xiàn)的;有助于……的";controllable意為“可控制的;可管理的";disruptive意為“破壞的;

分裂性的”。此處的with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)是句子的伴隨狀語(yǔ),所表示的狀態(tài)是與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的,因此判斷

此處欲表達(dá)的是“社會(huì)環(huán)境在過(guò)去3萬(wàn)年的人類(lèi)快速進(jìn)化過(guò)程中起著不可或缺的作用”。

(18).[B18](分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)

A.endeavor

B.decision

C.arrangement

D.tendencyJ

解析:解析:本題考查名詞用法。Endeavor意為“努力;盡力“;decision意為“決定,決心”;arrangement

意為“布置;整理;準(zhǔn)備":tendency意為“傾向,趨勢(shì):癖好”。將四個(gè)選項(xiàng)依次代人,顯然D選項(xiàng)更

為合適,意為“傾向于和那些擁有相同……背景的人做朋友”,不可能是“努力做朋友”、“下定決心做

朋友”或者“準(zhǔn)備好去做朋友”。

(19).[B19](分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)

A.political

B.religious

C.ethnicV

D.economic

解析:解析:本題考查形容詞用法。Political意為“政治的;黨派的";religious意為“宗教的;虔誠(chéng)

的";ethnic意為“種族的;人種的";economic意為“經(jīng)濟(jì)的,經(jīng)濟(jì)上的”。根據(jù)下文中出現(xiàn)的allthe

subjectsweredrawnfromapopuIationofEuropeanextraction,判斷此處應(yīng)是指“擁有相同的種族

背景”。

(20).[B20](分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)

A.seeV

B.show

C.prove

D.tell

解析:解析:本題考查動(dòng)詞用法。sthbetakentosee是固定搭配,意為“采取……來(lái)看……”,在此

處的意思是“仍然倍加小心來(lái)保證……”。

二、ReadingComprehension(總題數(shù):10,分?jǐn)?shù):60.00)

2.SectionIIReadingComprehension

解析:

3.PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextby

choosingA,B,CorD.

解析:

KingJuanCarlosofSpainonceinsistedkingsdon“tabdicate,theydieintheirsleep."But

embarrassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicanleftintherecentEuro-electionshave

forcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.So,doestheSpanishcrisissuggestthatmonarchy

isseeingitslastdays?Doesthatmeanthewritingisonthewal1foral1Europeanroyals,with

theirmagnificentuniformsandmajesticlifestyles?TheSpanishcaseprovidesargumentsbothfor

andagainstmonarchy.Whenpublicopinionisparticularlypolarised,asitwasfollowingtheend

oftheFrancoregime,monarchscanriseabove"mere"politicsand"embody“aspiritofnational

unity.Itisthisapparenttranscendenceofpoliticsthatexplainsmonarchs,continuingpopularity

asheadsofstate.Andso,theMiddleEastexcepted,Europeisthemostmonarch-infestedregion

intheworld,with10kingdoms(notcountingVaticanCitjrandAndorra).Butunliketheirabsolutist

counterpartsintheGulfandAsia,mostroyalfamilieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvoters

toavoidthedifficultsearchforanon-controversialbutrespectedpublicfigure.Evenso,kings

andqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside.Symbolicofnationalunityastheyclaimtobe,their

veryhistory—andsometimesthewaytheybehavetoday—embodiesoutdatedandindefensible

privilegesandinequalities.AtatimewhenThomasPikettyandothereconomistsarewarningof

risinginequalityandtheincreasingpowerofinheritedwealth,itisbizarrethatwealthy

aristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmodemdemocraticstates.Themost

successfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheiroldaristocraticways.Princesand

princesseshaveday-jobsandridebicycles,nothorses(orhelicopters).Evenso,thesearewealthy

familieswhopartywiththeinternational1%,andmediaintrusivenessmakesitincreasingly

difficulttomaintaintherightimage.WhileEurope'smonarchieswi11nodoubtbesmartenough

tosurviveforsometimetocome,itistheBritishroyalswhohavemosttofearfromtheSpanish

example.ItisonlytheQueenwhohaspreservedthemonarchy'sreputationwithherrather

ordinary(ifwell-heeled)grannystyle.ThedangerwillcomewithCharles,whohasbothanexpensive

tasteoflifestyleandaprettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld.Hehasfailedtounderstandthat

monarchieshavelargelysurvivedbecausetheyprovideaservice一asnon-controversialand

non-politicalheadsofstate.CharlesoughttoknowthatasEnglishhistoryshows,itiskings,

notrepublicans,whoarethemonarchy'sworstenemies.(分?jǐn)?shù):10.00)

(1).Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,KingJuanCarlosofSpain(分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)

A.usedtoenjoyhighpublicsupport.

B.wasunpopularamongEuropeanroyals.

C.easedhisrelationshipwithhisrivals.

D.endedhisreigninembarrassment.J

解析:解析:本題屬于細(xì)節(jié)題。首先根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵飼KingJuancarlosofSpain定位至文章首段。文中

第二句指出:“Buiembarrassingscandals…h(huán)aveforcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddownn,

故D選項(xiàng)正確。

(2).MonarchsarekeptasheadsofstateinEuropemostly(分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)

A.owingtotheirundoubtedandrespectablestatus.J

B.toachieveabalancebetweentraditionandreality.

C.togivevotersmorepublicfigurestolookupto.

D.duetotheireverlastingpoliticalembodiment.

解析:解析:木題屬于細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)出題順序,定位答案應(yīng)是在文章三到四段。其中,第三段末句提到:

“但是不像他們?cè)趤喼藓秃车貐^(qū)的專(zhuān)制主義者同行,大多在歐洲的王室延續(xù)下來(lái)的原因是他們可以讓選

民免于到處尋找毫無(wú)爭(zhēng)議的但同時(shí)受人尊重的社會(huì)名人。”故A選項(xiàng)為正確答案。

(3).Whichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtoParagraph4?(分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)

A.Aristocrats“excessiverelianceoninheritedwealth.

B.Theroleofthenobilityinmodemdemocracies.V

C.Thesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticfamilies.

D.Thenobilityz/sadherencetotheirprivileges.

解析:解析:本題屬于詞義推測(cè)題。首先題干給出答案位置信息第四段,關(guān)鍵詞是Odd。瀏覽發(fā)現(xiàn),該段

末句出現(xiàn)生詞bizarre,該句原意是“當(dāng)ThomasPiketty和其他經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家對(duì)越來(lái)越多的不平等和不斷增長(zhǎng)

的財(cái)產(chǎn)繼承提出警告時(shí),富裕的貴族們竟然仍是現(xiàn)代民主國(guó)家的象征中心,這種現(xiàn)象是……”,很明顯,

這種現(xiàn)象是奇怪的(貴族特權(quán)與民主國(guó)家),故B選項(xiàng)“貴族在現(xiàn)代民主國(guó)家的角色定位”為正確答案。

(4).TheBritishroyals"havemosttofear"becauseCharles(分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)

A.takesatough1ineonpoliticalissues.

B.failstochangehislifestyleasadvised.

C.takesrepublicansashispotentialallies.

D.failstoadapthimselftohisfuturerole.J

解析:解析:本題屬于細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干線索詞havemosttofear以及人名Charles定位至文章六、七

段。其中,第六段后半句指出“英國(guó)皇室對(duì)西班牙皇室的落敗最心有余悸”;第七段第二句接著指出

“Cha門(mén)es的處境將會(huì)很危險(xiǎn),因?yàn)樗坏罘绞缴莩薅业燃?jí)制度思想深刻”,也就是Charles沒(méi)有

適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的生活方式。

(5).Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?(分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)

A.Carlos,GloryandDisgraceCombined

B.Charles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheThrone

C.Carlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanMonarchsV

D.Charles,SlowtoReacttotheComingThreats

解析:解析:本題屬于主旨要義題。文章主要討論了西班牙胡安?卡洛斯國(guó)王退位這一事件對(duì)歐洲諸多皇

室的影響,尤其是對(duì)英國(guó)皇室的影響。最終提出,君主領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者要改變?cè)械乃枷牒托袨榉绞?,和現(xiàn)代社會(huì)

的生活方式接軌,才能保證受到長(zhǎng)久的尊崇與榮耀。故選C項(xiàng)。

JusthowmuchdoestheConstitutionprotectyourdigitaldata?TheSupremeCourtwillnowconsider

whetherpolicecansearchthecontentsofamobilephonewithoutawarrantifthephoneison

oraroundapersonduringanarrest.Californiahasaskedthejusticestorefrainfromasweeping

ruling,particularlyonethatupsetstheoldassumptionthatauthoritiesmaysearchthroughthe

possessionsofsuspectsatthetimeoftheirarrest.Itishard,thestateargues,forjudges

toassesstheimplicationsofnewandrapidlychangingtechnologies.Thecourtwouldberecklessly

modestifitfollowedCaliforniansadvice.Enoughoftheimplicationsarediscernable,evenobvious,

sothatthejusticescanandshouldprovideupdatedguidelinestopolice,lawyersanddefendants.

TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCalifornia'slameargumentthatexploringthecontentsofa

smartphone—avaststorehouseofdigitalinformation-issimilarto,say,goingthrougha

suspect^spurse.Thecourthasruledthatpolicedon“tviolatetheFourthAmendmentwhenthey

gothroughthewalletorpocketbookofanarresteewithoutawarrant.Butexploringone's

smartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome.Asmartphonemaycontainanarresteedsreading

history,financialhistory,medicalhistoryandcomprehensiverecordsofrecentcorrespondence.

Thedevelopmentof“cloudcomputing,meanwhile,hasmaclethatexplorationsomuchtheeasier.

Americansshouldtakestepstoprotecttheirdigitalprivacy.Butkeepingsensitiveinformation

onthesedevicesisincreasinglyarequirementofnormallife.Citizensstillhavearightto

expectprivatedocumentstoremainprivateandprotectedbytheConstitution'sprohibitionon

unreasonablesearches.Assooftenisthecase,statingthatprincipledoesn'teasethechailenge

of1ine-drawing.Inmanycases,itwou1dnotbeoverlyburdensomeforauthoritiestoobtaina

warranttosearchthroughphonecontents.TheycouldstillinvalidateFourthAmendmentprotections

whenfacingsevere,urgentcircumstances,andtheycouldtakereasonablemeasurestoensurethat

phonedataarenoterasedoralteredwhilewaitingforawarrant.Thecourt,though,maywant

toallowroomforpolicetocitesituationswheretheyareentitledtomorefreedom.Butthe

justicesshouldnotswa11owCalifornia'sargumentwhole.New,disruptivetechnologysometimes

demandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitution'sprotections.OrinKerr,alawprofessor,compares

theexplosionandaccessibilityofdigitalinformationinthe21stcenturywiththeestablishment

ofautomobileuseasavirtualnecessityoflifeinthe20th:Thejusticeshadtospecifynovel

rulesforthenewpersonaldomainofthepassengercarthen;theymustsortouthowtheFourth

Amendmentappliestodigitalinformationnow.(分?jǐn)?shù):10.00)

(1).TheSupremeCourtwillworkoutwhether,duringaharrest,itislegitimateto(分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)

A.preventsuspectsfromdeletingtheirphonecontents.

B.searchforsuspects*mobilephoneswithoutawarrant.

C.checksuspects"phonecontentswithoutbeingauthorized.J

D.prohibitsuspectsfromusingtheirmobilephones.

解析:解析:本題屬于細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)出題順序及題干中關(guān)鍵詞SupremeCourt,whether定位至文章首段。

該段第二句提到“最高法院考慮到是否警察在沒(méi)有批準(zhǔn)令的情況下,在逮捕過(guò)程中可以搜查嫌疑人身上或

旁邊的手機(jī)信息”。故C選項(xiàng)正確。

(2).Theauthor'sattitudetowardCalifornia'sargumentisoneof(分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)

A.disapproval.J

B.indifference.

C.tolerance.

D.cautiousness.

解析:解析:本題屬于觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞California'sargument定位到第二、三、四段。這

些句子中提到hard…recklesslymodest…等負(fù)向詞,表達(dá)的是負(fù)面態(tài)度。另外,第四段首句給出作者明

確態(tài)度”theyshouldstartbydiscardingCalifornia,slameargument…”。

(3).Theauthorbelievesthatexploringone“sphonecontentsiscomparableto(分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)

A.gettingintoone'sresidence.V

B.handlingone〃shistoricalrecords.

C.scanningone'scorrespondences.

D.goingthroughone'swallet.

解析:解析:本題屬于細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞exploringone'sphonecontents定位至文章第四段。

其中該段第三句提到aButexploringone'ssmartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhomeff,

正好與A選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)。注意C選項(xiàng)提到內(nèi)容不是作者觀點(diǎn)。

(4).InParagraphs5and6,theauthorshowshisconcernthat(分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)

A.principlesarehardtobeclearlyexpressed.

B.thecourtisgivingpolicelessroomforaction.

C.citizens"privacyisnoteffectivelyprotected.V

D.phonesareusedtostoresensitiveinformation.

解析:解析:本題屬于推斷題。首先根據(jù)題干定位至第五、六段。其中,第五段首句為中心句提到“美國(guó)

人應(yīng)該采取措施保護(hù)數(shù)據(jù)隱私”;第六段則接著提到現(xiàn)有搜查原則的不當(dāng)之處。題干問(wèn)的是作者最關(guān)注什

么問(wèn)題,顯然根據(jù)這兩段內(nèi)容,可以推斷C選項(xiàng)“市民隱私未能得到有效保護(hù)”為正確答案。

(5).OrinKerriscomparisonisquotedtoindicatethat(分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)

A.theConstitutionshouldbeimplementedflexibly.

B.newtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheConstitution.J

C.California'sargumentviolatesprinciplesoftheConstitution.

D.principlesoftheConstitutionshouldneverbealtered.

解析:解析:本題屬于舉例論證題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞OrinKer/scomparison定位至文章末段。解答此類(lèi)

題時(shí)需注意,舉例是為了論證論點(diǎn),論點(diǎn)通常在論據(jù)的前面,所以要找例子前面的一句話。此處論點(diǎn)也就

是New,disruptivetechnologysometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitution's

protectionso故B選項(xiàng)正確。

ThejournalScienceisaddinganextraroundofstatisticalcheckstoitspeer-review

process,editor-in-chiefMarciaMcNuttannouncedtoday.Thepolicyfollowssimilareffortsfrom

otherjournals,afterwidespreadconcernthatbasicmistakesindataanalysisarecontributing

totheirreproducibilityofmanypublishedresearchfindings."Readersmusthaveconfidencein

theconclusionspublishedinourjournal,writesMcNuttinaneditorial.WorkingwiththeAmerican

StatisticalAssociation,thejournalhasappointedsevenexpertstoastatisticsboardof

reviewingeditors(SBoRE).Manuscriptwillbeflaggedupforadditionalscrutinybythejournal's

internaleditors,orbyitsexistingBoardofReviewingEditorsorbyoutsidepeerreviewers.

TheSBoREpanelwillthenfindexternalstatisticianstoreviewthesemanuscripts.Askedwhether

anyparticularpapershadimpelledthechange,McNuttsaid:"Thecreationofthe/"statisticsboard”

wasmotivatedbyconcernsbroadlywiththeapplicationofstatisticsanddataanalysisin

scientificresearchandispartofScience"overalldrivetoincreasereproducibilityinthe

researchwepublish."GiovanniParmigiani,abiostatisticianattheHarvardSchoolofPublic

Health,amemberoftheSBoREgroup,saysheexpectstheboardto"playprimarilyanadvisory

role."Heagreedtojoinbecausehe"foundtheforesightbehindtheestablishmentoftheSBoRE

tobenovel,uniqueandlikelytohavealastingimpact.Thisimpactwillnotonlybethrough

thepublicationsinScienceitself,buthopefullythroughalargergroupofpublishingplaces

thatmaywanttomodeltheirapproachafterScience.〃Johnloannidis,aphysicianwhostudies

researchmethodology,saysthatthepolicyismostwe1comestepforward*and"longoverdue.

“Mostjournalsareweakinstatisticalreview,andthisdamagesthequalityofwhattheypublish.

Ithinkthat,forthemajorityofscientificpapersnowadays,statisticalreviewismoreessential

thanexpertreview,hesays.ButhenotedthatbiomedicaljournalssuchasAnnalsofInternal

Medicine,theJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationandTheLancetpaystrongattention

tostatisticalreview.Professionalscientistsareexpectedtoknowhowtoanalyzedata,but

statisticalerrorsarealarminglycommoninpublishedresearch,accordingtoDavidVaux,acel1

biologist.Researchersshouldimprovetheirstandards,hewrotein2012,butjournalsshouldalso

takeatougherline,“engagingreviewerswhoarestatisticallyliterateandeditorswhocanverify

theprocess."VauxsaysthatScience'sideatopasssomepaperstostatisticians“hassome

merit,butaweaknessisthatitreliesontheboardofreviewingeditorstoidentify"thepapers

thatneedscrutiny"inthefirstplace.”(分?jǐn)?shù):10.00)

(1).ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph1that(分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)

A.Scienceintendstosimplifyitspeer-reviewprocess.

B.journalsarestrengtheningtheirstatisticalchecks.V

C.fewjournalsareblamedformistakesindataanalysis.

D.lackofdataanalysisiscommoninresearchprojects.

解析:解析:本題屬于細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干所給提示定位答案于第一段。其中,該段首句提到“Thejournal…is

addinganextraroundofstatisticalcheckstoitspeer——reviewprogress”,句中的addinganextra

roundofstatisticalchecks對(duì)應(yīng)C選項(xiàng)中的strengtheningtheirstatisticalchecks,故B選項(xiàng)正

確。

(2).Thephraseflaggedup〃(Para.2)istheclosestinmeaningto(分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)

A.found.

B.marked.J

C.revised.

D.stored.

解析:解析:本題屬于詞義推測(cè)題。解答此類(lèi)題要根據(jù)所猜詞匯所在句子的語(yǔ)意,進(jìn)而依次代人選項(xiàng),結(jié)

合文章主題(或段落中心)進(jìn)行判斷。短語(yǔ)flaggedup所在句子語(yǔ)意是:手稿將被flaggedup以供期刊內(nèi)

部編輯人員、或者現(xiàn)有的審稿編委會(huì)、或是外部同行審查。代人選項(xiàng),B選項(xiàng)最為合適。

(3).GiovanniParmigianibelievesthattheestablishmentoftheSBoREmay(分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)

A.poseathreattoallitspeers.

B.meetwithstrongopposition.

C.increaseScience'scirculation.

D.setanexampleforotherjournals.J

解析:解析:本題屬于細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干人名GiovanniParmigiani定位答案至第四段。該段最后兩句提

到,“他相信SBoRE的建立可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生很大的影響,不僅會(huì)對(duì)《科學(xué)》雜志本身的出版物有影響,還有望

影響其它較大一批可能想要模仿《科學(xué)》雜志做法的出版社?!惫蔇選項(xiàng)正確。

(4).DavidVauxholdsthatwhatScienceisdoingnow(分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)

A.addstoresearchers'7work1oad.

B.diminishestheroleofreviewers.

C.hasroomforfurtherimprovement.J

D.istofailintheforeseeablefuture.

解析:解析:本題屬于推斷題。根據(jù)題干人名DavidVaux和關(guān)鍵詞whatScienceisdoing定位至末段最

后一句。該句提到Science'sidea…h(huán)assomemerit,butaweaknessisthat***,意思是“有優(yōu)點(diǎn),但

是缺陷在于將本該首先進(jìn)行詳細(xì)審查的文件交給審核編委會(huì)鑒定”,故四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,推斷C選項(xiàng)“(說(shuō)明這

個(gè)想法)是有進(jìn)一步改進(jìn)空間的”更為合理些。

(5).Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?(分?jǐn)?shù):2.00)

A.ScienceJoinsPushtoScreenStatisticsinPapersJ

B.ProfessionalStatisticiansDeserveMoreRespect

C.DataAnalysisFindsItsWayontoEditors"Desks

D.StatisticiansAreComingBackwithScience

解析:解析:本題屬于主旨要義題。文章首段第一句就點(diǎn)明了文章的中心論點(diǎn),指出《科學(xué)》雜志將要對(duì)

同行評(píng)審過(guò)程增加額外統(tǒng)計(jì)檢查:然后全文其余各個(gè)段落分別闡述了不同專(zhuān)家對(duì)這一想法的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度。故

A選項(xiàng)可以概述全文。

Twoyearsago,RupertMurdoch'sdaughter,Elisabeth,spokeofthe^unsettlingdearthofintegrity

acrosssomanyofourinstitutions.Integrityhadcollapsed,sheargued,becauseofacollective

acceptancethattheonly“sortingmechanism"insocietyshouldbeprofitandthemarket.But"it〃s

us,humanbeings,wethepeoplewhocreatethesocietywewant,notprofit."Drivingherpoint

home,shecontinued:〃It“sincreasinglyapparentthattheabsenceofpurpose,ofamorallanguage

withingovernment,mediaorbusinesscouldbecomeoneofthemostdangerousgoalsforcapitalism

andfreedom.Thissameabsenceofmora1purposewaswoundingcompaniessuchasNewsInternational,

shethought,makingitmore1ikelythatitwou1clloseitswayasithadwithwidespreadi11ega1

telephonehacking.Asthehackingtrialconcludes-findingguiltyoneex-editoroftheNewsof

theWorld,AndyCoulson,forconspiringtohackphones,andfindinghispredecessor,RebekahBrooks,

innocentofthesamecharge-thewiderissueofdearthofintegritystillstands.Journalists

areknowntohavehackedthephonesofupto5,500people.Thisishackingonanindustrialscale,

aswasacknowledgedbyGlennMulcaire,themanhiredbytheNewsoftheWorIdin2001tobethe

pointpersonforphonehacking.Othersawaittrial.Thislongstorystillunfolds.Inmany

respects,thedearthofmoralpurposeframesnotonlythefactofsuchwidespreadphonehacking

butthetermsonwhichthetrialtookplace.Oneoftheastonishingrevelationswashowlittle

RebekahBrooksknewofwhatwentoninhernewsroom,howlittleshethoughttoaskandthefact

thatsheneverinquiredhowthestoriesarrived.TheCoreofhersuccessfuldefencewasthatshe

knewnothing.Intoday'sworld,ithasbecomenormalthatwell-paidexecutivesshouldnotbe

accountableforwhathappensintheorganisationsthattheyrun.Perhapsweshouldnotbeso

surprised.Forageneration,thecollectivedoctrinehasbeenthatthesortingmechanismofsociety

shouldbeprofit.Thewordsthathavematteredareefficiency,flexibility,shareholdervalue,

business-friendly,wealthgeneration,sales

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