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POLITICS

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SOCIETYEmploymentinIndiaCHAPTER

01OverviewThe10leadingcountrieswiththehighestlaborforceparticipationratein2022Highestlaborforceparticipationratesworldwide2022Laborforceparticipationrate40%

50%0%10%20%30%60%70%80%90%100%QatarMadagascarSolomonIslandsTanzania88.29%85.9%83.64%82.6%UnitedArabEmiratesEthiopia82.21%80.58%Burundi79.73%78.48%77.6%MozambiqueEritreaAngola76.87%4Description:In2022,thelaborparticipationrateinQataramountedtoaround88.29percent,makingitthecountrywiththehighestlaborforceparticipationrateworldwide.Thelaborforceparticipationrateistheproportionofthepopulationaged15-64thatiseconomicallyactiveduringaspecifiedperiod.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2022Source(s):WorldBankNumberofemployedpersonsinIndiafromfinancialyear2012to2021(inmillions)NumberofemployedpersonsIndiaFY2012-2021600485.515004003002001000475.87470.71468.33470.5466.55465.35464.73464.69447.1820122013201420152016201720182019202020215Description:Over470millionpeoplewereestimatedtobeemployedacrossIndiain2021,anincreasefromthepreviousyear.Thefigureswerethehighestin2019duringtherecordedperiod.

ReadmoreNote(s):India;2012to2021Source(s):CEICYear-on-yearlaborproductivitygrowthinIndiafrom2013to2021LaborproductivitygrowthIndia2013-202110%9.15%9%7.76%8%7%6%5%4%3%2%1%0%7.37%6.67%6.11%4.76%4.57%4.23%3.54%20212.52%20192.53%20222.04%2020201120122013201420152016201720186Description:In2022,thelaborproductivitygrowthrateinIndiawas2.53%percent.Thiswasadecreasefromgrowthraterecordedin2020.Laborproductivitymeasureshourlyoutputofacountry'seconomy,anditsgrowthisbasedonhumancapital,savingandinvestinginphysicalcapitalandtheuseofnewtechnology.ReadmoreNote(s):India;2013to2022;asofDecemberofeachyearSource(s):CEICNumberofpeopleemployedacrossmajorsectorsinIndiainfinancialyear2023(inmillions)NumberofemployeesinmajorsectorsIndiaFY2023Employeesinmillions600204080100120140160AgricultureNon-financialservicesRealestateandconstructionManufacturing147.92140.670.9635.65PublicadministrativeservicesFinancialservices7.937.83Mining1.357Description:India'sagriculturesectoremergedastheleadingindustryintermsofemploymentinfinancialyear2023withthenumberofemployeestallyingnearly148million.Meanwhile,theminingindustryrecordednearly1.3millionemployees.Othermajorsectorsthatsawasignificantnumberofemployeeswererealestateandconstructionindustry,non-financialservicessector,andpublicadministrativeindustry.ReadmoreNote(s):India;FY2023Source(s):CMIE;TheIndianExpressDistributionofemployedmalesinIndiaasofJune2023,bysectorShareofemployedmalesinIndia2023bysectorShareofemployedmales0%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%40%AgricultureMiningandquarrying37.1%0.4%0.7%Manufacturing11.6%Electricity,wateretc.Construction17.3%Trade,hotelandrestaurantTransport,storageandcommunicationsOtherservices14.8%7.4%10.7%8Description:InasurveyconductedbetweenJuly2022andJune2023,thedistributionofemployedmenintheagriculturesectorwasthehighestatover37percent.Itwasfollowedbyconstructionsectorandservicessub-sectoroftrade,hotelsandrestaurant.Miningandquarryingemployedtheleastnumberofmalepopulation.ReadmoreNote(s):India;Juy2022toJune2023;419,512persons;workersinusualstatusSource(s):MOSPIDistributionofemployedfemalesinIndiaasofJune2023,bysectorShareofemployedfemalesinIndia2023bysectorShareofemployedfemales0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%Agriculture64.3%Miningandquarrying

0.1%Manufacturing11.1%Electricity,wateretc.

0.2%Construction4%Trade,hotelandrestaurant6.2%Transport,storageandcommunicationsOtherservices1.2%13%9Description:InasurveyconductedbetweenJuly2022andJune2023,thedistributionofemployedfemalesintheagriculturesectorwasthehighestatover64percent.Itwasfollowedbyservicesandmanufacturingsectors

ReadmoreNote(s):India;Juy2022toJune2023;419512persons;workersinusualstatusSource(s):MOSPICHAPTER

02EmploymentindicatorsRateoflaborforceparticipation(LFPR)acrossruralandurbanIndiain2023RateoflaborparticipationacrossIndia202370%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%UrbanRuralAllIndia11Description:In2023,thelaborforceparticipationrate(LFPR)inurbanareasincreasedto50.4percent,higherthanpreviousyearbutstilllowerthanintheruralareas.ReadmoreNote(s):India;July2022toJune2023;1,81,049inruralareasand1,39,211inurbanareas;15+;PLFSsurveySource(s):MOSPIRateoflaborparticipation(LPR)acrossruralandurbanIndiaasofJune2023,basedongenderRateoflaborparticipationacrossIndia2023,bygenderMaleFemale70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%UrbanRuralAllIndia12Description:InasurveyconductedbetweenJuly2022andJune2023,therateoflaborparticipationforurbanmalepopulationwasover58percentascomparedtoover20percentrateamongfemales.Therateoflaborparticipationinruralareaswasloweracrossgenders.ReadmoreNote(s):India;Juy2022toJune2023;419,512persons;workersinusualstatusSource(s):MOSPIWorkingpopulationdistributionacrossIndiainfinancialyear2023,byeducationalqualificationWorkingpopulationshareinIndiaFY2023,byeducationalqualification80%70%60%50%40%69.5%65%62%30%20%10%0%58.5%56.6%55.8%50.3%47.8%44.5%Notliterate

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above13Description:InasurveyconductedbetweenJuly2022andJune2023,theworker-populationratio(WPR)fordifferenteducationlevelswasthehighestamongtechnicaleducationlikediplomaorcertificatecourseholdersatalmost70percent.TheWPRwasalsohigheratthelowerlevelsofeducationsuchasprimaryeducationandbelow,ontheotherhandpostgraduatesalsoobtainedjobsatahigherproportion.ReadmoreNote(s):India;Juy2022toJune2023;419,512personsSource(s):MOSPIIndia:Unemploymentratefrom1999to2022UnemploymentrateinIndia202210.5%10.0%9.5%10.2%9.0%8.7%8.63%8.53%8.54%8.36%8.35%

8.38%8.32%8.5%8.0%7.5%7.0%6.5%6.0%8.17%8.1%8.1%8.04%7.96%7.98%7.92%7.84%7.77%7.71%7.73%7.71%7.65%7.33%6.51%1999

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202214Description:ThestatisticshowstheunemploymentrateinIndiafrom1999to2022.In2022,theunemploymentrateinIndiawasestimatedtobe7.33percent.ReadmoreNote(s):IndiaSource(s):WorldBankIndia:Youthunemploymentratefrom1999to2022YouthunemploymentrateinIndiain202235%30%25%30.9%26.35%25.3%24.36%23.37%22.41%21.46%20.55%19.68%18.96%18.1%17.14%23.89%23.22%22.89%20%15%10%16.5%15.74%14.99%14.71%14.42%14.05%13.8%13.5%13.33%1999

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202215Description:In2022,theestimatedyouthunemploymentrateinIndiawasat23.22percent.Accordingtothesource,thedataareILOestimates.Forthepastdecade,India’syouthunemploymentratehasbeenhoveringaroundthe22percentmark.

ReadmoreNote(s):India;15-24yearsSource(s):WorldBankRateofunemploymentinruralandurbanIndiainfinancialyear2022,bygenderUnemploymentrateinruralandurbanIndiaFY2022,bygenderFemaleMale9%8%7%6%5%7.9%5.8%3.8%4%3%2%1%0%2.1%RuralUrban16Description:InruralIndia,morethantwopercentoffemalesandclosetofourpercentofmaleswereunemployed,whiletheunemploymentratewashigherinurbanIndia.Urbanwomenhadahigherunemploymentratethanruralwomeninthecountry.

ReadmoreNote(s):India;FY2022Source(s):MOSPICHAPTER

03WagesValueofnationalfloorlevelminimumwage(NFLMW)inIndiafrom2012to2023(inIndianrupees)MinimumdailywagesinIndia2012-202320018017817817817817817617616016016013714012010080115115604020020122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202318Description:ThenationalfloorlevelminimumwageinIndiain2023was178Indianrupeesperday,remainingconsistentsincethelastfewyears.TheNationalFloorLevelMinimumWage(NFLMW)istheminimumwagebelowwhichnostategovernmentcanfixtheminimumwage.Differentstatessettheirownminimumwages.TheNFLMWwasbroughtintoeffectin1996bytheIndiancentralgovernment.ReadmoreNote(s):India;2012to2023Source(s):LabourBureauIndia;TradingEconomicsIncreaseinsalariesinIndiafrom2020to2023,withanestimatefor2024GrowthinsalaryIndia2020-202312%10%9.8%9.8%10%8%6%4%2%0%8.5%7.5%20202021202220232024*19/statistics/1284723/india-salary-increaseIn2023,thesalaryincreaseacrossIndiawas10percent,thehighestsince2020.ThesalaryincreaseinIndiawasthehighestamongtheAsia-Pacificcountries.However,thegrowthinsalariesisexpectedtogodownslightlyin2024to9.8percent.

ReadmoreNote(s):India;2020to2023;*ProjectedsalaryincreaseReadmoreSource(s):WillisTowersWatsonDailywagesforworkersincoffeeplantationsinIndiainfinancialyear2023,bystate(inIndianrupees)DailywagesforcoffeeplantationworkersIndiaFY2023,bystateWagesinIndianrupees200

250050100150300350400450500KeralaMizoram435.66380376.78367348.66KarnatakaArunachalPradeshTamilNaduOdisha333Assam308.2299.14AndhraPradeshTripura226225ManipurNagaland17620/statistics/1049487/india-coffee-plantation-daily-wages-by-stateThedailywagesforcoffeeplantationworkerswerethehighestinthestateofKeralainIndia,atabout435Indianrupeesperdayinfiscalyear2023.ThedailyaverageemploymentincoffeeplantationsinKeralawasabove44thousandworkersin2021.ReadmoreNote(s):India;FY2023Source(s):CoffeeBoardofIndiaAveragedailyearningsfromcasuallaborinurbanareasacrossIndiafromJuly2018toJune2022,bygender(inIndianrupees)AveragedailyearningsofurbancasuallaborerinIndia2018-22,bygenderMaleFemale600500400300200100048347346645041341641340639139038437536835834934233331732232528127326526626625624424324422622020521Description:AsperthePeriodicLaborForceSurvey(PLFS),theaveragewageformalecasuallaborerinurbanareasduringAriltoJune2022inIndiawas483rupeesperday.Femalelaborershaveconsistentlyreceivedlesserwagesthanmalelaborersamountingto333rupeesperdayduringthesameperiod.ReadmoreNote(s):India;July2018toJune2022Source(s):MOSPIAveragedailyearningsfromcasuallaborinruralareasacrossIndiafromJuly2018toJune2022,bygender(inIndianrupees)AveragedailyearningsofruralcasuallaborerinIndia2018-22,bygenderMaleFemale32845040035030025020015010050392392387381348339326315309305297297287287277265261261258229224216209212205199190193186185170022Description:TheaveragewageearningformalecasuallaborerinruralareainIndiawasabout392Indianrupeesperday.Femalelaborersreceivedlesserwagesthanmalelaborersamountingto265rupeesperday.

ReadmoreNote(s):India;July2018toJune2022Source(s):MOSPICHAPTER

04KeysectorsDistributionofurbanworkersinIndiafromfinancialyear2021to2023,byindustryShareofurbanworkersinIndiaFY2021-FY2023,bysectorAgricultureElectricity,water,etc.MiningandquarryingConstructionManufacturingTrade,hotelandrestaurantTransport,storageandcommunicationsOtherservices30%25.2%25.3%25.3%24.8%23.8%25%20%15%10%5%22.8%22.2%21.3%20.3%11.4%11.1%10.8%10.7%10.2%10.3%6.7%6.5%6.4%1.2%FY20211.2%FY20221.1%FY20230.4%0.4%0.5%0%24Description:Trade,hotelandrestaurant,andotherservicesforalmosthalfoftheemployedurbanworkersinIndiainthefinancialyear2022.Thetrendwassimilarinthepasttwofinancialyears.

ReadmoreNote(s):India;FY2021toFY2023Source(s):MOSPIDistributionofruralworkersinIndiafromfinancialyear2021to2023,byindustryShareofruralworkersinIndiaFY2021-FY2023,bysectorAgricultureElectricity,wateretc.MiningandquarryingConstructionManufacturingTrade,hotelandrestaurantTransport,storageandcommunicationsOtherservices70%60.8%60%59%58.4%50%40%30%20%13.9%13%12.4%8.4%8.2%8.3%7.6%7.7%7.2%7.9%7.2%7%10%0%3.7%3.9%3.5%0.3%0.4%FY20210.3%0.4%FY20220.3%0.4%FY202325Description:AgriculturewasthemajorsourceofemploymentinruralIndiaaccountingforalmost60percentoftheworkforceduringthefinancialyear2022.Meanwhile,theconstructionsectorwasthemajoremployerwithinnon-agriculturalactivitiesduringthesameperiod.ReadmoreNote(s):India;FY2021toFY2023Source(s):MOSPINumberofpeopleemployedacrossmajorsectorsinIndiainfinancialyear2023(inmillions)NumberofemployeesinmajorsectorsIndiaFY2023Employeesinmillions600204080100120140160AgricultureNon-financialservicesRealestateandconstructionManufacturing147.92140.670.9635.65PublicadministrativeservicesFinancialservices7.937.83Mining1.3526Description:India'sagriculturesectoremergedastheleadingindustryintermsofemploymentinfinancialyear2023withthenumberofemployeestallyingnearly148million.Meanwhile,theminingindustryrecordednearly1.3millionemployees.Othermajorsectorsthatsawasignificantnumberofemployeeswererealestateandconstructionindustry,non-financialservicessector,andpublicadministrativeindustry.ReadmoreNote(s):India;FY2023Source(s):CMIE;TheIndianExpressNumberofpeopleemployedacrosstheagriculturesectorinIndiafromfinancialyear2017to2023(inmillions)NumberofemployeesinagricultureindustryIndiaFY2017-2023180158.25153.7616014012010080152.31150.34148.31147.92147.286040200FY2017FY2018FY2019FY2020FY2021FY2022FY202327Description:TheagriculturesectorofIndiasawnearly148millionemployeesinfinancialyear2023.However,thenumberofemployeeswasthehighestinfiscalyear2022atover158million.Theindustrysawanoveralldeclineinthenumberofemployees.

ReadmoreNote(s):India;FY2017toFY2023Source(s):CMIE;TheIndianExpressNumberofpeopleemployedacrosstheservicesectorinIndiafromfinancialyear2017to2023,byservicetype(inmillions)NumberofemployeesintheservicesectorIndiaFY2017-2023,byservicetypeFinancialservicesNon-financialservices147.09Publicadministrativeservices136.2516014012010080146.63143.47140.6137.55130.196040209.789.068.388.0476.

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82367.8935.735.546.486.150FY2017FY2018FY2019FY2020FY2021FY2022FY202328Description:AmongthethreesegmentsoftheservicesectorofIndia,itwasthenon-financialservicessegmentthatconstitutedthemostnumberofemployeesinfinancialyear2023at140.6million.Meanwhile,theothertwosegments'numberofemployeesstoodbeloweightmillion.Overpreviousyears,employmentwithintheservicesectorasawholedeclined.ReadmoreNote(s):India;FY2017toFY2023Source(s):CMIE;TheIndianExpressNumberofpeopleemployedacrossthemanufacturingsectorinIndiafromfinancialyear2017tofinancialyear2023(inmillions)NumberofemployeesinthemanufacturingsectorIndiaFY2017-20235551.31504540.8940.6839.94035302535.6531.5729.83FY2017FY2018FY2019FY2020FY2021FY2022FY202329Description:ThemanufacturingsectorinIndiaemployednearly35.6millionemployeesinthefinancialyear2023.Thiswasaround31percentfewerthanfinancialyear2017.Astheeconomysloweddown,thenumberofemployeesinmanufacturingwitnessedadecline2017onwards.ReadmoreNote(s):India;FY2017toFY2023Source(s):CMIE;TheIndianExpressNumberofemployeesatmicro,smallandmediumenterprisesacrossIndiainfinancialyear2016,bytype(inmillions)NumberofemployeesatMSMEsinIndiaFY2016,bytypeRuralUrban70605040302010061.2158.6949.7848.932.410.790.060.12MicroSmallMediumTotal30Description:Over110millionIndianswereemployedinmicro,smallormediumbusinessesacrossIndiainfinancialyear2016.Urbanemploymentwithinthemicro,smallandmediumenterprisessectorswassignificantlyhigherthaninruralareas.Amongbusinesssizes,microenterprisesaccountedforthelargestshareofemploymentinthecountryduringthemeasuredtimeperiod.ReadmoreNote(s):India;FY2016Source(s):MinistryofMicro,SmallandMediumEnterprises(India)CHAPTER

05HiringRateofhiringintentacrossIndiafrom2014to2024HiringintentrateacrossIndia2014-202440%35%30%35.96%36.09%25%20%15%10%5%23%19%17.7%15%14%10%10%7%2%0%2014201520162017201820192020202120222023202432Description:In2024,therateofhiringintentacrossIndiabyvariousorganizationsandcorporateswasestimatedtobeat17.7percent.Thiswasandecreasecomparedtothepreviousyearwhenthehiringintentwasat36.09percent.

ReadmoreNote(s):India;2014to2024;estimatedfigures.Source(s):AICTE(India);AIU;ConfederationofIndianIndustry;PeopleStrong;UNDP;WheeboxEmployabilityamonggraduatesacrossIndiain2023and2024,bydegreeEmployabilityamonggraduatesinIndia2023-2024,bydegreeRateofemployability202420%202330%0%10%40%50%60%60.1%70%80%71.16%MasterofBusinessAdministrationBachelorofengineering/BachelorofTechnologyMasterofComputerApplicationsBachelorofPharmaceuticalsBachelorofScience64.67%64.63%57.44%30.64%54%57.51%51.27%37.69%40%48.12%BachelorofCommerce60.62%47.11%BachelorofArts49.2%IndustrialTrainingInstitutesPolytechnic34.2%22.37%27.61%33Description:In2024,undergraduatesinMastersofBusinessAdministrationdomainhadthehighestemployabilityratingatabout71percent,anincreasefrompreviousyear.Polytechnicdomainhadthelowestemployabilityrateofaround22percent.

ReadmoreNote(s):India;2023and2024;388,000studentsSource(s):AICTE(India);AIU;ConfederationofIndianIndustry;PeopleStrong;UNDP;WheeboxShareofemployabletalentavailableacrossIndiafrom2014to2024AvailabilityofemployabletalentIndia2014-202460%51.25%50.3%50%40%30%20%10%0%47.38%46.21%45.9%46.2%45.6%40.44%38.12%37.22%33.95%2014201520162017201820192020202120222023202434Description:TheshareofemployabletalentacrossIndiastoodwasprojectedtobealittleover51percentin2024.Thiswasaslightincreasecomparedtothepreviousyearwhentheemployabilitysharewasabout50percent.Eventhen,withlessthanhalfofthetalentpoolinthecountrydeemedfitforemployment,thecountry'seducationandjobsectordidnotreflectapositiveoutlook.ReadmoreNote(s):India;2014to2024;388,000respondents;studentsSource(s):AICTE(India);AIU;ConfederationofIndianIndustry;PeopleStrong;UNDP;WheeboxYear-on-yeargrowthinhiringactivityinIndiainJanuary2024,bymetropolitancitiesGrowthinhiringactivityinIndia2024,bymetropolitancitiesYearonyeargrowth-15%-30%Kochi-25%-25%-20%-10%-5%0%BangaloreChennai-19%-18%CoimbatoreHyderabadPune-17%-16%-14%ChandigarhKolkata-10%-9%-9%Delhi/NCRVadodra-8%-8%-8%JaipurMumbaiAhmedabad0%35/statistics/1320164/india-growth-hiring-activity-by-metropolitan-citiesInJanuary2024,mostofthebigIndiancitiesexperiencedadeclineinhiringactivityascomparedtothecorrespondingperiodofthepreviousyear.SoutherncitiesofKochi,Bengaluru,andChennairegisteredthemaximumdeclineinhiringactivity.ReadmoreNote(s):India;January2023toJanuary2024;100,000clientsSource(s):NEmployers'hiringpreferenceacrossIndiain2024,byworkexperienceHiringintentionIndia2024,byworkexperience30%27.8%25%20%15%10%5%23.9%18.8%12.9%5.1%0%Fresher1to5yearsexperience6to10yearsexperience11to15yearsexperienceOver15yearsexperience36Description:About28percentofemployers,preferredtohireapplicantswithonetofiveyearsofworkexperiencein2024.ThiswasthemostsoughtskillcategoryacrossIndiainthatyear.Inaddition,around24percentofemployerspreferredpeoplewithsixtotenyearsofexperience.ReadmoreNote(s):India;2024;388,000studentsSource(s):AICTE(India);AIU;ConfederationofIndianIndustry;PeopleStrong;UNDP;WheeboxCHAPTER

06OutlookafterCOVID-19ImpactonlaborparticipationduetothecoronaviruspandemicinIndiabetween2020and2022COVID-19impactonlaborparticipationrateinIndia2020-202243.5%42.5%41.5%40.5%39.5%38.5%37.5%36.5%35.5%34.5%42.9%41.9%40.68%40.64%40.61%40.59%40.17%40.21%40.19%40.08%40.04%39.84%39.46%38.57%38Description:Thelaborparticipationratewasmostimpactedbythecoronavirus(COVID-19)lockdowninIndiadroppingtoaround35percentinApril2020,asmanylosttheiremploymentinthattime.However,theparticipationrateappearedtograduallystabilizeatroughly40percentbyApril2022.Moreover,thelaborparticipationratedippedslightlybetweenAprilandJune2021muchlikethepreviousyear,duetoyetanotherlockdownbeingimplementedinanticipationofthesecondwaveofthepandemic.

ReadmoreNote(s):India;January2020toDecember2022Source(s):CMIEImpactonemploymentduetothecoron