16選擇性必修四Unit5語法語法復習長難句

16選擇性必修四Unit5語法：語法精講精練復習長難句一、長難句語法圖解厘清句子主干英語中各種各樣的句子都是由五種基本句型演變而來的。掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語句子結構的基礎。1.主語＋謂語(不及物動詞)特點：句子的謂語動詞都能表達完整的意思。Thesunset.太陽下山了。Whathesaiddoesnotmatter.他所說的不重要。2.主語＋謂語(及物動詞)＋賓語特點：謂語動詞都具有實義，都是主語產(chǎn)生的動作，但不能表達完整的意思，必須跟一個賓語(即動作的承受者)才能使意思完整。Heenjoysreading.他喜歡閱讀。Theyatewhatwasleftover.他們吃的是剩飯。Hesaid,“Goodmorning.”他說：“早上好?！?.主語＋系動詞＋表語特點：句子謂語動詞都不能表達一個完整的意思，必須加上一個表明主語身份或狀態(tài)的表語構成復合謂語，才能表達完整的意思。系動詞分兩類：一類表狀態(tài)，如be,look,keep,smell等；另一類表變化，如get,grow,bee,turn,fall等。be本身沒有什么意義，只起連接主語和表語的作用。其他系動詞仍保持其部分詞義。ThisisanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.這是一本英漢詞典。Thedinnersmellsgood.這飯聞起來味道不錯。4.主語＋謂語(及物動詞)＋間接賓語＋直接賓語特點：謂語動詞后接兩個賓語，其中一個賓語是動作的直接承受者，另一個賓語則是動作的間接承受者。通常，動詞與間接承受者之間需要用一個介詞來連接。當動作的間接承受者在動作的直接承受者之前時，介詞往往被省略。Sheorderedherselfanewdress.她給自己定了一條新裙子。Shecookedherhusbandadeliciousmeal.她給她丈夫做了一頓美味的飯菜。5.主語＋謂語(及物動詞)＋賓語＋賓補特點：動詞雖然是及物動詞，但是只跟一個賓語還不能表達完整的意思，必須加上一個補充成分來說明賓語，才能使意思完整。Wesawhimout.我們看見他出去了。Heaskedmetoebacksoon.他讓我馬上回來。Isawthemgettingonthebus.我看見他們正在上公共汽車。II.辨析句子枝葉如果把句子的主干(五種基本句型)比作樹干，那么修飾成分就可以比作繁茂的枝葉。若能理清這些枝葉(三長兩短一并列)，主干自然就清晰了。那么，理解整個句子就會很輕松。(一)理解什么是“三長兩短一并列”1.“三長”就是構成長難句的三種較長的修飾成分(即介詞短語、從句、非謂語動詞短語)。2.“兩短”，指的是鑲嵌于句子之中、會稍稍提高句子復雜度的兩種較短的修飾成分(即形容詞和副詞)。3.“一并列”是指由一些并列關系的連詞(and,or,aswellas等)將句子連接起來構成的結構。無論多長的句子，都是在“句子主干”中加入“三長兩短一并列”的某些部分，才構成了看似復雜的長難句。(二)如何給“三長兩短一并列”做標記“三長”加括號；“并列詞”加方框；“并列項”下畫波浪線。1.“三長”(1)介詞短語：從介詞開始到名詞結束，表達一個獨立的完整含義的結構。標記介詞短語時，要從介詞開始到介詞之后的第一個名詞終止。如：athome,intheschool,inthebeautifulpark,duringmyhappychildhood,overthelastfewyears,forthreeweeks,tothedestination等。(Afterchatting)(withLaura)(onthismatter)(fortwohours)(from2：00to4：00)(intheafternoon),Ireturned(tomyoffice).從下午2點到4點和勞拉就這個問題談論了2個小時之后，我回到了我的辦公室。(2)從句：從句在復合句中不能獨立成句，但具有主語部分和謂語部分等完整的句子結構，由that,who,whom,when,why,where,how,which,if,although等引導詞引導。標記從句時，一定從引導詞開始，到以下四種情況終止。①到句尾終止。LiHuiisateacher(whoteachesEnglish).李慧是一位教英語的老師。②到句中的逗號終止。(WhenIwasyoung),Ilistenedtotheradio.當我年輕時，我聽收音機。③到下一個修飾成分終止。Iwillinvitehim(whoisatopbasketballplayer)toBeijing.我將邀請這位頂級的籃球運動員到北京。④到主句謂語動詞終止。He(whoisatopbasketballplayer)isstudyinginShanghai.這位頂級的籃球運動員正在上海學習。(3)非謂語動詞(短語)：非謂語動詞(短語)是指動詞在句子中“不是謂語”時的幾種變化形式，主要包括動詞不定式、動名詞和分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞)三類。非謂語動詞不能獨立作謂語，而是充當句子的其他成分。由非謂語動詞開頭，表示一個獨立、完整含義的結構叫作非謂語動詞短語。標記非謂語動詞短語時，一定是從動詞不定式(todo)、動名詞(doing)或分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞doing或過去分詞done)開頭，到以下四種情況終止。①到句尾終止。Maryisateacher(teachingChinese).瑪麗是一名教漢語的老師。②到句中的逗號終止。(ToimprovemyEnglish),IoftenlistentoEnglishontheBBC.為了提高我的英語水平，我經(jīng)常在BBC上聽英語。③到下一個修飾成分終止。Jackwalkedintothehall,(waving)totheaudience.(totheaudience是介詞短語，屬于另一個修飾成分)杰克向觀眾揮著手走進大廳。④到句子的謂語動詞終止。We,(singingahappysong),rodetoschool.我們唱著快樂的歌騎車到學校。2.“兩短”(1)形容詞：形容詞是指用來修飾名詞的單詞，往往帶有-ous,-y,-ful,-able等后綴。①一般置于名詞之前。如：abeautifulpark一個漂亮的公園②修飾不定代詞(something,anything,nothing,somebody,anybody,nobody)時置于不定代詞之后，如：“一件有趣的事”應譯為somethinginteresting。(2)副詞：副詞用來修飾動詞、形容詞或其他副詞等，往往帶有-ly等后綴。英語中，副詞的用法比形容詞靈活得多。①可置于整句之前。Unfortunately,hefailedtomakeit.不幸的是，這事他沒辦成。②可置于整句之后。Theteachergreetshisstudentsindividually.老師分別給他的學生們打招呼。③可置于助動詞、系動詞、情態(tài)動詞之后，實義動詞之前。Theprincesslooksextremelybeautifultoday.公主今天看起來特別漂亮。(系動詞之后)Heimmediatelysawtheblackcat.他立刻看到了那只黑貓。(實義動詞之前)Hehasundoubtedlyfalleninlovewiththeprincess.他無疑已經(jīng)愛上了這位公主。(助動詞之后，實義動詞之前)Hecanhardlyspeakanything.他簡直什么都說不出來。(情態(tài)動詞之后，實義動詞之前)④可置于形容詞或副詞之前。Thereisanextremelybiggardeninourcampus.在我們校園里有一個特別大的花園。(形容詞之前)Thegirldancesverywell.這個女孩跳舞非常好。(副詞之前)形容詞和副詞在英文句子中的位置雖然和在中文句子中略有不同，但一般情況下，它們較短，且易于辨識，對句意理解的影響不大，因此在標記修飾成分時，形容詞和副詞可不做標記。3.“一并列”“一并列”即平行并列結構，是指由并列詞將兩個或兩個以上含義相似、結構相同的并列項連接起來構成的結構。給平行并列結構做標記的要求是：給并列詞加方框，給并列項加下劃線。標記時要先找到并列詞，然后再找并列項。在標注形如“AandB”的平行并列結構時，應先找B(即右并列項)后找A(即左并列項)。由于英語中的修飾成分往往置于中心詞之后，所以A和B兩個并列項后面可能各自帶有很長的“尾巴”，形成“A...andB...”的形式，導致A離and相對較遠，不易確認，而B通常離and很近，容易識別。找到B之后，利用A和B結構相同、含義相似的原則，很容易將A確定。【名師點津】英語中可以并列的成分有很多，讀句子時要注意識別到底是誰跟誰并列。(1)名詞并列Iliketheboxplacedonthedeskeq\x(and)theflowersinyourhand.我喜歡擺放在桌子上的盒子和你手里的鮮花。(2)形容詞并列MrSmithisakind,patienteq\x(and)knowledgeableEnglishteacher.史密斯先生是一位和藹、耐心、知識淵博的英語老師。(3)副詞并列Youaresupposedtoanswerthefollowingquestionsquicklyeq\x(and)accurately.你需要快速、準確地回答下列問題。(4)謂語動詞并列WiththeInternet,peoplecanplayputergameseq\x(and)doonlineshopping.有了互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，人們不僅能玩電腦游戲，而且能網(wǎng)上購物。(5)介詞短語并列Thegovernmentofthepeople,bythepeople,eq\x(and)forthepeopleshallnotperishfromtheearth.民有、民治、民享的政府是不會從地球上消亡的。(6)從句并列I’vefinishedreadingthebookwhichiswrittenbyLuXuneq\x(and)whichyoulentmelastmonth.我讀完了你上個月借給我的魯迅寫的那本書。(7)非謂語動詞并列Singingeq\x(and)laughing,weheadedtothepark.唱著笑著，我們向公園走去。(8)整句并列Thechildrencangowithuseq\x(or)theycanstayathome.這些孩子可以跟我們一起去，也可以待在家里。【即學即練】分析下面句子In1870,whenDickensdied,theworldmournedhimasitsfirstprofessionalwriterandpublisher,famousandbeloved,whohadledanexplosioninboththepublicationofnovelsandtheirreadershipandwhosecharacters—fromOliverTwisttoTinyTim—wereheldupasmoraltouchstones.提主干：主干句為theworldmournedhim；去枝葉：主句前的In1870和whenDickensdied為時間狀語和時間狀語從句；asitsfirstprofessionalwriterandpublisher為介詞短語作狀語；famousandbeloved為形容詞作定語；尋關聯(lián)：whohadled...andwhosecharacters...為兩個并列的非限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞writerandpublisher。二、單句語法填空：1.Itissaidthatthe__________(wool)sweatersproducedinAustraliaareofhighquality.2.Menandwomenmustbetreatedequallyineducationand__________(employ).3.Whatdoyouthinkofyour__________(proficient)inwrittenandspokenEnglish?4.Themitteehasoversightof__________(financial)andgeneralpolicy.5.Asanemployer,financialsecuritywashighonhislistof__________(prior).6.Havingreadthebook,shewasabletopassonthe__________(acquire)knowledgetothestudents.7.Thenewlylicenseddrivershouldbeunderthe__________(supervise)oftheolddriverwhengettingonthehighway.8.The__________(accuse)manwasjudgedguiltyinspiteofhisinsistenceonhisinnocence.9.The__________(reception)answeredmycallandmadeanappointmentwiththedoctor.10.Heexpectedthestudentstostudyhard,makeprogresseveryday,andbewell-preparedtojointhe__________(social)cause.11.Lastmonthhesufferedaheartattack.Butnowheseemsto__________(bounce)back.12.Anyonehavingdifficultyin__________(assemble)themachinemayhavetheadviceofourexperts.13.Shewasslender,withdelicate__________(wrist)andankles.14.Heshowsagreataptitude__________painting.15.Picturesaboutlifethatarehard__________(category)arehere.16.Therealsecrettoprogrammingisn’tsimply__________(code)instructions.17.Thefirmwouldprobablyemploy__________(detect)towatchhim.18.Shehadafeelingthatshewasbeingwatched,and__________(spy)on.19.Sheworksasan__________(account)inabigpanyanddealswithfigureseveryday.20.Youcanputthebooksintheappointedplace,andother__________(participant)canhavefreeaccesstothem.21.Anyemergencycouldforceher__________debt.22.Andthesecharacteristicscanbeused__________(categorise)thedifferentartisticstyles.23.Theengineerwasaneager__________(participate)intechnicalco-operation.24.Sheamusedherselfbyreading__________(detect)stories.25.Don’tmindme.I’mnothere__________(spy).26.Thesummitwastomarkthe25thanniversaryofPresidentNixon’sjourneytoChina,__________wastheturningpointinChinaUSrelations.27.Manyoftheproblemsareofcollegelevelandthesepupilscanfigure__________out.28.RisingthroughtheroofistheToweroftheSun,insidewhich__________(stand)a160foottallTreeofLife.29.Thepresentquestionisthatmanypeopleconsiderimpossible__________isreallypossibleifeffortismade.30.Haryalsostudyingbiologysaidtheywantedtomakeasmuchnoise__________possibletoforcethegovernmentofficialstorealizewhateverybodywashavingtostand.31.FreedfromTV,__________(force)tofindtheirownactivities,theymighttakearidetogethertowatchthesunset.32.I__________(go)aroundtothefrontofthehouse,satdownonthesteps,and,thecryingover,Iached.Andmyfathermusthavehurt,too,alittle.33.Itcoveredthewholedistancefrombrokenheartedmiserytobursting__________(happy)—toofast.34.Still,hecouldnothelp__________(think)thatifanythingshouldhappen,thenearestpersonhecontactedbyradio,unlesstherewasashipnearby,wouldbeonanisland885milesaway.35.Afterall,eightywasaspecialbirthday,anotherdecadelivedorendured,justasyouchoose__________(look)atit.36.Newsreportssaypeacetalks__________thetwocountrieshavebrokendownwithnoagreementreached.37.Theoldcouplehavebeenmarriedfor40yearsand__________oncehavetheyquarreledwitheachother.38.Afterall,Ed’sideaofexercisehasalwaysbeen__________(thing)moreeffortmakingthanliftingaforktohismouth.39.__________aresult,atthepointinourgamewhenI’dhavefiguredon(predicted)thescoretobeabout9to1inmyfavor,itwasinstead7to9andEdwasleading.40.SowhenEdarrivedforourgamenotonlywiththebottomofhisshirtgatheredinsidehistrousersbutalsowithastomachyoucouldhardlynotice,IwassosurprisedthatIwasspeechless,mycousinmusthavemadeanefforttogethimself__________shape.41.Inaway,Ithinkweboth__________(win):Ithegame,butcousinEdmyrespect.42.ItissaidinAustraliathereismorelandthanthegovernmentknows__________todowithit.43.Theresearchissodesigned__________oncebegunnothingcanbedonetochangeit.44.Themotherdidn’tknowwhomwas__________(blame)forthebrokenglassasithappenedwhileshewasout.45.WhenIwasinthearmyIreceivedan__________(intelligent)testthatallsoldierstook,and,againstanaverageof100,scored160.46.Research__________(show)thatemotionalskillsmaycontributetosomeofthesequalities,butmostofthemmovefarbeyondskillbasedemotionalintelligence.47.Southbank,ataneasternbendintheThames,isthecenterofBritishskateboarding,the__________(continue)crashingofskateboardsleftyourheadringing.48.Ifyou’refacedwithanawkwardsilenceatadinnerparty,theonlythingalwaysgetseveryonetotalkagainis__________(give)thehostapliment.49.It’stheseasidebirds__________deserveatleastpartoftheblameforgettingNickBurchillblacklistedattheFairmontEmpressHotelinVictoria,Canada.50.Inall,80examinations__________(conduct)fortheprojectbetweenJanuaryandSeptember,2019,focusingontheimagingproceduresthatwouldcauseanxieties201919.【答案】1.woolen2.employment3.proficiency4.finance5.priorities6.acquired7.supervision8.accused9.receptionist10.socialist11.havebounced12.assembling13.wrists14.for15.tocategorise16.coding17.detectives18.spied19.accountant20.participants21.into22.tocategorise23.participant24.detective25.tospy26.which27.them28.stands29.what30.as31.forced32.went33.happiness34.thinking35.tolook36.between37.never38.nothing39.As40.into41.won42.what43.that44.toblame45.intelligence46.shows47.continuous48.togive49.that50.wereconducted三、高考真題回顧：1.(2023·全國I卷)Shanghaimaybethe__________(recognize)homeofthesoupdumplingsbutfoodhistorianswillactuallypointyoutotheneighboringcanaltownofNanxiangasXiaolonghao’sbirthplace.2.(2023·全國I卷)Nanxiangaside,thebestXiaolongbaohaveafineskin,allowingthem__________(lift)outofthesteamerbasketwithoutallowingthemtearingorspillinganyoftheircontents.3.(2023·全國甲卷)“TherewasonceatownintheheartofAmerica,wherealllifeseemedtoenjoypeacefulexistencewithissurroundings,”herfablebegins,__________(borrow)somefamiliarwordsfrommanyageoldfables.4.(2023·全國乙卷)__________(visit)severaltimesoverthelast10years,Iwasamazedbythecoexistenceofoldandnew,andhowacitywasabletokeepsucharichheritage(遺產(chǎn))whileconstantlygrowing.5.(2023·全國乙卷)Theremarkabledevelopmentofthiscity,whichisconsciouslydesignedtoprotectthepastwhilesteppingintothemodernworld,__________(mean)thereisalwayssomethingnewtodiscoverhere,andIcouldbephotographingBeijingforthenext50years.6.(2022·全國I卷)Theplanwillextendprotectiontoasignificantnumberofareasthat__________(be)previouslyunprotected,bringingmanyoftheexistingprotectedareasforgiantpandasunderoneauthoritytoincreaseeffectivenessandreduceinconsistenciesinmanagement.7.(2022·全國甲卷)InspiredbytheBeltandRoadForumforInternationalCooperation__________(hold)inBeijing,Caodecidedtocovertheroutebyhikingasatribute(致敬)totheancientSilkRoad.8.(2022·全國乙卷)Havingvisitedseveraltimesoverthelast10years,I__________(amaze)bythecoexistenceofoldandnew,andhowacitywasabletokeepsucharichheritage(遺產(chǎn))whileconstantlygrowing.9.(2022·浙江卷1月)Travellingtoconferences,lectures,workshops,andthelikefrequentlybyplane__________(view)asimportantforscientiststogettogetherandexchangeinformation.10.(2022·浙江卷1月)ButCobbandothers__________(be)nowquestioningthatideapushingconferencestoprovidemorechancestoparticipateremotely,andchangingtheirpersonalbehaviortodotheirpartindealingwiththeclimatechangecrisis.11.(2021·全國甲卷)After__________(spend)sometimelookingatallthedefensiveequipmentatthewall,wedecideditwastimeforsomeactionandwhatbetterthantorideonapieceofhistory!

12.(2021·浙江卷6月)It

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likeGeorgeWashington’splantationonthePotomac,butLincoln’shomeindowntownSpringfield,Illinois,__________(prove)irresistibletovisitorssinceitopenedtothepublic.13.(2020·新高考全國I卷)Aswellaslookingatexhibits,visitorscanplaywithputersimulations(模擬)andimaginethemselveslivingatadifferenttimeinhistoryor__________(walk)througharainforest.14.(2020·全國II卷)Becausethenumberofpossibletopics__________(be)practicallylimitless,wefocusonasampleofthemostinterestingandusefulapplicationsandtoolsandexplainthebasicprinciplesoftechnology.【答案與解析】1.【解析】考查非謂語動詞?？崭裨诿~home前面作定語，recognize與home是邏輯上動賓關系，需填過去分詞recognized作定語，recognized“被公認的”，也可以看作是形容詞作定語。故填recognized。2.【解析】考查非謂語動詞。根據(jù)搭配allowsb.todosth.“允許某人做某事”可知，空格需用動詞不定式作賓語補足語，補足語liftout與賓語them（指代小籠包）是邏輯上的動賓關系，空格需填動詞不定式的被動式。故填tobelifted。3.【解析】考查非謂語動詞。句中已有謂語動詞begins，所以用非謂語動詞形式。邏輯主語herfable與borrow之間為主動關系，所以用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語。故填borrowing。4.【解析】考查非謂語動詞。根據(jù)句中時間狀語來判斷，應用完成時形式。另外，這里是非謂語做狀語，表示主語的另一個動作，但這個動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前，故用ing完成式。故填havingvisited。5.【解析】考查動詞時態(tài)。句子主語是Theremarkabledevelopment，單數(shù)名詞，另外句中時態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時。故填means。6.【解析】考查動詞時態(tài)和主謂一致。句意：該計劃將把保護范圍擴大到大量以前未受保護的地區(qū)，將許多現(xiàn)有的大熊貓保護區(qū)納入一個管理機構，以提高效率，減少管理上的不一致性。分析句子可知，空處在that引導的定語從句中作謂語，先行詞為asignificantnumberofareas，先行詞在從句中作主語，根據(jù)“previously(之前地)”可知從句的時態(tài)應為一般過去時，根據(jù)主謂一致，從句主語復數(shù)，從句謂語要用復數(shù)形式。故填were。7.【解析】考查非謂語動詞。分析句子結構可知，所填的詞要用非謂語動詞形式。hold和theBeltandRoadForumforInternationalCooperation有邏輯上的動賓關系，所以用動詞ed形式作定語。故填held。8.【解析】考查語態(tài)。根據(jù)空后的by可知，此處用被動形式。另外從后面的時態(tài)來看，用一般過去時。故填wasamazed。9.【解析】考查動詞時態(tài)和主謂一致。根據(jù)句子結構來判斷，句子中是一個動名詞做主語，一般判斷為單數(shù)。根據(jù)全文時態(tài)看，這里用一般現(xiàn)在時或現(xiàn)在完成時均可。故填isviewed/hasbeenviewed。10.【解析】考查動詞時態(tài)和主謂一致。句中主語是Cobbandothers，為復數(shù)。另外，句中有時間狀語now，用現(xiàn)在時，和questioning一起構成現(xiàn)在進行時。故填are。11.【解析】考查非謂語動詞。前面的“After”是介詞，介詞后面用動詞ing形式做賓語。故填spending。12.【解析】考查時態(tài)和主謂一致。根據(jù)句子結構分析，第二個分句中的主語是Lincoln’shome，表示單數(shù)。另外句中有since引導的時間狀語從句，用完成時。故填hasproved。13.【解析】考查非謂語動詞。根據(jù)句子結構分析，設空處和其前的living一樣，做動詞的賓語。故填walking。14.【解析】考查主謂一致。“thenumberof+可數(shù)名詞的復數(shù)”作主語時，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)第三人稱形式，由于時態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時，所以填is。四、語篇語法填空：(1)Twenty-fiveyearsago,mostyoungBritishpeoplewantedacareerinlaw,tobeadoctor,ortotakeupsinging.Buttoday,thingsstand1(different).Accordingtoarecentsurvey,the“dreamjob”ofyoungpeopleagedbetween16and25intheUKisavideoblogger,or“vlogger(視頻博主)”.Thesurvey,2(carry)outamong1,002people,foundthatover40%ofthemputvloggerastheirnumberonechoiceonalistofdream3(career).Thechangeislargelyduetotherapiddevelopmentofinformationtechnology(IT).TheInternetandsocialmediahavemadeiteasierand4(convenience)toreachtheglobalaudience,withouthavingtoenteracareerinshowbusinessinthetraditionalway.“Inthepast,thebiggeststars5(make)bytheHollywoodstudios;now,anyonewithaputercameramaybeeastar,”saidPhilSamuels,6expertfromtheUK.“Fromfashion7edy,theseself-madestarsinteract(互動)onlinewiththeirfansabouteverydaylife.”However,whatpeoplesee8(be)onlythebrightsideofbeingavloggerandtheyignorethefactthatonlythosewhoaresuccessfulcangainfameandfortune.Actually,foreverysuccessthereareahundredothers9nevergetoffthestartingblock.Thisiswhysomeyoungpeoplestillshow10(prefer)fortraditionaljobs.【解析】本文是一篇說明文。你的理想職業(yè)是什么？25年前，不少英國年輕人的答案或許會是律師、醫(yī)生或歌手。而如今的英國年輕人卻不這么想……1.differently考查副詞?？仗幮揎椫^語動詞stand，應用different的副詞形式。故填differently。2.carried考查非謂語動詞。carriedoutamong1,002people是過去分詞短語在句中作定語，修飾Thesurvey，分詞動作carryout與邏輯主語Thesurvey之間是動賓關系，應用過去分詞形式。故填carried。3.careers考查名詞的數(shù)。alistof后接可數(shù)名詞時，名詞應用復數(shù)形式。故填careers。4.moreconvenient考查形容詞的比較級?？仗幾髻e補，應用convenience的形容詞形式，且根據(jù)空前的easier可知，此處應填形容詞的比較級形式。故填moreconvenient。5.weremade考查動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)。主語stars是謂語動詞動作make的承受者，應用被動語態(tài)；時間狀語inthepast與一般過去時連用。故填weremade。6.an考查冠詞。菲爾·薩繆爾斯是一位英國專家，且expert的發(fā)音以元音音素開頭，應用不定冠詞an。故填an。7.to考查介詞。from...to...是習慣搭配。故填to。8.is考查動詞的時態(tài)和主謂一致。這里說的是一般性事實，應用一般現(xiàn)在時；主語從句whatpeoplesee是單數(shù)概念，謂語動詞應用單數(shù)形式。故填is。9.who/that考查定語從句。關系代詞who或that指代先行詞ahundredothers，引導定語從句，指人，且在從句中作主語，應用關系代詞who或that引導此從句。故填who/that。10.preference考查名詞?？仗幾鱯how的賓語，應用prefer的名詞形式。故填preference。(2)Scientistssaytheyhavedevelopedasystemthatusesmachinelearningtopredictwhenandwherelightning1(strike).Researchersreportthesystemisabletopredictlightningstrikesupto30minutes2theyhappenwithina30-kilometrearea.Lightningisastrongburstofelectricityintheatmosphere.Itisoneofthe3(old)observedweathereventsonEarth.Itcanstrikebetweencloudsorbetweenacloudandtheground.Sincelightningcarriesan4(extreme)powerfulelectricalcharge,itcanbedestructiveanddeadly.5isdifficulttoknowexactlyhowmanypeopledieoflightning-relatedcauses.European6(researcher)haveestimatedthatbetween6,000and24,000peoplearekilledbylightningworldwideeachyear.Thestrikescanalsocausepoweroutages,destroyproperty,damageelectricalequipmentandstartforestfires.Forthisreason,climatescientistshavelongsoughttodevelopmethods7(predict)andcontrollightning.But,sofarnosystem8(create)toeffectivelypredictorstoplightning.Thesystemtestedintheexperimentsusesa9(bine)ofdatafromweatherstationsandmachinelearningmethods.Theresearchersdevelopedapredictionmodel10wastrainedtorecogniseweatherconditionsthatwerelikelytocauselightning.【解析】本文是一篇說明文?？茖W家聲稱他們已經(jīng)研究出一種能夠預測閃電的系統(tǒng)。1.willstrike考查動詞的時態(tài)。既然是預測，那自然是將要發(fā)生的閃電，因此用一般將來時。故填willstrike。2.before考查連詞。根據(jù)句中的predict可知，預測閃電應該是在閃電發(fā)生之前，因此這里用before引導時間狀語從句。故填before。3.oldest考查形容詞的最高級。oneof后面通常跟“形容詞最高級＋名詞復數(shù)”。故填oldest。4.extremely考查副詞?？崭裉幮揎椥稳菰~powerful，應用extreme的副詞形式。故填extremely。5.It考查代詞。本句中It作形式主語，真正的主語是后面的動詞不定式短語；位于句首，單詞首字母應大寫。故填It。6.researchers考查名詞的數(shù)。根據(jù)空格后的“haveestimated”可知，此處填名詞的復數(shù)形式。故填researchers。7.topredict考查非謂語動詞。此處應用動詞不定式作目的狀語。故填topredict。8.hasbeencreated考查動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)和主謂一致。根據(jù)時間狀語sofar可知，本句應該用現(xiàn)在完成時；根據(jù)語境可知，這里要用被動語態(tài)，且主語nosystem為名詞單數(shù)，助動詞用has。故填hasbeencreated。9.bination考查名詞。根據(jù)空格前的a可知，此處應用bine的名詞形式。故填bination。10.which考查定語從句。設空處引導定語從句，先行詞為apredictionmodel，指物，關系詞在從句中作主語，應用關系代詞that或which引導從句；因為后半句中已有一個由that引導的定語從句，所以此處用which。故填which。(3)Ifyoumakeacareerchoicewhileyouarestillinhighschool,you1(save)timeandmoneyinthelongrun.Studentswhodonotplanaheadmaydelay2(start)collegeortakeextracoursestogivethemselvestimetomakeuptheir3(mind).USNews&WorldReportsaysthattheaverageannualtuitionatafour-yearcollegeis$35,000.Ifyouspend4extrayearinschool,youmayhavetotakeoutadditionalloansorpayextramoneytocoverthecost.5(choose)acareerwhileyouareinhighschoolalsogivesyoutimetoexploreyourchosenindustry.Ifyoufindacareer6soundsinteresting,youcanfollowsomeoneinthefieldandseewhatitis7(real)liketohavethatjob.Youcanalsoapply8achancetogetaninformalpositionrelatedtoyourdesiredindustry.Thiswillhelpyoubuildaprofessionalnetworkevenbeforeyougraduatefromhighschool.Professionalcontactsarevery9(value),especiallywhenyouarelookingforajobinyourfield.Ifyoudoasmuchasyoucantobuildanetworkwhenyouarereadyforajob,youwillbemorelikely10(succeed).【解析】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了高中生職業(yè)生涯規(guī)劃的重要性。1.willsave考查動詞的時態(tài)。句意：如果你在上中學時就做好了職業(yè)選擇，從長遠看你將節(jié)省時間和金錢。根據(jù)句意可知，此處應用一般將來時。故填willsave。2.starting考查非謂語動詞。動詞delay后接動名詞作賓語。故填starting。3.minds考查名詞的數(shù)。makeupone'smind意為“下決心”，根據(jù)their可知，此處用復數(shù)形式。故填minds。4.an考查冠詞。此處表示如果你在學校再度過一年，為泛指，應用不定冠詞修飾名詞，且extra的發(fā)音以元音音素開頭。故填an。5.Choosing考查非謂語動詞。此處是動名詞作主語；位于句首，單詞首字母應大寫。故填Choosing。6.which/that考查定語從句。此處引導定語從句，先行詞為acareer，指物，關系詞在從句中作主語，應用which或that引導。故填which/that。7.really考查副詞。此處是副詞作狀語。故填really。8.for考查介詞。applyforachance意為“申請一個機會”。故填for。9.valuable考查形容詞。根據(jù)前面的are可知，此處是形容詞作表語。故填valuable。10.tosucceed考查非謂語動詞。belikelytodosth意為“可能做某事”，為固定用法。故填tosucceed。(4)It’snevertoolate1(make)abigcareermove.Youmaycurrentlybeatapointinyourcareer2youfeelstuck,bored,andunmotivated.Thesecouldbesignsthatyourcurrentjobisnotagoodfitforyouandthatyourskillsandpassionlayelsewhere.Therearemanyfamouspeoplewhohavemadesurprisingcareer3(change).Andwhatthisshowsisthatpeople’ssuccessoftendependson4(find)thecouragetomakethosemajorcareerswitches.Inaddition,sometimesyouhavetodoajobthatisapoormatchinordertofigureoutwhatcareerissuitedtoyouinstead.EveryoneknowsthatGiorgioArmaniisoneoftheworld’stopfashiondesigners.Buthedidn’t5(true)starthiscareerintheworldoffashion.Whenhewasayoungman,hejoinedtheItalianarmyand6(start)workingatamilitaryhospitalinVerona.Armanileftthemilitaryin1953andmadeacareerchange.Hebecamea(n)7(sell)inaclothingdepartment.Bythemid60shewasdesigninghisownclothesandin1975,heset8hisownpany,Armani.Byfollowinghis9(create)passionandtalent,Armanibecameoneof10mostsuccessfulfashiondesignersintheworld.Successisn’tdefinedbywhatyou’recurrentlydoing.【解析】這是一篇事理說明文。文章介紹了一個人的職業(yè)生涯的重大轉變永遠不會太遲，職業(yè)的成功往往取決于找到做出重大職業(yè)轉變的勇氣。1.考查非謂語動詞。句意：職業(yè)生涯的重大轉變永遠不會太遲。分析句子結構可知，it是形式主語，不定式todo是真正的主語，構成It’snevertoolatetodo的習慣搭配。故填tomake。2.考查定語從句。句意：你現(xiàn)在可能正處于職業(yè)生涯的某個階段，在這個階段，你會感到停滯不前、無聊和沒有動力。分析句子結構可知，apoint是先行詞，它在定語從句“youfeelstuck,bored,andunmotivated”中做狀語，所以空格處應填關系副詞。如果apoint表示的是地點，就填where；如果表示時間的某個階段，就填when。故填where或when。3.考查名詞。句意：有許多名人做出了令人驚訝的職業(yè)改變。分析句子結構可知，空格處應該用名詞做賓語。定語從句主語who指代的是manyfamouspeople，是復數(shù)，那么賓語也應是復數(shù)，與主語在數(shù)上保持一致。故填changes。4.考查動名詞。句意：這表明，人們的成功往往取決于找到做出重大職業(yè)轉變的勇氣。分析句子結構可知，空格處應該是做dependson的賓語。提示詞是find，只能是用它的動名詞形式做介詞on的賓語。故填finding。5.考查副詞。句意：但他并沒有真正地在時尚界開始他的職業(yè)生涯。分析句子結構可知，空格處應該用副詞做狀語修飾謂語動詞start。故填truly。6.考查時態(tài)。句意：當他還是個年輕人的時候，他加入了意大利軍隊，開始在維羅納的一家軍事醫(yī)院工作。分析句子結構可知，提示詞start是一個動詞，它前面是并列連詞and，說明start和joined是并列關系，也用一般過去時。