contrastbetweenchineseandenglish英漢對比2詞搭配

ContrastBetweenChineseandEnglish

I.CorrespondencebetweenEnglishandChineseatWordLevel

1.

Word-for-WordCorrespondence

Marxism=馬克思主義Aspirin＝

阿斯匹林laser＝激光leukemia白血病2.OneWordWithMultipleEquivalentsoftheSameMeaningwife:妻子、愛人、夫人、老婆、老伴、媳婦、堂客、內(nèi)人……人：humanbeing,man,people,person……

3.OneWordwithSeveralEquivalentsofDifferentMeanings

president：總統(tǒng)、總裁、主席、董事長、議長、會長、社長、校長……·carry：搬、運、送、提、拎、挑、擔(dān)、抬、背、扛、摟、抱、端、舉、夾、捧…..

走：walk,saunter,amble,stride,trudge,shamble,prance,scamper,clump,tiptoe….

4.EquivalentsInterwovenwithOneAnother

5.WordswithoutEquivalents

teenager13至19歲的青少年prey被捕食的動物clock-watcher老是看鐘等下班的人陰

yin(inChinesethought)thesoft,inactive,femaleprincipleorforceintheworld陽

yang(inChinesethought)thestrong,active,maleprincipleorforceintheworld目不識丁(notknowone’s)ABCII.Differencesincollocation

tocutwheat割麥子tocutcake切蛋糕tocutfinger-nails剪/修指甲Heworedarkglassesandthickjersey,andstoppeduphisearswithcottonwool.他戴著黑眼鏡，穿著毛衣，耳朵里塞著棉花。Buthisattackwasalwaysrepulsedbyakickorblowfromastick.但是他每沖一次，不是讓人一腳踢了回去，就是讓人一棍子打了回去。主謂搭配中國的發(fā)展與進(jìn)步,有利于人類文明.ThedevelopingandprogressingofChinaarefavorabletothecivilizationofmankind.AdevelopingandprogressingChinaisfavorabletothecivilizationofmankind.我們進(jìn)行改革開放的方向是正確的,信念是堅定的,步驟是穩(wěn)妥的,方式是漸進(jìn)的,取得的成就是巨大的.Thedirectionofourreformandopeningisright,ourconvictionisfirm,ourstepsaresteadyandourapproachisgradual,thereforewehaveachievedtremendoussuccesses.Wearegoingintherightdirection,firminconviction,steadyinourstepsandgradualinourapproachwhencarryingoutthereformandopening-upandthatwehaveachievedtremendoussuccesses.動賓搭配每晚我都要花一小時學(xué)習(xí)政治理論和企業(yè)管理知識.Iwouldspendonehoureveryeveninginstudyingpoliticaltheoriesandknowledgeconcerningbusinessmanagement.Iwouldspendonehoureveryeveninginstudyingpoliticaltheoriesandacquiringknowledgeconcerningbusiness,management.那位教師介紹了他教物理的寶貴經(jīng)驗.Theteacherintroducedhisvaluableexperienceinteachingphysics.Theteacherpassedonhisvaluableexperienceinteachingphysics.形名搭配這種型號的車床價格便宜.Thepriceofthelatheofthistypeischeap.Thepriceofthelatheofthistypeislow傍晚她要去參加一個化妝舞會.Shewouldbegoingtoamake-uppartyintheevening.Shewouldbegoingtoafancydresspartyintheevening.副動搭配結(jié)果我們采取了一種比較適合情況的政策.Intheendweadoptedthepolicycomparatively/relativelysuitedtotheprevailingconditions.Intheendweadoptedthepolicybestsuitedtotheprevailingconditions.漢英語序?qū)Ρ取皩W(xué)科”與“科學(xué)”“情人”與“人情”“辣不怕”、“不怕辣”與“怕不辣”III.ContrastbetweenEnglishandChineseatsentencelevel1.句子結(jié)構(gòu)

英語造句的規(guī)律是撇開了時間順序而著眼于空間搭架（即關(guān)系詞結(jié)集）（connective-orientednexus），而漢語的規(guī)律是按照時間順序和邏輯順序排列句子的結(jié)構(gòu)成分（即動詞結(jié)集）（verb-orientednexus）。

2.句子的重心英語句子和漢語句子的重心相同，一般都落在結(jié)果結(jié)論等上，但重心的位置不同，英語一般是前重心，而漢語句子一般是后重心。

“屢戰(zhàn)屢北”和“屢北屢戰(zhàn)”Hewasrepeatedlydefeatedthoughhefoughtoverandoveragain.

Hefoughtoverandoveragainthoughhewasrepeatedlydefeated.

Thepeopleofasmallcountrycancertainlydefeataggressionbyabigcountry,ifonlytheydaretoriseinstruggle,daretotakeuparmsandgraspintheirownhandsthedestinyoftheirowncountry.

小國人民敢于起來斗爭，敢于拿起武器，掌握自己國家的命運，就一定能夠戰(zhàn)勝大國的侵略。（條件——結(jié)果）3.形合與意合

形合（Hypotaxis）syntacticalsubordinationofclauseetc.bytheuseofconnectives.

意合(Parataxis)coordinationofclauses,etc.insuccessionwithoutconnectives.

(AmericanHeritageDictionary)

Hypotaxis：Thedepentorsubordinateconstructionorrelationshipofclauseswithconnectives,eg.Ishalldespairifyoudon’tcome.(TheworldBookDictionary)Parataxis:Thearrangingofclausesoneaftertheotherwithoutconnectivesshowingtherelat

借助形態(tài)和形式詞來表示詞間、小句間、和句之間的關(guān)系為形合。不借助形態(tài)和形式詞，靠詞語與句子本身意義上的連貫與邏輯順序而是實現(xiàn)的連接為意合。形合是顯性銜接(overtcohesion)，意合是隱形連貫(covertcoherence)。枯藤老樹昏鴉

小橋流水人家

古道西風(fēng)瘦馬

夕陽西下

斷腸人在天涯（意合）Theboy,whowascryingasifhisheartwouldbreak,said,whenIspoketohim,thathewasveryhungry,becausehehadnofoodfortwodays.

IV.TendifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinese

1.Hypotaxis/Parataxis(英語重結(jié)構(gòu)，漢語重語義)

Childrenwillplaywithdollsequippedwithpersonalitychips,computerswithinbuiltpersonalitieswillberegardedasworkmatesratherthantools,relaxationwillbeinfrontofsmelltelevision,anddigitalagewillhavearrived.

譯文：兒童將與裝有個性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有個性內(nèi)置的計算機將被視為工作伙伴而不是工具，人們將在氣味電視前休閑，到這時數(shù)字時代就來到了。

2.Longsentences/shortsentencesInterestinhistoricalmethodshadarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.人們對歷史研究方法產(chǎn)生了興趣，這與其說是因為外部對歷史作為一門知識學(xué)科的有效性提出了挑戰(zhàn)，還不如說是因為歷史學(xué)家內(nèi)部發(fā)生了爭吵。

3.從句/小句Onthewholesuchaconclusioncanbedrawnwithacertaindegreeofconfidencebutonlyifthechildcanbeassumedtohavehadthesameattitudetowardsthetestastheotherwithwhomheiscompared,andonlyifhewasnotpunishedbylackofrelevantinformationwhichtheypossessed.

總的來說，得出這樣一個結(jié)論是有一定程度把握的，但是必須具備兩個條件：能夠假定這個孩子對測試的態(tài)度和與他相比的另一個孩子的態(tài)度相同；他也沒有因缺乏別的孩子已掌握的有關(guān)知識而被扣分。

4.Pronouns/NounsTherewillbetelevisionchatshowshostedbyrobots,andcarswithpollutionmonitorsthatwilldisablethemwhentheyoffend.

屆時，將出現(xiàn)由機器人主持的電視訪談節(jié)目及裝有污染監(jiān)測器的汽車，一旦這些汽車污染超標(biāo)(或違規(guī))，監(jiān)測器就會使其停駛。

5.Passive/active

Itmustbepointedoutthat...必須指出……Itmustbeadmittedthat...必須承認(rèn)……

Itisimaginedthat...人們認(rèn)為……

Itcannotbedeniedthat...不可否認(rèn)……

Itwillbeseenfromthisthat...由此可知……Itshouldberealizedthat...必須認(rèn)識到……

Itis(always)stressedthat...人們(總是)強調(diào)……

Itmaybesaidwithoutfearofexaggerationthat...可以毫不夸張地說……

Anditisimaginedbymanythattheoperationsofthecommonmindcanbynomeansbecomparedwiththeseprocesses,andthattheyhavetoberequiredbyasortofspecialtraining.許多人認(rèn)為，普通人的思維活動根本無法與科學(xué)家的思維活動相比，認(rèn)為這些思維活動必須經(jīng)過某種專門訓(xùn)練才能掌握。

6.Variety/repetitionThemonkey'smostextraordinaryaccomplishmentwaslearningtooperateatractor.Bytheageofnine,themonkeyhadlearnedtosoloonthevehicle.

這只猴子最了不起的成就是學(xué)會駕駛拖拉機。到九歲的時候，這只猴子已經(jīng)學(xué)會了單獨表演駕駛拖拉機了。

7.Abstract/concrete

disintegration土崩瓦解

ardent

loyalty赤膽忠心

totalexhaustion

筋疲力盡

far-sightedness

遠(yuǎn)見卓識

carefulconsideration

深思熟慮

perfectharmony水乳交融

feedonfancies

畫餅充饑

withgreateagerness

如饑似渴

lackofperseverance

三天打魚，兩天曬網(wǎng)

makealittlecontribution

添磚加瓦

onthevergeofdestruction

危在旦夕

Untilsuchtimeasmankindhasthesensetoloweritspopulationtothepointswhereastheplanetcanprovideacomfortablesupportforall,peoplewillhavetoacceptmore"unnaturalfood."

除非人類終于意識到要把人口減少到這樣的程度：使地球能為所有人提供足夠的飲食，否則人們將不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。

8.Contextmeaning(英語多引申，漢語多推理)Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians,modernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainthesignificanteventsofthepast.盡管關(guān)于歷史的定義幾乎和歷史學(xué)家一樣多，現(xiàn)代實踐最符合這樣一種定義，即把歷史看作是對過去重大歷史事件的再現(xiàn)