滬江新概念語法

附錄1.語法精粹第一章英語從句Subordination英語從句主要有定語從句，狀語從句和名詞性從句〔主語從句，賓語從句，表語從句，同位語從句〕一．定語從句1．定語從句：由關(guān)系代詞who,whom,whose,that,which;關(guān)系副詞when,where,why引導?！蚕旅媸畟€句子請讀5遍并脫口譯出！〕1.Thedeathnoticestellusaboutpeoplewhohavediedduringtheweek.2.Theman(whom)youspoketojustnowismyfriend.3.Thebuildingwhoselightsareonisbeautiful.4.Pleasefindaplacewhichwecanhaveaprivatetalkin.5.Thekneeisthejointwherethethighbonemeetsthelargeboneofthelowerleg.6.Hestillremembersthedaywhenhewenttoschool.7.Itisnoneedtellingusthereasonwhyyoudidn'tfinishitintime.8.Hehasthreesons,twoofwhomdiedinthewar.9.Mr.Smith,whosewifeisaclerk,teachesusEnglish.10.IntheSundaypapertherearecomics,whichchildrenenjoy.2．只能用that和who引導的定語從句A．a(chǎn)ll,nothing,anything,afew,one做先行詞指物時B．先行詞前有形容詞最高級修飾時，后面常跟that而不是which.C．先行詞前有theonly,thefirst,thelast,thenext,thevery等詞修飾時，引導詞只能用that。D．領(lǐng)先行詞是anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,someone,somebody時，后面要用who或whom；●Allthatglittersisnotgold.閃光的并非都是金子。3．a(chǎn)s引導定語從句as引導的定語從句有兩種形式：A．引導限制性語從句。在此類定語從句中，as常與主語中作為其先行詞的such,thesame或as聯(lián)用構(gòu)成，“such...as”，“thesame...as”和“as...as”句型，可代替先行詞。例如：Wehopetogetsuchatoolasheisusing.我們希望得到他正在用的那種工具。B．a(chǎn)s引導非限制性定語從句時，作用與which相同，as作為關(guān)系代詞代替整個主句?！策@是語法考試的一個考點?！常圩⒁鈪^(qū)別］：as引導的從句用于句首、句中或句后，而which引導的定語從句不能放在句首。例如：Asisreported,aforeigndelegationwillvisitthecity.據(jù)報道，一個外國代表團將訪問這個城市。二．狀語從句超級作文聯(lián)接詞及詞組，全部拿下?、僭颍篵ecause,since,nowthat〔既然〕as,for,thisreason....②結(jié)果：sothat,so,therefore,consequently,soasto,asaresult....③時間：after,before,when,while,as,until,assoonas,since,bythetime,once,lately,presently,shortlyafter,currently,atpresent,nowadays...④條件：if,onlyif.,once,unless,intheevent(that),incase(that),providedthat,ontheconditionthat,etc.⑤讓步：though,although,eventhough(if),nomatterwhat/how/when→whatever/however/whenever....⑥目的：inorderthat,inorderto,to,⑦比擬：than,as...as,bycomparison〔相比擬〕，bycontrast〔相對照〕....三．名詞性從句王牌要點：通常由that或疑問詞導出。1.Howsomemammalscametoliveintheseaisnotknow.〔主語從句〕2.Theattorneytoldhisclientthattheyhadlittlechanceofwinningthecase.〔賓語從句〕3.Theproblemiswhatwe'lldonext.〔表語從句〕4.Wehavenoideathathehascomeback.〔同位語從句〕同位語〔Appositive〕:同位語是英語語法的重點內(nèi)容，也是各類考試中的一個考點，同時，在寫作中正確運用同位語可以使你的句型更加簡潔得體?！缎赂拍钣⒄Z》第三冊第一課有這樣一個句子：WhenreportscameintoLondonzoothatawildpumahadbeenspottedforty-fivemilessouthofLondon,theywerenottakenseriously.〔當倫敦動物園接到報告說，在倫敦以南45英里處發(fā)現(xiàn)一只美洲獅時，這些報告并沒有受到重視?！吃谶@里，awildpumahadbeenspottedforty-fivemilessouthofLondon就是同位語從句，它本來應(yīng)該放在“reports”后面，這里卻被放在了謂語成分cameintoLondonzoo的后面，目的是讓句型顯得更為穩(wěn)重。I．簡單記憶：同位語從句，就是對某些名詞做進一步的解釋的句子。IwasgreatlyshockedwhenIheardthenewsthathisfatherdiedyesterday.〔that引導的句子解釋了news的內(nèi)容，注意：that不做任何成分〕Wehavetofacethefactthattheweatherisunexpectedlybad.〔that引導的句子解釋了fact的內(nèi)容〕II．聯(lián)想記憶：能接同位詞從句的名詞有：belief〔信仰〕，fact，idea，doubt，rumor〔謠言〕，evidence〔證據(jù)〕，conclusion〔結(jié)論〕，suggestion〔建議〕，problem，order，answer，discovery〔發(fā)現(xiàn)〕explanation〔解釋〕，principle〔原那么〕，possibility〔可能性〕，truth，promise〔承諾〕，report〔報告〕，statement〔聲明〕，knowledge〔知識〕，opinion〔觀點〕，likelihood〔可能性〕［大聲朗讀三遍，背下即可。］III．王牌要點：●同位語一般由that引導，但也可以用關(guān)系代詞which,who,what和關(guān)系副詞when,where,why,how或whether引導。Therearousethequestionwhetherwecouldwinthegame.Ihavenoideahowtoexplainit.●一些介詞詞組后面也能引導同位語從句?！卜浅＝?jīng)典之功能句式，可用于四六級和托福作文，不妨一試！〕：ontheassumption〔在……前提下〕，ontheground〔由于……原因〕，ontheconditionthat〔在……條件下〕，withtheexception〔有……例外〕owingtothefact〔由于……事實〕；ontheunderstanding〔基于……理解〕；Theyoungladypromisedtomarrytheoldmanontheconditionthatheboughtheravilla.那位年輕的女士容許嫁給那位老頭，條件是他給她買一幢別墅。IV．分隔式同位語從句為了使句型平衡不至于頭重腳輕，有時同位語從句可以放到句子的末尾，〔讀兩遍此定義，然后看倒句：〕Anideacametohimthathemightwritetohertoaskmoreinformationaboutthematter.IgotinformationfrommyfriendthattherewillbeamarvelousAmericanmovie"Titanic".V.同位語從句與定語從句之區(qū)別簡單記憶：定語從句的引導詞that或which在句子中用作主語或賓語，而同位語從句的引導詞that只起連接主句和從句之作用，不用作任何成分。例如：I'vegotananswerthatAisright.(同位語從句，that不做成分)I'vegotananswerthatsurprisedmealot.〔定語從句，that做定語從句的主語〕VI．王牌重點：可以充當同位語的詞組或短語。1〕名詞短語?！彩咕湫透鼮楹啙崱矪illClinton,thepresidentofAmerica,cametoChinatopayanofficialvisitin1998.LuXun,oneofthegreatestessayistsinChina,playedanoverwhelminglyimportantroleinChineseliteraturehistory.2〕動名詞詞組亦可用作同位語：別忘了加逗號。〔使句型更為流暢〕I'mcrazyaboutthegame,playingbaseball.Goingtoconcert,thatsoundsagreatidea.3〕不定式短語?！材吧皇钦莆盏拈_始〕Theproblemwhattodonextremainsunsolved.Herclaimtohavefinishedhisworkisnothingbutawhitelie.4〕形容詞詞組?！灿卸禾柛糸_〕Alltheworkers,youngorold,shouldbetreatedequally.Youngman,shortortall,shouldhavetherighttotaketheopportunity.VII.同位語的引導詞?！仓匾?！這是中高級寫作中不可缺少的引導成分〕引導詞用來表示同位語與它所說明的同位成分之間的關(guān)系：1．namely,thatitis,thatistosay〔也就是說〕,inotherwords〔換句話說〕,or,forshort表示等同關(guān)系。2．suchas,say,sotospeak〔譬如說〕,including〔包括〕,forinstance〔或forexample(e.g./eg〕，表示舉例和列舉關(guān)系。3．especially,mostly,chiefly,orbetter,inparticular,particularly表示突出重點，〔在高難度閱讀中表示后面的局部為更重要或更突出的局部，是出題的關(guān)鍵點?！硿y試精編I.選擇正確選項：1.________allbehaviorislearnedbehaviorisabasicassumptionofsocialscientists.A.NearlyB.ThatnearlyC.ItisnearlyD.Whennearly2.ThepeopleatthepartywereworriedaboutJanetbecausenoonewasaware________shehadgone.A.wherethatB.ofwhereC.oftheplacewhereD.theplace3.—Susanhasn'twrittenusforalongtime.—Whatdoyousuppose________toher?A.thathappenedB.happenedC.tohappenD.havinghappened4.—MayIhavetheloan?________youoffergoodsecurity.A.ButB.UnlessC.ProvidedD.Butfor5.Gorillasarequietanimals,________theyareabletomakeabouttwentydifferentsounds.A.howB.inspiteofC.becauseofD.eventhough6.ThelittleWhiteHouseinwarmspringswastheGeorgiahomeofPresidentFranklin-D.Roosevelt________thereonApril12,1945.A.whodiedB.diedC.whilediedD.hedied7.Essentially,atheoryisanabstract,symbolicrepresentationof________reality.A.whatitisconceivedB.thatisconceivedC.whatisconceivedtobeD.thatisbeingconceivedof8.Seedsusuallygerminate________thetemperatureisfavorable.A.ifB.whereasC.asaresultD.inconsequences9.FrancisPrestonBlair.Jr,________borninKentucky,livedandpracticedinMissouri.A.wasB.hewasC.althoughD.whohewas10.________,worksongsoftenexhibitthesongcultureofapeopleinafundamentalform.A.TheyoccurwheretheyareB.OccurringwhereC.WheretheyoccurD.Wheredotheyoccur第二章虛擬語氣THESUBJUNCTIVEMOOD虛擬語氣用來表達不可能或難以實現(xiàn)的愿望，與事實相反的假設(shè)，通常分為根本的三種形式。1.與現(xiàn)在事實相反的虛擬：If+did/were+...,...wouldshouldcould+do〔動詞原形〕mightIfIwereyou,Iwouldgoabroadatonce.(Iamnotyou.)Ifheknewitnow,hecouldhelpme.(Hedoesn'tknowitnow.)2.與過去事實相反的虛擬：If+haddone+...,...would(might)havedone...IfIhadknownyourtelephonenumberyesterday,Iwouldhavephonedyou.(Ididn'tknowyourtelephonenumber.)Ifyouhadcomeherealittleearlierjustnow,youmighthavemether.(Youdidn'tcomehereearlier.)3.與將來事實相反的虛擬：(1)If+should+v.,...would+v.〔可能性很小〕〔譯作“萬一”〕Ifitshouldraintomorrow,youcouldstayathome.IfIshouldfail,whatshouldIdo?(2)If+did/wereto+v...,would+v.〔完全不可能〕Ifthesunweretoriseinthewest,Iwouldlendyouthemoney.Ifyoufinisheditin3minutes,Iwouldgiveyoumycar.4.金牌特殊重點：?。。酆唵温?lián)想記憶］：●以下動詞后的“賓語從句”中需要用虛擬形式，即should+動詞原形，shoud在美國英語中要省略〔TOEFL語法考點〕。此類常見的動詞有：order,ask,decide,demand,require,recommend,suggest〔建議〕insist〔堅決要求〕，advise,etc.例句：Hesuggestedthatwe(should)helpthemwithEnglish.Theteacherorderedthatthehomework(should)befinishedwithinhalfanhour.●以下名詞后的同位語從句中要用“should+動詞原形”〔should可省去〕的虛擬。suggestion,order,request,demand,importance,proposal.Hemadeasuggestionthatwe(should)haveafancydressparty.Ithinkitisathingofimportancethatit(should)bedonesoon.●Itis/wasimportant/necessary/natural/essential/advisable/strange/surprising,ect.+that+主語+should+v.Itisstrangethatyoushouldsaysuchathing.Itwasimportantthatyoushouldtellmealltheinformation.●wish后的賓語從句中，asif后的狀語從句中，須用以下的虛擬形式：主+wish+(that)+主+did/were〔指現(xiàn)在〕haddone〔指過去〕would+v.〔指將來〕IwishthatImetmyunclenow.IwishIhadmetmyuncleyesterday.IwishIcouldmeetmyuncletomorrow.●Itis(high)timethat...+did/were...Itistimethatyouwenttobed.●wouldratherthat...+did/were...Iwouldratherthatyouwerenotherenow.●wouldsoonerthat...+did/were...Iwouldsoonerthatyougotupearlier.Iwouldsoonerthatyouwerenotmybrother.測試精編I.選擇正確選項：1.I________hehadtaughtmetheword,buthedidn't.A.believeB.hopeC.wishD.think2.Themaninchargerecommendsthatthismatter________atthemeeting.A.wouldbediscussedB.willbediscussedC.bediscussedD.maybediscussed3.Itisrainingnow,otherwisewe________gooutplay.A.couldB.canC.mayD.will4.________hecomelate,givehimthemessage.A.HadB.ShouldC.WouldD.Did5.Hadn'tmycarbrokedown,I________thetrain.A.wouldhavecaughtB.mightcatchC.couldcatchD.wouldcatch6.IwouldhavehelpedhimifIhadtime,butI________.A.haven'tB.hadC.didn'tD.wouldn't7.Thedamwasbuiltintimetoprotecttheinhabitantsfromtheflood;________.A.otherwisethedamagewouldbebeyondmeasure.B.thedamage,otherwise,shouldbeverygreat.C.thedamagecouldhavebeenveryseriousotherwise.D.thedamagecaused,therefore,manyofthemhomeless.8.Itisnaturalthatanemployee________hisworkontime.A.finishesB.finishC.canfinishD.finishs9.IwouldgoabroadbutthatI________poor.A.amB.wasC.shallbeD.were10.Don'tactasifyou________theonlypebbleonthebeach.A.areB.wereC.havebeenD.wouldbe第三章代替與省略SUBSTITUTIONANDOMISSION英語中，為了防止不必要的重復，經(jīng)常用so,not,to,do,does代替前面出現(xiàn)的動詞或相關(guān)內(nèi)容。如：HetranslatedthearticlebetterthanIdid.(did代替wroteit)—Doyouthinksheisclever?—Ithinkso.(so代替sheisclever)(1)從上兩例中看出，do/does/did代替動詞。(2)"so與not"代替某個詞、短語、句子等，通常用于hope,think,believe,expect,suppose,beafraid,fear,imagine,etc后作賓語。E.g.—Isitcorrect?—I'mafraidnot.(notcorrect)(3)"to"用作不定式，常跟隨以下動詞：want,mean,hope,expect,refuse,seem,intend,be,afraid,etc.E.g.Iaskedhimtogototheparty,butherefusedto.(gototheparty)(4)"doso,dothat,doit"用來代替動態(tài)動詞，而不能代靜態(tài)動詞。Eg.—HegaveupstudyingEnglish.—Whydidhedoso?(=giveupstudyingEnglish)—Thedishtastesnice.—Yes,soitdoes.(tastesnice)(此句不能用itdoesit或itdoesso,因taste屬靜態(tài)動詞?！?5)為使語言精煉，防止不必要的重復，對話中常用省略形式。E.g.—Heisthinkingofbuyingacar?—Ishe?〔這里，“thinkingofbuyingacar”被省略了。〕—Willhecomebackintime?—Perhaps.〔省略了hewillcomebackintime.)測試精編I．選擇正確答案：1.—ShallIwakeyouuptomorrow?—Yes,________.A.pleasedoB.youshallC.youwillD.youmay2.Ithinkrecordsareoften________anactualperformance.A.asgoodasorbetterthanB.asgoodorbetterthanC.likegoodorbetterthanD.asgoodasanyother3.—Ifhedoesn'tcometowork,hemaybefired.—Surelyheisn'tsofoolish________nottorealizethat.A.soB.andC.butD.as4.—Don'tyouthinkAlan'shealthhasbeenruinedbysmoking?—Yes,hetoldme________himself.A.thefactB.thisthingC.ItD.so5.—Willyougohometomorrowevening?—No,I'mgoingtoalecture,oratleast,I'mplanning________.A.onB.toC.soD.It6.—Islippedonthestairs,Ithinkmyarmisbroken.—Oh!I________.A.donothopesoB.donothopeC.hopenotsoD.hopenot7.Californiareliesmainlyonincomefromfruitcrops,and________.A.FloridaalsoB.FloridatooC.FloridaisaswellD.sodoesFlorida8.—Haveyoubeenherelong?—________.A.No,notveryB.NotmuchC.Yes,onlylittleD.No,onlyyesterday9.—Youlookhappytoday,Mary.—Ilikemynewdressandmother________,too.A.doesB.likesC.isD.do10.—Soyouarelost,littleboy.Whydidn'tyouhangontoyourmother'sskirt?—________,butIcouldn'treachit.A.IhangedtoB.IdidtoC.Ididn'thangtoD.Itriedto第四章倒裝INVERSION根據(jù)語法要求，把謂語動詞置于主語前，稱為完全倒裝，把助動詞或情態(tài)動詞置于主語前，稱為局部倒裝。1．副詞如：in,out,down,there,here,off,over,away,etc.句子倒裝。〔完全倒裝，但主語不能是代詞〕Downjumpedthemurdererfromthetenthfloor.IncameMissGreen.〔特別注意：當主語是人稱代詞時不倒裝?！矨wayshewent!〔她走了！〕Hereyouare!〔你在這兒！〕2．only+副詞〔介詞短語〕位于句首，句子要倒裝。Onlythendidherealizethathewasmistaken.Onlybyworkinghardcanwesucceedindoinganything.3．well,so,often,such,few,little放于句首，句子形成倒裝。Sofinewastheweatherthatweallwentoutlyinginthesun.WelldidIknowhimandwelldidheknowme.4．否認詞或具有否認意義的詞及詞組用在句首時，句子須倒裝。此類詞有：neither，nor，hardly，scarcely，rarely，seldom，not，never，notonly，barely，atnotime，nowhere等。e.g.—Jackcouldnotswim.—NeithercouldTom.NeverhaveIseensuchagoodmovie.5．a(chǎn)s引導讓步狀語從句，須倒裝。〔準確地說，是將需要強調(diào)的詞提到as的前面?！砇ichasheis,hespendsacentoncharity.Tryashedoes,heneverseemsabletodotheworkbeautifully.6．在表示祝愿的句子中。Mayyoumakegreaterprogress!〔愿你取得更大進步！〕7．在虛擬條件句中，連詞if省略時，句型要倒裝，即將were,had,should等詞提到句首。WereIyou,Iwouldgoabroadtotakeadvancedstudy.我要是你，就出國進修了。Shouldhecometomorrow,hewouldhelpustosettletheproblem.他要是明天來的話，他會幫我們解決這個問題的。8．百分特例重點：Muchaswemayprideourselvesonourgoodtaste,wearenolongerfreetochoosethethingswewant.〔NCEBookIIILesson26〕盡管我們?yōu)樽约旱慕^好鑒賞力感到自豪，但我們已經(jīng)無法自由地選擇我們所需要的東西了。測試精編I．選擇正確選項：1.Notuntilthemid-nineteenth-centurydiscoveryofvastdepositsofborate'sintheMajaveDesert________relativelycommon.A.boraxbecameB.didboraxbecomeC.andboraxbecomeD.borax'sbecoming2.________receivedlawdegreesastoday.A.NeversomanywomenhaveB.NeverhavesomanywomenC.Thewomenaren'teverD.Womenwhohavenever3.________theBob'sbelongingsthathecarriedtheminabundleslungoverhisshoulders.A.WeresofewB.FewweresoC.SofewwereD.Theyweresofew4.Onlyafterababysealispushedintotheseabyitsmother________toswim.A.howwillitlearnB.willitlearnhowC.itwilllearnhowD.anditlearnshow5.Notonly________apromise,buthealsokeptit.A.didhemadeB.hemadeC.didhemakeD.hemakes6.Nowhereintheworld________.A.travelerscanbuysomuchbeautyforsolittleasinHawaii.B.noonecanbuysomuchbeautyforsolittlemoneyasHawaii.C.somuchbeautycanbeboughtforsolittlemoneyinHawaii.D.cantravelersbuysomuchbeautyforsolittlemoneyasinHawaii.7.Nosooner________gonehomethanitbegantorainheavily.A.hadIB.haveIC.IhadD.Ihave8.Notforamoment________thetruthofyourstory.A.hehasdoubtedB.hedoubtsC.didhedoubtD.hediddoubt9.________succeedindoinganything.A.OnlybyworkinghardwecanB.ByonlyworkinghardwecanC.OnlybyworkinghardcanweD.Onlywecanworkhard10.Neverbeforeinsimilarcircumstances________.A.aBritishPrimeMinisterhadrefusedtostepdown.B.didaBritishPrimeMinisterhaverefusedtostepdown.C.aBritishPrimeMinisterdidhaverefusedtostepdown.D.hadaBritishPrimeMinisterrefusedtostepdown.11.Peoplemightavoidmanyaccidents________thesemethodsbeenadoptedbefore.A.thatB.wereC.haveD.had12.________arosetheproblemthattheboywillneverovercomethegreatdifficulties.A.ItB.ThisC.HereD.Those第五章形容詞ADJECTIVES定義：形容詞是用來修飾名詞的詞，描述名詞的性質(zhì)、外觀、特點等。功能：形容詞可以做定語、表語或補助語。分類：主要分為兩類：描繪性形容詞和限定性形容詞?！衩枥L性形容詞主要用來描繪大、小、新舊、顏色、質(zhì)量等?！裣薅ㄐ孕稳菰~主要用來限定所修飾詞的數(shù)量、距離及范圍所屬等。1．當形容詞修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞時，必須與冠詞連用：alovelygirl,thenaughtyboy2．形容詞可與系動詞連用，做表語，說明主語的性狀。常用系動詞有：be，become，seem，appear，feel，look，taste，smell，sound，remain，go，turn，keep，stay,etc.Thedishtastesdelicious.Themusicsoundssweet.Themilkwentbad.小心陷阱feel，smell，taste，look，keep有時可以用作實義動詞，并可以用副詞修飾。Helookedmeupanddowncarefully.Itastedthesoupslowlytoseewhetheritwassalty.3．形容詞用作后置定語?！埠唵卫斫猓阂话愕男稳菰~修飾名詞時放在名詞前面，但有些形容詞修飾名詞時放在名詞的后面〕arivernavigable〔一條可通航的河〕sightvisible可見的景象personresponsible〔負責人〕注意：responsibleperson〔有責任心的人〕thebestwaypossible〔盡可能好的方法〕thenumbernecessary〔必要的數(shù)量〕thepeoplepresent〔在場的人〕4．只能作表語的形容詞1．某些表示健康狀況的形容詞。well〔身體好的〕，ill〔病的〕，faint〔虛弱的〕，poorly〔身體不好的〕例如：Hismotherhasbeenillforalongtime.特別注意：sick是個特例。它既可做表語，又可做定語。Heissickforacoupleofdays.〔他病兩三天了〕Heisasickperson.〔他是個病人?！?．某些以a-開頭的形容詞。如：afraid〔害怕的〕，alone〔單獨的〕，alive〔活著的〕，asleep〔睡著的〕，awake〔醒著的〕，aware〔意識到的〕Theoldmanisaloneinthehouse.〔老人一個人在家?！砊heteacherisalivewithenthusiasm.〔這位老師熱情洋溢?！矵eisasleepinhismother'sarms.〔他在母親的懷抱中睡著了?！矷havebeenawareofthedifficulty.〔我已經(jīng)意識到了困難。〕5．當一系列形容詞修飾名詞時，須注意排列順序：代明形容詞+數(shù)量形容詞+性狀形容詞+名詞?！惨韵聢D看起來費力，看透了絕對實用〕Eg.abrokensmalloldgraystonebridge.suchagoodyellowpen.測試精編I．選擇正確選項：1.TheChinesefoodservedinAmericanrestaurantisnotbadbutIprefer________.A.ChinesefoodauthenticallyB.ChineseauthenticfoodC.foodChineseauthenticallyD.authenticChinesefood2.________lessonswerenotdifficult.A.OurfirstfewshortEnglishB.OurfewfirstshortEnglishC.OurfewfirstEnglishshortD.FewourfirstEnglishshort3.—DoyouthinkthattheLaborbillwillbepassed?—Oh,yes,it's________thatitwill.A.almostsurelyB.verylikelyC.nearpositiveD.quitecertainly4.—Haveyoutraveledmuch?—No,Ihavedone________traveling.A.fewB.littleC.smallD.less5.—Iwasverybusy.—Didyoureallyworkhard________?A.alldayB.allthedayC.allthedaylongD.allofdaylong6.—Doyouneedanythingfromthestore?—________andsomecheddarcheese.A.OnlyaFrenchbreadloafB.AFrenchbreadloafonlyC.OnlyaloafofFrenchbreadD.AloafofFrenchbreadonly7.Accordingtotheinformation,thenewly-constructedhighwayissaidtobe________.A.lengthytwentymilesB.lengthabouttwentymilesC.abouttwentymileslongD.intwentymilesoflength8.Mr.Smithhasdone________businesshere.A.alotofB.anumberofC.muchD.lots9.—Areyouhelpingtoorganizethepoliticalconvention?—I'minchargeofwelcomingthe________.A.out-of-townvisitorsB.visitorsfromoutsideoftownC.visitorsout-of-townD.outsidetownvisitors10.—DoesJanehavebrownhair?—Yes,Infact,it'squitesimilarinshape________yours.A.asB.withC.likeD.to第六章副詞ADVERBS定義：副詞用來修飾動詞〔系動詞除外〕，形容詞，其它副詞或整個句子。功能：表示時間、方式、程度、范圍等。分類：●時間及頻度副詞：before，frequently，always，usually等●地點副詞：here，northward，anywhere，above，below等●方式副詞：rapidly，quickly，clearly，hard，well等●程度副詞：quite，much，nearly，just，enough，perfectly，only等●疑問副詞：how，why，when，where等例：Hewalkedoutoftheroomslowly.Shelooksverybeautiful.WestudyEnglishverycarefully.Evenachildcandoitbetter.Perhapsshewilltelephoneyoutomorrow.金牌要點：幾個重要副詞的使用：1.enough：修飾形容詞或副詞，須置于被修飾詞后；而修飾名詞時放在修飾詞的前面。Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.Ihaveenoughmoneytobuythistypeofbicycle.2.too：位于形容詞或副詞前。Sheistooeagertoseeme.3.very：置于所修飾的形容詞、副詞前。Heisveryhandsomeandmanygirlsliketospeakwithhim.4.much：修飾動詞，形容詞及副詞比擬級。Thesubjecthasbeentalkedtoomuch.Herdressismuchmorebeautifulthanmine.5.still:“依舊，仍然”用于肯定句、否認句中。Hestillremembersthedaystheyspenttogether.Istillcannotcatchhiswords.6.yet:位于疑問句末尾時意思是“已經(jīng)”；用于否認句時意思是“還”。Haveyouemptiedthedustbinyet?Ihaven'tdonethatyet.7.only:根據(jù)句意靈活運用?！舱埛g下面三個句子！〕Onlyhecantellyouhowtodoit.Hecanonlytellyouhowtodoit.Hecantellyouhowtodoitonlytoday.8.hardly,scarcely,seldom,never本身為否認意義副詞，注意使用。Hardlyhadweleftthestationwhenitbegantorain.你知道嗎？幾個易混淆的副詞：1.easy:standeasy(=comfortably)easily:Itcan'tbesolvedeasily.2.clear:Thebulletwentclearthroughthewindow(=directly)clearly:Clearly,hedoesn'tknowanythingaboutit.(=obviously)3.high:Hecanjumpveryhigh.〔高地〕highly:Wethinkhighlyofthegoodteacher.〔高度地〕4.just:Wehavejustknowthenews.〔剛剛〕justly:Hewasjustlypunished.〔公正地〕5.hard:Youmustthinkhard.〔努力地〕hardly:Hehardlyknowsaboutit.〔幾乎不〕6.pretty:Heisnotprettysureaboutit.〔非?！硃rettily:Thegirlisprettilydressed.〔漂亮地〕7.near:Helivesneartheschool.〔附近〕nearly:Inearlymissedthebus.〔幾乎〕8.late:Don'tcomelatenexttime.〔遲到〕lately:Ihaven'treadnovelslately.〔最近〕9.formally:Youshouldbedressedformallyatthemeeting.〔正式地〕formerly:Formerly,hewasthemanagerofthecompany.〔以前〕10.free〔免費地〕freely〔自由地〕11.most〔最〕mostly〔大局部〕12.sharp〔準時地〕sharply〔嚴厲地〕測試精編I．選擇正確選項：1.Automobileproductionofthepresenttimehasbeenincreased________.A.greatlyB.highlyC.onalargescaleD.infinitely2.—Wastheclasslongenough?—No,________enough.A.itwasn'tmuchtoolongB.itwasn'ttoomuchlongC.itwasn'tquitelongD.itwasn'ttoolongmuch3.Afterthefuneral,theresidentsoftheapartmentbuilding________.A.sentfaithfullyflowersallweekstothecemeteryB.senttothecemeteryeachweekflowersfaithfullyC.sentflowersfaithfullytothecemeteryeachweekD.senteachweekfaithfullytothecemeteryflowers4.Airtravelhasprovidedpeoplewiththeopportunitytotravel________.A.alargeamountofmilesB.muchdistanceC.extensivelyD.widerangingly5.—Paulstillhasn'treturnedfromthemeeting.—Really?I'msureheexpectedtobeback________.A.beforelongnowB.longbeforenowC.nowbeforelongD.nowlongbefore6.—HasyourfatherarrivedinBombayyet？—Heprobablyarrivedtheresometime________.A.aweekpastB.thelastweekC.thispastweekD.theweekbeforenow7.—Whydoesn'tJessicastaywithrelativesinNewYork？—She________inBoston.A.hasonlyrelativesB.onlyhasrelativesC.hasrelativesonlyD.relativehasonly8.Thenectarineisafruit________likeapeach.A.asB.andC.tooD.somewhat9.一Isawyouattheracetracklastweek.一Igoquiteoften,butIonlybet________.A.scarcelyB.hardlyC.barelyD.occasionally10.Let'sstayathome,Ithinkit's________forwalking.A.muchtoohotB.verymuchhotC.toomuchheatD.verymuchheat第七章冠詞ARTICLES不定冠詞“a”用來表示可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)形式，用于輔音音素前，an用于元音音素前。如：aperson,aday;anhour,anoldman...I．定冠詞用法如下：〔英語剛啟蒙時你就知道冠詞了，可你真正掌握了嗎？再背一遍又何妨？！〕1．用于雙方都知道的名詞前：Pleasecleantheclassroom．2．用于單數(shù)名詞前，表示一類人或物：Thehorseisausefulanimal.〔馬是有用的動物〕Thisisaveryhardjobfortheteacher.〔對于老師這是一項很難的工作?！?．用于世界上獨一無二的東西前：thesun,thespring.4．用于方位名詞前：Peopleinthewestlikecoffeeverymuch.5．用于樂器名詞前：playtheviolin.6．用于計量單位前：Gasolineissoldbythegallon.7．形容詞最高級和序數(shù)詞前：Thisistheeasiestwaytoworkouttheproblem.Hecametoseemeforfirsttime.8．用于江河湖海山脈名稱前：thePacific，theThames，theRockyMountains9．雜志、報刊名稱前：theTimes，theOverseasDigest10．用于建筑物、和組織前：theWhiteHouse,theMinistryofEducation11．用于姓氏復數(shù)前，表“某某夫婦，某某一家人”theSmiths，theGreens12．用于形容詞前，表一類人/物：therich,theblind13．用于English，Chinese，F(xiàn)rench等名詞前，表“全體國民”theEnglish，theChineseII．以下情況不用冠詞：1．三餐前breakfast，lunch，supper，...Haveyouhadlunch？2．體育運動工程前playchess，...Ihavenointerestintennis.3．在由by引出的交通工具前byair〔乘飛機〕，bycar4．在稱呼或職位前Hehasbeenelectedpresidentofthecommittee.5．習慣用語前atschool，daybyday，attable〔在吃飯〕，gotochurch〔做禮拜〕...測試精編I．單項選擇：1.Thecatis________beautifulanimal,butitsintelligenceleavesmuchtobedesired.A.aB.anC.theD./2.________universityofChicagohasanexcellentlawschool.A.AB.AnC.TheD./3.—Tinalooksespeciallyprettytonight.—Yes,shealwayslooksherbestin________ofthatcolor.A.dressB.adressC.thatdressD.thedress4.—DidheflyacrosstheEnglishChannel？—No,hecrosseditby________.A.ashipB.theshipC.shipsD.ship5.Ifyouwanttogotothepostofficefromhere,take________.A.BroadwaybusB.theBroadwaybusC.someBroadwaybusD.aBroadway'sbus6.一Howdidyoupaytheworkers？一Asarule,theywerepaid________.A.byanhourB.bythehourC.byahourD.byhours7.________moretobepitiedthanblamed.A.UneducatedareB.UneducatedisC.TheuneducatedareD.Theneducatedis8.Astronomyis________ofstarsandplanets.A.ascienceB.scienceC.thescienceD.scientific9.－Afterthat,whathappenedtohim？—Thechancetoenter________cameandhetookit.A.tocollegeB.thecollegeC.forcollegeD.college10.Westernartofthe19thcenturyshowstheinfluenceof________FarEast.A.aB.anC.theD./第八章介詞Prepositions金牌要點：“英語是介詞和動詞的語言”，由此可見，掌握介詞的用法何其重要。學習介詞的最好方法是要弄清楚介詞與介詞之間位置上的關(guān)系，請參考以下圖：I．分類：1．常用簡單介詞：about，across，against，among，after，at，behind，besides，beyond，by，concerning，beneath，between，despite，except，during，down，for，from，past，than，under，until等。2．合成介詞：inside，outside，onto，outof，within等。3．短語介詞：accordingto，aheadof，alongwith，asfor，becauseof，bemeansof，dueto，inspiteof，onbehalfof，owingto，withregardto等。II．介詞與“……的”之關(guān)系：在英語學習中，一遇到“……的”，大家就會立刻想到’s所有格或者of，實際上，在很多情況下，“……的”必須借助于介詞才能準確表達。以下請學員重復記憶：●美國的冬天→thewinterinAmerica●停車場的入口→theentrancetotheparkinglot●穿過森林的小路→thepaththroughtheforest●魯迅的著作→theworksbyLuXun●水中的月亮→themoonreflectedinwater●歷史的見證→thewitnesstohistory●對愛的渴望→alongingforlove●對我們不利的證據(jù)→theevidenceagainstus●陽光下的漫步→awalkinthesunlight●追求名譽的女人→aladyafterfame●兩人之間的爭論→anargumentbetweenthetwopersons重要介詞的重要用法：〔1〕from：此介詞表示“to”相反的方向。HecamefromLondon.HewenttoLondon.二詞常搭配使用“from...to...”WestudiedEnglishfrommorningtoafternoonHe'llstartfromBeijingtoShanghai.經(jīng)典用法：●由于→Thegirlistremblingfromfear.●免除→Trampsarealwaysfreefromcare.流浪漢們總是無憂無慮?！穹珠_→Thecouplepartedfromeachotherattheairport.●由……制成→Theredwineismadefromgrapes.紅葡萄酒是由葡萄制成的由from引導的慣用法：fromfar從遠處fromnow/thenon從現(xiàn)在/那時起frombadtoworse每況愈下fromtimetotime〔occasionally時而〕習語：Shecomestovisitmefromtimetotime〔2〕outof：表示與“into”相反的語意Hewillbeoutoftown.Isteppedoutofthedarkroom.outof+名詞(=lack,tobewithout用完，用光〕Hewenttotheshopbecausehewasoutofpaper.outofdate(=old-fashioned過時的〕Thebookhasbeenoutofdate.outofwork(=jobless失業(yè)的)Heneedsmoneybecausebeisoutofwork.outofthequestion(=impossible不可能的)Finishingthehardworkisoutofthequestion.outofquestion(=doubtless毫無疑問的〕Thathecandoitwellisoutofquestion.outoforder〔=notfunctioning失靈的〕Herradioisoutoforder,soshecan'tlistentoit.〔3〕by:表示從旁經(jīng)過或在……附近。經(jīng)典用法：●通過→Thisisthenearestroadbywhichtheycame.●在……時候→Theyoungmanworksbydayandstealsmoneybynight.●由……所生→Hehastwosonsbyhersecondwife.●抓住→Shecaughtherchild