（江浙特供卷）2024年高考英語仿真試卷01（原題版）

沖刺2024年高考英語模擬卷01（江蘇、浙江特供卷）（考試時(shí)間：120分鐘試卷滿分：150分）編者按：江蘇、浙江素來是我國教育改革前沿區(qū)域，其教育水平一直處于全國領(lǐng)先地位。有鑒于此，本專輯特為江浙地區(qū)打造一套難度、區(qū)分度、信度比高考真題稍高一籌的系列沖刺模擬試卷。題源遴選自近期全國各地名校區(qū)域大聯(lián)考，經(jīng)命題專家加工重組匠心錘煉而成。注意事項(xiàng)：1．答卷前，考生務(wù)必將自己的姓名、考生號(hào)等填寫在答題卡和試卷指定位置上。2．回答選擇題時(shí)，選出每小題答案后，用鉛筆把答題卡對(duì)應(yīng)題目的答案標(biāo)號(hào)涂黑。如需改動(dòng)，用橡皮擦干凈后，再選涂其他答案標(biāo)號(hào)?；卮鸱沁x擇題時(shí)，將答案寫在答題卡上。寫在本試卷上無效。3．考試結(jié)束后，將本試卷和答題卡一并交回。第一部分：聽力（共兩節(jié)，滿分30分）第一節(jié)聽下面5段對(duì)話。每段對(duì)話后有一個(gè)小題,從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。聽完每段對(duì)話后，你都有10秒鐘的時(shí)間來回答有關(guān)小題和閱讀下一小題。每段對(duì)話僅讀一遍。1．（2023·浙江·校聯(lián)考）Howmuchshouldthemanpay?A．$30. B．$75. C．$902．（2023上·江蘇校聯(lián)考考試）Whoisthemanprobablytalkingto?A．Ashopassistant. B．Hiswife. C．Hisco-worker.3．（2023上·江蘇·校聯(lián)考）Wheredidthewomango?A．Theoffice. B．Thedoctor’s. C．Therailwaystation.4．（2023上·浙江校聯(lián)考）Whendoestheconversationtakeplace?A．OnFriday. B．OnSaturday. C．OnSunday.5．（2023上·江蘇校聯(lián)考）Whatarethespeakersmainlydiscussing?A．Thewoman’sphoto. B．Ascenicspot. C．ATVdrama.第二節(jié)聽下面5段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白。每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白后有幾個(gè)小題,從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。聽每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白前,你將有時(shí)間閱讀各個(gè)小題,每小題5秒鐘；聽完后，各小題將給出5秒鐘的作答時(shí)間。每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白讀兩遍。（2023上·浙江·高三臺(tái)州中學(xué)校聯(lián)考期中）聽下面一段長(zhǎng)對(duì)話，回答小題。6．Howwillthespeakersgodowntown?A．Bybike. B．Bybus. C．Bytaxi.7．Whatisthewomangoingtodo?A．Withdrawsomemoney. B．Chargeherphone. C．Checkthebusroutes.（2023上·浙江·高三浙江省杭州第二中學(xué)校聯(lián)考階段練習(xí)）聽下面一段較長(zhǎng)對(duì)話，回答以下小題。8．Howdoesthewomanfeelnow?A．Excited. B．Upset. C．Angry9．Whatdidthewomandowell?A．Drivinguphill. B．Makingturns. C．Parking10．Whydidthewomanhitacar?A．Shefailedtousethehandbrake. B．Shedidn’tturnherhead. C．Shedrovetoofast.（2023上·安徽·高三校聯(lián)考階段練習(xí)）聽下面一段獨(dú)白，回答以下小題。11．Whyisthebaobab’strunkreallyfat?A．Itisshapedbypeople.B．Itstoresalargequantityofwater.C．Itmustbestrongenoughtosupportthetree.12．Whatisthefullheightofabaobab?A．About12metre.B．About15metre.C．About30metre.13．Whatarebaobabsoftenusedasnowadays?A．Shops.B．Wildlifehabitats.C．Busshelters（2023上·湖北·校聯(lián)考階段練習(xí)）聽下面一段較長(zhǎng)對(duì)話，回答以下小題。14．Whydoesthewomanetoseetheman?A．Toaskforhelp. B．Toinvitethemanfordinner.C．Toreturnabook.15．Howisthebookaccordingtothewoman?A．Boring. B．Justsoso. C．Interesting.16．Wheredoestheconversationtakeplaceprobably?A．Atthedoor. B．Inthelibrary. C．Intheshop.17．Whatwillthewomandonext?A．Talkwiththeman. B．Buysomefood. C．Givethemanalift.（2023·浙江省麗水中學(xué)校聯(lián)考二模）聽下面一段較長(zhǎng)對(duì)話，回答以下小題。18．Wherearethespeakers?A．Atatravelagency. B．Atatrainstation. C．Atschool.19．WhatisthemostconvenientwaytotravelaroundEurope?A．Bycar. B．Byplane. C．Bytrain.20．Whichcountryarethetwospeakersbothgoingtovisit?A．Italy. B．Germany. C．France.第二部分

閱讀（共兩節(jié)，滿分50分）第一節(jié)

（共15小題；每小題2.5分，滿分37.5分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。A【江蘇省決勝新高考20232024學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期12月大聯(lián)考】WeTheCuriousFormerlyknownasAtBristol,thisharboursidesciencemuseumrelaunchedin2017asWeTheCurioustobetterreflectitsmissiontogetkidstoaskquestionsandengageinscience,technology,engineering,andmathematics(Stemsubjects)increativeways.BestthingsaboutitMykidsdon’tshyawayfromtellingmeiftheythinkamuseumisboringbutheretheyweretoobusyrushingfromonehandsonexhibittothenexttohaveanysuchplaint.Theydressedupasbeestocatchpollen(花粉)madecheese,watchediceform,weighedhumanbrainsandstretchedoutstripsofDNAtoparethegeneticsequence(基因序列)ofamonkeyandanarmadillo.Valueformoney?GiventhatthesciencemuseumsinLondon,ManchesterandNewcastlearefree,itdoesjar(不一致)havingtopay￡14.50foradultsand￡9.50forkids(aged3—15)togetin.Kidsunder3arefree.Ididhavetopushthemoutthedoorattheendoftheday.Weekson,theystillreferbacktothingstheylearntthere.GettingthereWeTheCuriousisneartheNationalCycleNetwork(routes3,4,and33).Themuseumhaslotsofbicycleparking.Alternatively,it’sa10minutewalkfromBristolTempleMeadsrailwaystationorafiveminutetaxirideor17minuteferryride.Ifdriving,followtheWeTheCuriousbrownsignsandparkattheMillenniumSquarecarparkforfree.OpeninghoursMondaytoFriday10am—5pm,10am6pmatweekendsandBristolschoolholidays;closed24—26December.21.WhathighlightsWeTheCurious?A.Alongandsplendidhistory. B.Mentalhealthsupportforchildren.C.Educationalandfunactivities. D.Ahandsonproductsexhibition.22.Howmuchwouldacouplewiththeir5yearoldtwinsonspayforadmission?A.￡29. B.￡33.5. C.￡38.5. D.￡48.23.Whatdowelearnfromthepassage?A.Itchargesparkingfees. B.Itopensallyearround.C.Itisconvenientlylocated. D.Itoffersmanytypesofbikes.B【Z20名校聯(lián)盟(浙江省名校新高考研究聯(lián)盟)20232024學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期第一次聯(lián)考】Havingspentmorethanadecadeonthedancefloor,ROME—NiccoloFilippi,a23yearoldItaliandanceperformer,recentlydecidedtoexploreChinesecultureanditstraditionaldanceformsandbelievesthatthisexperiencewillnotonlyboosthiscareer,butalsobroadenhishorizonsbeyondtheworldofdance.HisinterestindiversifyinghisskillsgrewafterhestumbleduponashortvideooftraditionalChinesestyleddanceonYouTube."Isawitasanartthatbinestraditionandmodernity,whichwasmostlythereasonwhyIlikedit,"saysFilippi.Eversince,hehasbeencloselyfollowingChinesedanceperformersandwatchingnumerousvideostolearnmoreaboutthetraditionalstylethatheadmires."Ipreferthetraditionalstylebecauseofitslightmovements.Italsoreflectsmypersonalitywithelegance,"headds.Filippi'schancecamewhenhewasinvitedtoperformforaChineseNewYearcelebrationinthecentralItaliancityofFlorence.Hehassincefullymittedhimselftotheartform,learningseveralpiecesandputtinghisnewfoundpassionintopractice."ThebiggestdifferencethatIfound（paredtootherdisciplines）isthechangeofmoodandemotionalexpressionsamongdances,"saysFilippi,addingthatheneededtoshiftfromthedynamicmovesofhiphoptothegracefulandfluidmovementsofChinesedance.Despitevariousobstacles,Filippi'seffortshavenotgoneunnoticed.Twoofhisfriendssharedvideosofhisperformancesonsocialmedia,andtheresponsewasoverwhelming.Onevideogarnered500,000views,whiletheotherreceived200,000views.Filippibelievesthatlearningaboutdifferentculturesispriceless,andheseesitasameansofpersonalgrowth."Iliketothinkofapersonasabook,"hesays."Embracingdifferenttraditionsandcultures,suchasChinesecultureandmanyothers,islikeaddingnewchapterstomybook,makingitmorediverseandwonderful."24.WhatisthemainreasonwhyFilippifallsinlovewithtraditionalChinesedance?A.Itspotentialtoboosthiscareer. B.Itsmixoftraditionalandmodernelements.C.Itsgracefulandlightmovements. D.Itstruereflectionofhiselegantpersonality.25.HowdoestheauthorillustratethepopularityofFilippi'svideos?A.Bylistingnumbers. B.Bygivinganexample.C.Bysharingastory. D.Bymakingaparison.26.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?A.Filippithinkslittleoflearningfromothercultures.B.Peopleprefertowritedowntheirpastexperiences.C.Acceptingvariousculturesboostspersonalgrowth.D.Abookwithchaptersontraditionsismorewonderful.27.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.Chinesestyleddancevideosgoviralonsocialmedia.B.AnItalian'sdancejourneytowardsspecializationstarts.C.Filippi'sdesireforChinesecultureextendsbeyonddance.D.AnItaliandancershowspassionforChinesestyleddance.C【浙江省湖州麗水衢州三市20232024學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期11月期中教學(xué)質(zhì)量檢測(cè)】Sometalkofbuildingsettlementsonthemoonormarstohelpmakesurehumanitysurviveslongintothefuture.Othershavetheirsightssetclosertohome:onfuturecitiesundertheocean.“Technologicallyspeaking,itisabsolutelypossibletocolonizethebottomofthesea,”saysFabienCousteau,awellknownoceanexplorerwhooncespent31dayslivinginwhatisnowtheworld’sonlyfunctioningunderseahabitat,Aquarius.It’saboutthesizeofaschoolbusandlocated62feetbelowtheoceansurfaceofftheFloridaKeys.Justasastronautstestwhatitwouldbeliketoliveinspace,aquanautstryoutundersealivingwithaneyeonthefuture.Escapingfromdisasterssuchasclimatechange,wars,orpandemicsisonereasontoliveunderthesea.Othersincludestudying,exploring,orappreciatingtheocean.It’scostlyandexpensivetoconstantlykeepupanoceanhabitatwhichmustpumpinormakeitsownair,electricity,andfreshwater.Inhabitantshavetodealwithhighpressure.Andinfectionscandeveloprapidlyduetohighhumidity.Despitethechallenges,severalnewoceanhabitatsandcitiesareunderconstruction.AseriesofspacestationlikeundersealivingquartersforaquanautscalledProteusarescheduledtobepletedby2025offCuracao,anislandnorthofVenezuelainSouthAmerica.AnunderseacolonycalledVenBaseAlphawillbebuiltnearahydrothermalvent,whichwouldsupplyitwithenergy.Meanwhile,anunderseacitycalledOceanSpiralinJapanwouldlinkitssurfacetothedeepsea,usingthedifferenceinpressuretogenerateenergyandproducefreshwater.Thissoundsamazing,butitwouldbeextremelyexpensiveandremainsjustadesign.Noteveryoneagreesthatbuildinghomesintheoceanisagoodidea.Thistypeofdevelopmentcouldplaceevenmorestrainonecosystemsthatarealreadystrugglingwithpollutionandclimatechange.It’simportanttomakesurethatanyconstructionisdonecarefully,saysSusanneMendenDeuer,anoceanographerattheUniversityofRhodeIsland.Wildunderseahabitatsshouldbetreatedas“theprecious,irreplaceableresourcethattheyare,”shesays.28.WhatdoweknowaboutAquarius?A.Itisstillunderconstruction.B.Itfunctionsasanunderseaschoolbus.C.Itistheonlyoceanhabitatinoperation.D.Itonlyallowsapersontolivetherefor31days.29.Whatisparagraph3mainlyabout?A.Thepresentandfutureoflivingunderthesea.B.Thereasonsandchallengesoflivingunderthesea.C.Thepurposeandcostofbuildingunderseasettlements.D.Theproblemsandfindingsofbuildingunderseasettlements.30.Whatwouldbetheresultofbuildinghomesintheoceanaccordingtothetext?A.Rapiddevelopmentofunderseahabitats.B.Protectionofirreplaceableoceanresource.C.Negativeimpactsonunderseaecosystems.D.Struggleswithpollutionandclimatechange.31.Whereisthetextmostprobablytakenfrom?A.Atextbook. B.Anexampaper. C.Anacademicarticle. D.Asciencemagazine.D【2024屆江蘇省百校大聯(lián)考高三上學(xué)期第二次考試】Wemayweepforthedodo,butcouldandshouldwebringthislovelybirdbackfromthedead?Deextinctionisthescienceofrestoringlostspeciesandithasbeeninthenewsfordecades.Thestoryinmoderntimesbeganin1990whenMichaelCrichtonpublishedhissciencefictionnovelJurassicPark,inwhichheimaginedaworldwherescientistswereabletobringdinosaursbacktolife.Crichtonimaginedthatpolymerasechainreaction(PCR)technologycouldbeawaytoamplify(放大)tinyquantitiesofdinosaurDNAandthusbuildalivingembryo.Sadly,biologistssoonrealizedthatDNAinfactbreaksdownsuperfast;evenafter100years,DNAfrommuseumskinsofdodoswasdecayed(腐爛)beyondrepair.Theycouldbesequenced(測(cè)定序列)usingmassiveputationalpower,butthenonlywithconsiderableuncertainty.AndevenifyoucaptureaDNAsequence,there’sstilltheproblemofhowyougetlivingcellstoreadthatsequenceandexpressproteinsthatmakethedinosaurorthedodo.Butwhywouldanyonewanttoseemammoths,orsomethinglikethem,roaming(漫游)presentdaySiberia?Well,theywereundoubtedlyamazingbeasts.Aswellashuntingthem,ourdistantancestorspaintedtheirlikenessesincavesacrossEurope.Fascinatingastheymaybe,there'ssomeecologicaljustificationfortheprojecttoo.Itwasthisdiversityoflandsurface,brokenupbyheavylimbsandrandomlyfertilisedbyfaeces(排泄物),thatsupportedsomuchflora(植物群).Withoutthemammoths,thatdiversitydisappeared.Returnthemandlandscapeswouldonceagainbewithavarietyofspecies,includingflowersandbushes.True,it’snotdeextinctioninthesenseofbringingalongdeadspeciesbacktolife.Insteadit’smorelikemakinga“dodo”byengineeringamodernpigeon,itsclosestrelative,tobeehugeandflightless.Theresultwouldbeabig,fattypigeonthat,whetheritlookedlikeadodoornot,wouldprobablyfulfilsomeofitsecologicalroles.Asapalaeontologist,Iwouldofcourselovetoseelivingdinosaurs,mammothsanddodos.Insomeways,though,Iamrelievedthattheoptimisticclaimsforcloningandgenetictechnologieshavenotbeenborneout.Theslowdowngivesustimetoconsidertheoutes—andhopefullyavoidsomeofMichaelCrichton’smorefeveredimaginings.32.Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?A.Asciencefictionreview. B.ThedevelopmentofDNA.C.Aninspiredguessofdeextinction. D.TheapplicationofPCRtechnology.33.What’sthebarriertocloningalivingembryo?A.DNAishardtokeepforlong. B.putationalpowerislimited.C.Biologistsareopposedtoit. D.Livingcellscantbesequenced.34.Whyarepeopleinterestedincloningextinctspecies?A.Theyexpecttoseekhuntfun. B.Theylacksourcesofmodernart.C.Theyneedthemforresearch. D.Theywanttoseebiodiversity.35.What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardcloningextinctspecies?A.Cautious. B.Unclear. C.Dismissive. D.Approving.第二節(jié)

（共5小題；每小題2.5分，滿分12.5分）根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容,從短文后的選項(xiàng)中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)?！菊憬⌒玛嚨亟逃?lián)盟20232024學(xué)年高三第二次聯(lián)考】Adaptationsarecurrentlypopularinthemovieindustry.We’reallfamiliarwithfilmadaptationsofbooks.____36____Bookadaptationsoffilmsaren’tthatmon,butit’samediumthatcertainlytakesskillstomaster.Themostwellknownversionofafilmbeingadaptedtobooksisviathenovelisation(小說化).Movienovelisationswentthroughaboomperiodbeforetheinternetera.Fanswantedtoknowmoreaboutthefictionalworldsandexperiencethestoryagaininanewway.____37____Thus,thenovelisationwasagreatsolution.Meanwhile,thescreentopageprocesshasalsoopenedupthepossibilityofsequels(續(xù)篇).Perhapstheresimplywasn’tfinancialinvestmenttocreateafollowuptoafilm.Maybeasequelideasimplyfeltmoreappropriateforanovel.____38____Inrecentyearsforexample,thefilmHeat,releasedin1995hasreceiveditsownnovel.ET:TheBookoftheGreenPlanetcontinuedtheextraterrestrial’sjourneyafterthepletionofthefilm’snarrative.Butwhatarethebenefitsofreadinganovelinsteadofwaitingforthebigscreenversion?Well,anovelcantakeitsreaderdeeperintothemindofthecharactersthatthefilmhadtorepresentinamorevisualway.____39____Althoughafilmmightcharacterizeafantasticsceneoraspecificcostumechoice,itdoesn’talwaystellwhythosethingsareimportant.Novelisationsandsequelscantakethatextrastepandshinealightonsomeofthosemoviemakingchoices.Bookadaptationsoffilmsobviouslywon’teverreplacecinema,andthere’snoneedtochooseoneortheother.____40____A.Butwhataboutbookadaptationsoffilms?B.Besides,descriptionscanbemoredetailedtoo.C.Foratime,theywereeverythingforcinemalovers.D.Filmsbeingadaptedtobookshasbeentalkedrepeatedly.E.Buttheycouldn’tsimplygoogleit,orimmediatelypurchasetheproductionontape.F.Regardless,someterrificfilmshavebeenexpandeduponthankstothismedium.G.Actually,thesetwomediumsareconsiderablyinterdependentandplementary.第三部分

語言運(yùn)用（共兩節(jié)，滿分30分）第一節(jié)（共15小題；每小題1分，滿分15分）閱讀下面短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)?！?T8聯(lián)考)八省八校2024屆高三第一次學(xué)業(yè)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)英語試題】Jenisa39yearoldmunitydancerwithDown'sSyndrome(唐氏綜合征).SheisthefounderofDanceSyndrome,anonprofitorganizationthatbringstogether41dancersandmakethemfeelequaltoeveryone.Dancinghasalwaysbeeninherveins.Asayounggirl,Jenseizedeveryopportunitytodancewithfull42bothinthemorningandduringher10minutesof43beforebedtime.Thedynamicworkoutwouldkeepher44alldaylong.Lifehasn'tbeenstraightforwardforJen.Shewas45byanumberofdanceclubsinprimaryschoolandencounterednumerous46whilepursuingherpassionfordance.Despitethesechallenges,herambitiontoshareherlovefordanceand47disabledindividualsintheartgrewstronger.Afterleavingschoolat18,Jenspentover10yearssearching48foropportunitiestobetrainedasadanceleader.Eventually,shehadtogiveupanddecidedtotryherownway,notknowingwhereitmightlead!Despitethe49,DanceSyndromewasestablishedin2009.Jenandherfellowdisableddanceleaderstook50ofthecharitableorganization,workingalongsidenondisableddanceartistswhohelpedthemworkmoreprofessionally.Overthedecade,DanceSyndromehas51thousandsofdisableddancers,cultivatinganenvironmentwhereeverypersonisrecognizedasequal,52andacceptedforwhotheyare.Theyear2019witnessedJen53forthethirdtimeasamemberofShawTrust'sDisabilityPower100.Sheisalivingproofthat54canefromunexpectedplacesandthardisabledindividualscan55societyinextraordinaryways.41.A.confusingB.disabledC.talentedD.clumsy42.A.energyB.fearC.speedD.courage43.A.concentrationB.imaginationC.relaxationD.celebration44.A.exhaustedB.astonishedC.motivatedD.refreshed45.A.heldbackB.leftaloneC.lookedafterD.turneddown46.A.consequencesB.barriersC.friendsD.experiences47.A.discoverB.employC.engageD.entertain48.A.inparticularB.inreturnC.invainD.inadvance49.A.frustrationB.progressC.curiosityD.uncertainty50.A.possessionB.chargeC.advantageD.control51.A.supportedB.praisedC.paidD.added52.A.valuedB.enviedC.unitedD.rewarded53.A.regardedB.listedC.interviewedD.expected54.A.inspirationB.friendshipC.teamworkD.leadership55.A.contributetoB.adapttoC.belongtoD.liveupto第二節(jié)

（共10小題；每小題1.5分，滿分15分）閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入1個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。【“天一大聯(lián)考●皖豫名校聯(lián)盟”2024屆高三第一次大聯(lián)考英語試題】Knownastheroofoftheworld,theTibetAutonomousRegionhaswitnessedsteadyprogressineconomicand56(society)development.Topromote57(it)splendidnaturalsceneryandrichculturalheritage,585thChinaXizangTourismandCultureExpowasheldfromJune16to18inLhasa,thecapitalcityofTibetandwasattendedby612paniesfromhomeandabroad.XizangisthenameofTibetinChinese.“Thisinternationaltourismandculturalexpoaimstobuildaprofessionalandinternationalexhibitionplatformtoshowcasethe59(beautiful)ofTibet'secology,culture,historyandthenewachievementsofsocialismmodernizationoftheregion,”HuHeping,ministerofcultureandtourism,saidwhenaddressingtheopeningceremonyoftheexpo.60(host)bytheMinistryofCultureandTourismandthegovernmentofTibetAutonomousRegion,variousactivities61(launch)includingakeynoteforumandatourismmarketingpromotionconference.Attheevent,sixsceniccountiesMarkham,Bomi,Metog,Tsona,DingriandBurang—werehighlighted,offeringadiverserangeofnatural62(wonder)intheregion,suchassnowcappedmountains,vastgrasslands,deserts,lakesandglaciers.AllarealongthenationalhighwayG219,the63(long)suchrouteinthecountry,64coversmorethan10,000kilometers.Tibetweled288.4millionvisitorsfromallovertheworldfrom2012to2022,65(generate)tourismrevenueofnearly375.3billionyuan.第四部分：寫作（共兩節(jié)，滿分40分）第一節(jié)（滿分15分）【浙江省教改共同體20232024學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期1月聯(lián)考】假定你是李華，你校要舉行手工藝品（handicraft）制作大賽。請(qǐng)給你校交換生David寫封郵件，邀請(qǐng)他參加。內(nèi)容包括：1.邀請(qǐng)參加；2.活動(dòng)意義；3.參賽要求。注意：1.寫作詞數(shù)應(yīng)為80左右；2.請(qǐng)按如下格式在答題卡的相應(yīng)位置作答。DearDavid,_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________