計(jì)算機(jī)英語(yǔ)教案2010

Unit1ComputerandComputerScience

SectionAComputerOverview

Review:

電子設(shè)備、指令、數(shù)值數(shù)據(jù)、數(shù)據(jù)的存儲(chǔ)和處理、

事務(wù)（處理）、自動(dòng)化、

數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)、數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)、穿孔卡片、編譯

data：datum（單數(shù)）

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

?analyticalengine：分析機(jī)，analyze,analysis；

searchengine

?workout：可以解決、設(shè)計(jì)出、作出、計(jì)算出、

消耗完

?principle：原理，principlesofmicrocomputer

?differenceengine：差分機(jī)，differential：微分，

微分的

?handle/dealwith/process/perform/carryout/

?inputstream：input/output；filestream

?store：存儲(chǔ)，商店；mill：碾磨、磨房，工廠

?printer：permanentrecord,permanent/temporary

?analog/analoguecomputervsdigitalcomputer

?evaluate：評(píng)價(jià)，估計(jì)，求值，evaluation

?course：過(guò)程,經(jīng)過(guò),進(jìn)程,方針,路線,跑道,課程,

一道菜；追獵，急行，運(yùn)行，流動(dòng)

?electronicdigitalcomputer

?incorporate:合并，混合，組成公司；合并的，

一體化的

?vacuumtube

?cipher：密碼，用密碼書(shū)寫(xiě)；encipher：把...譯成

密碼；code,encode

?prototype

?integrator；integrate：使成整體，使一體化，求…

的積分，結(jié)合；integrated

?patent：專禾

?processor：處理器，microprocessor,process,

?programstorage：程序存儲(chǔ)器

?memory：內(nèi)存；vsstorage：外存，或者指二

者，存儲(chǔ)器

?paper-tapereader

?transistor

?versatilelogicalelement：通用邏輯元件

?second-generationcomputer

?integratedcircuits,IC

?microprocessor,chip,microchip,

microcomputer,minicomputer

?large-scaleintegratedcircuit,LSI;verylarge-scale

integratedcircuit,VLSI

?toreturn：【插入語(yǔ)】，言歸正傳

?switching：開(kāi)關(guān)、轉(zhuǎn)換、交換、配電、配單系

統(tǒng)、整流

?switch：開(kāi)關(guān)、電閘；轉(zhuǎn)換（n/v）；交換機(jī)

?cycle：周期、循環(huán)

?graphics：圖形，圖形學(xué)

?symbol：符號(hào)、標(biāo)識(shí)、象征

?binary>decimal、hex十六進(jìn)制、hexadecimal+

六進(jìn)制的、octal八進(jìn)制的；bit>byte

review:

穿孔卡片、分析機(jī)、搜索引擎、輸入流、模擬計(jì)算

機(jī)、真空管、晶體管、集成電路、大規(guī)模集成電路、

超大規(guī)模集成電路、內(nèi)存、通用邏輯元件、微處理

器、微芯片、二進(jìn)制、計(jì)算機(jī)圖形學(xué)

?instructionset：指令集合

00000000000000000000

Q：Giveadescriptionofhistoryofcomputer/

computer'sdevelopmentfromthehistoricalpointof

view

oooooooooooooooooooo

?regardlessof：不管、不顧、不注意

?performance：性能

?microcomputer

(desktop/laptop/notebook/palmtop、

workstation/server)、minicomputer、

mainframe、supercomputer

?CPU：centralprocessingunit中央處理器

?Input/outputdevices：peripheraldevices/external

devices：輸入輸出設(shè)備、外圍設(shè)備

?Memorystoragedevices：存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備

?Bus：總線

ooooooooooooooo

QI:Howmanytypesofmoderncomputers/classify

themoderncomputers

Q2:Whataretheelementscomposingacomputer

system?

oooooooooooooooo

?specialized/dedicatedcomputer：專用計(jì)算機(jī)

?general-purposecomputer：通用計(jì)算機(jī)

?ROM:read-onlymemory;RAM:randomaccess

memory

?embeddedsystem>embeddedcomputersystem：

嵌入式

?built-in：內(nèi)置的，內(nèi)部的

?applicationprogram：應(yīng)用程序

ooooooooooooooooo

?microminiaturization：微小型化，超小型化

?superconductivity：超導(dǎo)性

?effort：努力；盡力；成果

?merit：優(yōu)點(diǎn)，價(jià)值，功績(jī)；值得，應(yīng)得

?AI:artificialintelligence：人工智能

Artificialintelligence(AI)istheintelligenceof

machinesandthebranchofcomputersciencethat

aimstocreateit.Textbooksdefinethefieldas"the

studyanddesignofintelligentagents."wherean

intelligentagentisasystemthatperceivesits

environmentandtakesactionsthatmaximizeits

chancesofsuccess.JohnMcCarthy,whocoinedthe

termin1956,definesitas"thescienceandengineering

ofmakingintelligentmachines."

?Parallel-processingcomputing:并行處理計(jì)算，

manychipstoperformseveraldifferenttasksat

thesametime.

?Distributedcomputing/Distributedandparallel

computing/grid/cloudcomputing：分布式計(jì)算、

分布式和并行計(jì)算、網(wǎng)格、云計(jì)算

?neuralnetwork:神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)：mimicsthearchitecture

ofthenervoussystem.

?Architecture：體系結(jié)構(gòu)

?Networking：聯(lián)網(wǎng)

?Internet/computernetworks/communicationsystem

?Cable：電纜。Sometypesoftransmissionmedia

includingtwistedpair,coaxialcableandoptical

fiber,whichareusedinwiretransmission.Others

suchaslightandradiowavesareusedforwireless

network：雙絞線、同軸電纜、光纖

?Opticalcomputer：光計(jì)算機(jī)

?Pulse：脈沖

OOOOOOOOOOO

Q:talkaboutsth.aboutthefuturedevelopmentof

computer

ooooooooooooooooooooooo

oooo

ExerciseII

1.artificialintelligence人工智能

2.paper-tapereader名氏帶閱讀器

3.opticalcomputer光計(jì)算機(jī)

4.neuralnetwork神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)

5.instructionset指令集

6.parallelprocessing并行處理

7.differenceengine差分機(jī)

8.versatilelogicalelement通用邏輯元件

9.siliconsubstrate硅襯底

10.vacuumtube真空管

11.數(shù)據(jù)的存儲(chǔ)與處理thestorageandhandlingof

data

12.超大規(guī)模集成電路verylarge-scaleintegrated

circuit

13.中央處理器centralprocessingunit

14.個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)personalcomputer

15.模擬計(jì)算機(jī)analoguecomputer

16.數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)digitalcomputer

17.通用計(jì)算機(jī)general-purposecomputer

18.處理器芯片processorchip

19.操作指令operatinginstructions

20.輸入設(shè)備inputdevice

ExerciseIV

?Speechrecognition:語(yǔ)音識(shí)另U

?Virtualreality：虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)：Virtualreality(VR)is

acomputer-simulatedenvironment,whetherthat

environmentisasimulationoftherealworldoran

imaginaryworld.Mostcurrentvirtualreality

environmentsareprimarilyvisualexperiences,

displayedeitheronacomputerscreenorthrough

specialorstereoscopic(有立體感的)displays,

butsomesimulationsincludeadditionalsensory

information,suchassoundthroughspeakersor

headphones.

?Contributeto：捐獻(xiàn)，有助于

?interface：接口、界面

?Organism：生物體，有機(jī)體

?DNA：deoxyribonucleicoxid：脫氧核糖核核酸

?Heredity：遺傳

?Platform：平臺(tái)

?Strictly：嚴(yán)格地，確實(shí)地

?Investigate：調(diào)查、審查、研究

Review:

微機(jī)、個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)、臺(tái)式機(jī)、便攜式計(jì)算機(jī)、掌上

電腦、服務(wù)器、工作站、小型機(jī)、大型機(jī)、超級(jí)計(jì)

算機(jī)、中央處理器、輸入輸出設(shè)備、總線、存儲(chǔ)設(shè)

備、通用計(jì)算機(jī)、專用計(jì)算機(jī)、嵌入式系統(tǒng)、應(yīng)用

程序、人工智能、并行處理計(jì)算、神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)、分布

式系統(tǒng)、語(yǔ)音識(shí)別、虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)、接口、平臺(tái)

SectionBWhatIsComputerScience

I.Introduction

ComputerScienceisthestudyofthetheory,

experimentation,anengineeringthatformthebasisfor

thedesignanduseofcomputer.

?Experimentation:實(shí)驗(yàn),試驗(yàn)，實(shí)驗(yàn)法

?Engineering:工程（學(xué)）：softwareengineering:軟件

工程

?Programmablemechanicalcalculator：可編程的機(jī)

械計(jì)算器

?Distinguish:區(qū)別，辨別

?Discipline:紀(jì)律，學(xué)科；訓(xùn)練

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

Q：HowtodefinethedisciplineofComputerScience?

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

II.Thedevelopmentofcomputerscience

?Focuson：集中

?Theory,theoreticalmodel：理論模型

?efficient/efficiency：有效率的、效率

?numericalanalysis：數(shù)值分析

?accuracyandprecisionofcalculation：計(jì)算的準(zhǔn)確

性和精確性

?programminglanguage：編程語(yǔ)言artificial

language

?operatingsystem：操作系統(tǒng)

?interface：接口、界面

?application：應(yīng)用，應(yīng)用程序，應(yīng)用軟件

?explore：探險(xiǎn),探測(cè)，探究

?thought：思考,想法，思想，思潮,關(guān)心,關(guān)懷,掛念

?resultin:導(dǎo)致

?explosion:爆發(fā)，發(fā)出,爆炸,

?inaneffortto:inorderto+努力的意思，為了

?drive：駕車,驅(qū)動(dòng)器，快車道,推進(jìn)力，驅(qū)使，動(dòng)力,

干勁，擊球；driver：驅(qū)動(dòng)程序

?frontier：邊界；邊境，新領(lǐng)域

?pioneer：開(kāi)拓；為…開(kāi)路；作先驅(qū)者

?complex,reliable,powerful

?behave：舉動(dòng)，舉止,運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，行為表現(xiàn)

?becomeanincreasinglyintegralpartof:日益成為

基本組成部分

?underlie：位于…之下,成為…的基礎(chǔ)

?specific：詳細(xì)而精確的，明確的,特殊的，特效的,

III.Theoryandexperiment

?Engineer：工程師；設(shè)計(jì)，策劃

?Theory-driven：理論驅(qū)動(dòng)

?Softwareengineering：軟件工程

Review：

軟件工程、數(shù)值分析、編程語(yǔ)言、操作系統(tǒng)、接口、

應(yīng)用程序、驅(qū)動(dòng)程序

IVMajorbranchesofcomputerscience

?Softwaredevelopment：軟件開(kāi)發(fā)

?Computerarchitecture:計(jì)算機(jī)體系結(jié)構(gòu)

?Human-computerinterfacing：人機(jī)接口

?Artificialintelligence：人工智能

1.Softwaredevelopment

?Programminglanguage:編程語(yǔ)言

?Algorithm：算法：Inmathematics,computer

science,andrelatedsubjects,analgorithmisan

effectivemethodforsolvingaproblemusinga

finitesequenceofinstructions.Algorithmsareused

forcalculation,dataprocessing,andmanyother

fields

?Retrieve:檢索，retrieval:檢索（名詞）

?forthesakeof:為了…起見(jiàn)

?feature：特征，characteristic,property

?facilitate：使容易，使便利,推動(dòng),幫助,使容易，促

進(jìn)

?reliable：可靠的，reliability：可靠性

?robust：健壯的，robustness：健壯性

?softwarelifecycle：生命周期

?specification(specs)：規(guī)格

?testing：測(cè)試，Softwaretestingisan

investigationconductedtoprovidestakeholders

withinformationaboutthequalityoftheproductor

serviceundertest.

?programmaintenance:程序維護(hù)

?programmingenvironment:編程環(huán)境；

IDE=integrateddevelopmentenvironment:集成開(kāi)

發(fā)環(huán)境/IDE=IntegratedDeviceElectronics,

集成設(shè)備電路

2.Computerarchitecture

?computerarchitecture：Incomputerscience,

computerarchitectureordigitalcomputer

organizationistheconceptualdesignand

fundamentaloperationalstructureofacomputer

system.

?Architect：建筑師，設(shè)計(jì)師;締造者；創(chuàng)造者

?Imageprocessing：圖像處理

?Signalprocessing：信號(hào)處理

?Mechanical：機(jī)械的，mechanism：機(jī)缶I

?Optimization：優(yōu)化，optimize

3.Artificialintelligence

?machinelearning：機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)。Machinelearning

isascientificdisciplinethatisconcernedwiththe

designanddevelopmentofalgorithmsthatallow

computerstoevolvebehaviorsbasedonempirical

data,suchasfromsensordataordatabases.Amajor

focusofmachinelearningresearchisto

automaticallylearntorecognizecomplexpatterns

andmakeintelligentdecisionsbasedondata

?inference：推理。Inferenceistheprocessof

drawingaconclusionbyapplyingclues(oflogic,

statisticsetc.)toobservationsorhypotheses;orby

interpolatingthenextlogicalstepinanintuited

pattern.

?cognition：認(rèn)知

?knowledgerepresentation：知識(shí)表示

?problemsolving：?jiǎn)栴}解決

?case-basedreasoning：基于事例的推理

?naturallanguageunderstanding：自然語(yǔ)言理解

?speechrecognition：語(yǔ)音識(shí)另ll

?computervision：計(jì)算機(jī)視覺(jué)

?artificialneuralnetwork：人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)

4.Robotics

?modeling:建模

?planning：規(guī)戈U,intelligentplanning：智'能規(guī)戈

?sensor：傳感器，sensornetwork

?feedback：反饋

?adaptability：可適應(yīng)性，adapt,adaptable

5.Human-computerinterfacing

?correspondto：對(duì)應(yīng)

?experimentalevaluation：實(shí)驗(yàn)評(píng)價(jià)

?effectiveness：有效性

?three-dimensional:3D

?visualization:可視化，visual：看的，視覺(jué)的,形象

的，栩栩如生的，visualize：形象，形象化

V.Connectionofcomputersciencetootherdisciplines

?datastructure：數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)

1.artificialneuralnetwork人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)

2.computerarchitecture計(jì)算機(jī)體系結(jié)構(gòu)

3.robustcomputerprogram健壯的計(jì)算機(jī)程序

4.human-computerinterface人機(jī)接口

5.knowledgerepresentation知識(shí)表示

6.數(shù)值分析numericalanalysis

7.程序設(shè)計(jì)環(huán)境programmingenvironment

8.數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)datastructure

9.存儲(chǔ)和檢索信息storeandretrieveinformation

10.虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)virtualreality

KeywordsofsectionC

?handheld(pl8)：手持式計(jì)算機(jī)、掌上電腦，

palmtop

?mobile：移動(dòng)的，windowsmobile2003：用于移

動(dòng)設(shè)備的windows操作系統(tǒng)。

?easeofuse(pl9)：易用性

?compatibility：兼容性，incompatibility

?multimedia：多媒體

?launchprogram：?jiǎn)?dòng)程序

?icon：圖標(biāo)

?handwriting-recognition(p20)：手寫(xiě)體識(shí)別

?characterset：字符集

?datafield(p21)：數(shù)據(jù)字段、數(shù)據(jù)域

?sync：synchronization(p22)：同步

?module：模塊

?utility(p23)：實(shí)用程序

?client：客戶程序；client/server：客戶/服務(wù)器

?attachment(p24)：附件

?webpage：網(wǎng)頁(yè)

?browser：瀏覽器

?retrieval：檢索

?spreadsheet(p25)：電子表格

?folder：文件夾

?update：更新，修改

?pixel：像素

?boot(p26)：?jiǎn)?dòng)

1.datafield數(shù)據(jù)字段，數(shù)據(jù)域

2.learningcurve學(xué)習(xí)曲線

3.third-partysolution第三方解決方案

4.WindowsMediaPlayerWindows媒體播放器

5.開(kāi)始按鈕Startbutton

6.指定輸入?yún)^(qū)designatedinputarea

7.手寫(xiě)體識(shí)另ij系統(tǒng)handwriting-recognitionsystem

8.字符集characterset

Unit2ComputerArchitecture

SectionAComputerhardware

?Keywordinthefigure：

Monitor:顯示器、diskdrive：磁盤(pán)驅(qū)動(dòng)器、floppy

disk：軟盤(pán)、laserprinter：激光打印機(jī)、CD-ROM：

CompactDiskread-onlymemory：只讀光盤(pán)（存儲(chǔ)

器）

CD-ROMdrive：光盤(pán)驅(qū)動(dòng)器、keyboard：鍵盤(pán)、

mouse：鼠標(biāo)、modem：調(diào)制解調(diào)器、speaker：揚(yáng)聲

器、喇叭、memory：內(nèi)存

?Computerhardwareistheequipmentinvolvedinthe

functionofacomputerandconsistsofthecomponents

（部件、組件）thatcanbephysicallyhandled.

?Input>output、storage：輸入、輸出、存儲(chǔ)。

?Softwareisthesetofinstructionsacomputerusesto

manipulatedata.

?Transfer:轉(zhuǎn)移，搬遷，調(diào)動(dòng)；倒車

?Interaction:互相影響，互動(dòng)，交互

?BIOS：basicinput/outputsystem,基本輸入輸出系

統(tǒng)

?Firmware:固件

Q:hardware&software

IIInputhardware

?Inputhardwareconsistsofexternaldevices,

componentsoutsideofthecomputer'sCPU,that

provideinformationandinstructionstothecomputer.

?Lightpen

?Mouse

?Cursor：光標(biāo)pointer

?Joystick:控制桿

?Keyboard

?Touch-sensitive：觸敏的

?Scanner：掃描儀，flatbedscanner平板式掃描儀、

photocopier復(fù)印機(jī)、hand-heldscanner手持式掃描

儀

?Microphone：麥克風(fēng)，speaker：揚(yáng)聲器；喇叭

?Modem：standsformodulator-demodualtor

?Signal：信號(hào)

IIIoutputhardware

?Outputhardwareconsistsofexternaldevicesthat

transferinformationfromthecomputer'sCPUtothe

computeruser.

?Videodisplay：視頻顯示器、CRT(cathoderaytube),

陰極射線管LCD(liquidcrystaldisplay),液晶顯示器

CRT-basedscreen,LCD-basedscreen

?Printer:dot-matrixprinter（點(diǎn)陣式打印機(jī)）、laser

printer（激光打印機(jī)）、inkjetprinter（噴墨打印

機(jī)）

IVstoragehardware

?Thetwomaintypesostoragedevicesarediskdrives

andmemory.

?Thereareseveraltypesofdiskdrivers:hard,floppy,

magneto-opticalandcompact.

?Harddisk：硬盤(pán)、floppydisk：軟盤(pán)、magneto-

opticaldisk:磁光盤(pán)、compactdisk：光盤(pán)

?RAM（random-accessmemory）：隨機(jī)存儲(chǔ)器、

ROM（read-onlymemory）：只讀存儲(chǔ)器

?Volatilememory,nonvolatilememory：易失性存儲(chǔ)

器、非易失性存儲(chǔ)器

VHardwareConnection

?Bus：總線，addressbus地址總線、databus數(shù)據(jù)總

線，buswidth總線寬度，bandwidth帶寬

?Serialconnection：串行連接、parallelconnection：

并行連接

Figure2A-1：anexampleofthePCmotherboard(主

板)

?Slot：插槽、connector：連接器、連接頭、接口、

port：端口、socket：管套；插座、bank:slot

?PCI:PCI=peripheralcomponentinterconnect：夕卜圍

部件互聯(lián)

?AGP：acceleratedgraphicsport加速圖形端口

?Memorycontrollerhub：內(nèi)存控制集線器、The

northbridge,alsoknownasamemorycontrollerhub

(MCH)oranintegratedmemorycontroller(IMC)in

Intelsystems(AMD,VIA,SiSandothersusuallyuse

'northbridge'),isoneofthetwochipsinthecorelogic

chipsetonaPCmotherboard,theotherbeingthe

southbridge.

?I/Ocontrollerhub:輸入輸出控制集線器：I/O

ControllerHub(ICH),alsoknownasIntel82801,is

anIntelsouthbridgeonmotherboardswithIntel

chipsets(IntelHubArchitecture).Aswithanyother

southbridge,theICHisusedtoconnectandcontrol

peripheraldevices.

?Primary/secondaryIDEconnetctor：主IDE接口/第

二IDE接口

?Floppydisketteconnector=floppydiskconnector

?Powerconnector

?RAMmemorybank：內(nèi)存插槽

?Processor(CPU)socket：處理器插座

?Audioandmicrophoneport：音頻和麥克風(fēng)端口

1.functionkey功能鍵，操作鍵

2.voicerecognitionmodule語(yǔ)音識(shí)另U模塊

3.touch-sensitiveregion觸敏區(qū)

4.addressbus地址總線

5.flatbedscanner平板掃描儀

6.dot-matrixprinter點(diǎn)陣打印機(jī)(針式打印機(jī))

7.parallelconnection并行連接

8.cathoderaytube陰極射線管

9.videogame電子游戲

10.audiosignal音頻信號(hào)

11.操作系統(tǒng)operatingsystem

12.液晶顯示(器)LCD(liquidcrystaldisplay)

13.噴墨打印機(jī)inkjetprinter

14.數(shù)據(jù)總線databus

15.串行連接serialconnection

16.易失性存儲(chǔ)器volatilememory

17.激光打印機(jī)laserprinter

18.磁盤(pán)驅(qū)動(dòng)器diskdrive

19.基本輸入/輸出系統(tǒng)BIOS(BasicInput/Output

System)

20.視頻顯示器videodisplay

REVIEW:

Q:Whatarethecomponentsinacomputersystem?And

whatisthefunctionofeachcomponent?

硬件/軟件/固件、輸入設(shè)備（鍵盤(pán)、鼠標(biāo)、掃描儀/平

板掃描儀/手持掃描儀、調(diào)制解調(diào)器）、輸出設(shè)備

（視頻顯示器/陰極設(shè)線管顯示器/液晶顯示器、打印

機(jī)/點(diǎn)陣打印機(jī)/噴墨打印機(jī)/激光打印機(jī)）、存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備

（輔存auxiliary/secondarystorage/磁盤(pán)驅(qū)動(dòng)器（硬盤(pán)/

軟盤(pán)/光盤(pán)/磁光盤(pán)）、內(nèi)存（隨機(jī)存取存儲(chǔ)器/只讀存

儲(chǔ)器）、總線（地址總線/數(shù)據(jù)總線）、串行連接/并

行連接、端口、插槽、插座、PCLAGP、IDE

Mid-termhomework:TranslatingsomeEnglishmaterials

（documents,papers,chaptersofEnglishbooks,sections

ofourtextbookandothers）relatedwithcomputer

scienceintoChinese.

Requirements:1）about3-4pages.2）deadline:handin

beforethefinaltest.

SectionBcomponentsofanoperatingsystem:shelland

kernel

LTheShellofanOperatingSystem

?Shell:Ashellisapieceofsoftwarethatprovidesan

interfaceforuserstoanoperatingsystemwhich

providesaccesstotheservicesofakernel.Operating

systemshellsgenerallyfallintooneoftwocategories:

command-lineandgraphical.Command-lineshells

provideacommand-lineinterface(CLI)tothe

operatingsystem,whilegraphicalshellsprovidea

graphicaluserinterface(GUI).

?Kernel:Incomputing,thekernelisthecentral

componentofmostcomputeroperatingsystems;itisa

bridgebetweenapplicationsandtheactualdata

processingdoneatthehardwarelevel.

?Compatible:兼容的，compatibility.Incompatible

?Unixshell:ThemostprominentUnixshellsarethe

Bourneshell,whichistheoriginalUnixcommandline

interpreterfbrsystemcontrolandusersessions,and

theCshell,ashellprimarilyusedforinteractiveuser

sessionsinthelineofUnix-derivedoperatingsystems

basedontheBerkeleySoftwareDistribution(BSD).

?Bourneshell(sh)—WrittenbySteveBourne,whileat

BellLabs.FirstdistributedwithVersion7Unix,circa

1978,andenhancedovertheyears.

?Cshell(csh)WrittenbyBillJoy,whileatthe

UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley.Firstdistributed

withBSDin1978

?TheKornshell(ksh)isaUnixshellwhichwas

developedbyDavidKorn(AT&TBellLaboratories)

intheearly1980s.Itisbackwards-compatiblewith

theBourneshellandincludesmanyfeaturesoftheC

shellaswell,suchasacommandhistory,whichwas

inspiredbytherequestsofBellLabsusers.

?Windowsmanager：windowmanagerissystem

softwarethatcontrolstheplacementandappearanceof

windowswithinawindowingsysteminagraphical

userinterface.

?Keeptrackof:記錄；與…保持聯(lián)系

IITheKernelofanOperatingSystem

?Kernel:Incomputing,thekernelisthecentral

componentofmostcomputeroperatingsystems;itisa

bridgebetweenapplicationsandtheactualdata

processingdoneatthehardwarelevel.

?Installation:安裝；設(shè)施;裝置；設(shè)備

Q:Accordingtothefollowingparagraphs,whatarethe

softwarecomponentsthatperformtheverybasic

functionsinOSkernel?

1.FileManager：（FileSystem）

?Filemanager:coordinatetheuseofthemachine's

massstoragefacilities.

?Massstorage:海量存儲(chǔ)器、大容量存儲(chǔ)器

?Facility：設(shè)備；靈巧；容易；設(shè)施

?Record：記錄

?Storagemedium：存儲(chǔ)介質(zhì)，medium（單數(shù)），

media（復(fù)數(shù)）

?Bundle：捆；束

?Directory：目錄，subdirectory

?Hierarchicalorganization：層次結(jié)構(gòu)，hierarchy：

層次，classhierarchy

?Access：存取、訪問(wèn)

?Grant：授予；承認(rèn)；允許；同意

?Openthefile：打開(kāi)文件；create,open,edit,view,

print,play,rename,move,copy,delete,save,

search/find

?Procedure:過(guò)程

?Filedescriptor：文件描述符

?Reference:弓|用

2.DeviceDriver：設(shè)備驅(qū)動(dòng)程序：softwareunitsthat

communicatewiththecontrollerordirectlywith

peripheraldevicestocarryoutoperationsonthe

peripheraldevicesattachedtothemachineo

?Peripheraldevice

?Decoding：解碼

?Statusword：狀態(tài)字

?Handshake：握手，Toestablishaconnection,TCP

usesathree-wayhandshake.

?Customize：定制

?Tailor:

3.MemoryManager：bechargedwiththetaskof

coordinatingthemachine'suseofmainmemory.

?Bechargedwith:充滿;承擔(dān)，被控告

?Multiuser,multitasking：多用戶、多任務(wù)，single

user,singletasking

?Incomputing,multitaskingisamethodbywhich

multipletasks,alsoknownasprocesses,share

commonprocessingresourcessuchasaCPU.Inthe

caseofacomputerwithasingleCPU,onlyonetaskis

saidtoberunningatanypointintime,meaningthat

theCPUisactivelyexecutinginstructionsforthattask.

Multitaskingsolvestheproblembyschedulingwhich

taskmaybetheonerunningatanygiventime,and

whenanotherwaitingtaskgetsaturn.Theactof

reassigningaCPUfromonetasktoanotheroneis

calledacontextswitch.Whencontextswitchesoccur

frequentlyenoughtheillusionofparallelismis

achieved.

?Acontextswitchisthecomputingprocessofstoring

andrestoringthestate(context)ofaCPUsothat

executioncanberesumedfromthesamepointata

latertime.Thisenablesmultipleprocessestosharea

singleCPU.

?Reside：駐留,residentprogram

?Concurrency：并發(fā)，parallel并行

?Paging：Incomputeroperatingsystemsthereare

variouswaysinwhichtheoperatingsystemcanstore

andretrievedatafromsecondarystorageforusein

mainmemory.Onesuchmemorymanagement

schemeisreferredtoaspaging.Pagingisan

importantpartofvirtualmemoryimplementationin

mostcontemporary(當(dāng)代的)general-purpose

operatingsystems,allowingthemtousediskstorage

fordatathatdoesnotfitintophysicalRandom-access

memory(RAM).Inthepagingmemory-management

scheme,theoperatingsystemretrievesdatafrom

secondarystorageinsame-sizeblockscalledpages.

Themainadvantageofpagingisthatitallowsthe

physicaladdressspaceofaprocesstobe

noncontiguous.

?segment

?Magneticdisk:磁盤(pán)

?Bitpattern：位模式

?Virtualmemory：Virtualmemoryisacomputer

systemtechniquewhichgivesanapplicationprogram

theimpressionthatithascontiguous(鄰近的)working

memory(anaddressspace),whileinfactitmaybe

physicallyfragmentedandmayevenoverflowonto

diskstorage.

4.SchedulerandDispatcher：scheduler是時(shí)間調(diào)度程

序，負(fù)責(zé)時(shí)間分配；dispatcher是任務(wù)調(diào)度程序，負(fù)

責(zé)在時(shí)間單元中切換進(jìn)程，分派任務(wù)。作為動(dòng)詞，

schedule有安排日程時(shí)間的意思,dispatch有派遣，

分派的意思。

?Programvs.process

?Time-sharing:Time-sharingissharingacomputing

resourceamongmanyusersbymeansof

multiprogrammingandmulti-tasking.Batch

processing

?Processtable:進(jìn)程表

?Priority:優(yōu)先級(jí)

?Ready/waiting/running

?Delay

?Event-driven

?Timeslice:時(shí)間片

?Processswitch:contextswitch:Acontextswitchis

thecomputingprocessofstoringandrestoringthe

state(context)ofaCPUsothatexecutioncanbe

resumedfromthesamepointatalatertime.This

enablesmultipleprocessestoshareasingleCPU.

?Interrupt:Incomputing,aninterruptisan

asynchronoussignalindicatingtheneedforattention

orasynchronouseventinsoftwareindicatingtheneed

forachangeinexecution.

?Interrupthandler:Aninterrupthandler,alsoknown

asaninterruptserviceroutine(ISR),isacallback

subroutineinanoperatingsystemordevicedriver

whoseexecutionistriggeredbythereceptionofan

interrupt.

?Preempt:搶占.Incomputing,preemption

(sometimespre-emption)istheactoftemporarily

interruptingataskbeingcarriedoutbyacomputer

system,withoutrequiringitscooperation,andwiththe

intentionofresumingthetaskatalatertime.Sucha

changeisknownasacontextswitch.Itisnormally

carriedoutbyaprivilegedtaskorpartofthesystem

knownasapreemptivescheduler,whichhasthepower

topreempt,orinterrupt,andlaterresume,othertasks

inthesystem.

?preemptivemultitasking:Preemptivemultitasking

allowsthecomputersystemtomorereliablyguarantee

eachprocessaregular"slice"ofoperatingtime.Italso

allowsthesystemtorapidlydealwithimportant

externaleventslikeincomingdata,whichmight

requiretheimmediateattentionofoneoranother

process.

?Cooperativemultitasking:Thetermpreemptive

multitaskingisusedtodistinguishamultitasking

operatingsystem,whichpermitspreemptionoftasks,

fromacooperativemultitaskingsystemwherein

processesortasksmustbeexplicitlyprogrammedto

yieldwhentheydonotneedsystemresources.

1.interrupthandler中斷處理程序

2.virtualmemory虛擬內(nèi)存

3.contextswitch上下文交換/語(yǔ)境交換

4.mainmemory主存

5.bitpattern位模式

6.peripheraldevice

7.processtable

8.timeslice

9.graphicaluserinterface

10.massstorage

SectionCSystemOrganization系統(tǒng)組織（軟件工程）

?Map:映射

?threeorganizationalstylesarewidelyused:

repositorystyle（倉(cāng)庫(kù)模式），asharedservicesand

serversstyle（client/serverstyle）（共享服務(wù)和服務(wù)

器模式/客戶服務(wù)器模式）,andanabstractmachine

orlayeredstyle（抽象機(jī)或分層模式）.

?Toolset:工具箱

?Editor:編輯程序

?Generator:生成程序,生成器

?Analyzer:分析程序

?CAD:computer-aideddesign

?CASE:computer-aidedsoftwareengineering

?Schema:模式

?Backup,security,accesscontrolandrecoveryfrom

error:后備,安全,訪問(wèn)控制,錯(cuò)誤恢復(fù)

?Redundancy:冗余

?Inconsistency:不一致性

?Trigger:觸發(fā),觸發(fā)器

?distributedsystem:分布式系統(tǒng)

?procedurecall:過(guò)程調(diào)用

?protocol:協(xié)議

?library:庫(kù)

?compression&decompression:壓縮，解壓

?e-commerce:電子商務(wù)

?integrateduserinterface:綜合用戶接口

?webbrowser:網(wǎng)絡(luò)瀏覽器

?upgrade:升級(jí)

?configuration:酉己置

?incrementaldeployment:增量部署

?portable:可移植的

1.codegenerator代碼生成器

2.abstractmachine抽象機(jī)

3.programeditor程序編輯程序

4.configurationitem酉己置項(xiàng)

5.CAD(computer-aideddesign)

6.dataredundancy

7.commandandcontrolsystem

8.videocompressionand

decompression

Unit3ComputerLanguageandProgramming

SectionAProgrammingLanguage

Mainidea:threetypesofprogramminglanguages

includingmachinelanguages,assemblylanguagesand

highlevellanguagesandfurtherclassificationofhigh-

levellanguages;languagestructureandcomponents

includingstatements,expressionandprocedureand

functionstatements.

IIntroduction

?programminglanguage:

?syntax:句法，syntactic,semantics:語(yǔ)義學(xué)，

semantic

?versatility:多用途，通用性

?portable:portability:可移植的

IILanguagetypes

?machinelanguage:

?assemblylanguage/intermediatelanguage:

?mnemonics:助記符

?high-levellanguage:

?executable:可執(zhí)彳亍的,executablefile,execute

?storageregister:存儲(chǔ)寄存器

?statement:語(yǔ)句

?compiler:編譯程序,編譯器

IIIClassificationoftheHigh-Levellanguages

?programmodule:程序模塊

?procedurallanguages:

?functionallanguages

?object-orientedlanguages

?hierarchy

IVLanguagesStructureandComponents

?statement:語(yǔ)句

?macro:宏

?datadeclaration:數(shù)據(jù)聲明

?array:數(shù)組

?expression:表達(dá)式

?assignmentstatement:貝武值語(yǔ)句

?conditionalstatement:條件語(yǔ)句

?functionstatement:函數(shù)語(yǔ)句

?parameter:參數(shù)variable:變量

1.storageregister

2.functionstatement

3.programstatement

4.object-orientedlanguage

5.assemblylanguage

6.intermediatelanguage

7.relationallanguage

8.artificiallanguage

9.datadeclaration

10.SQL

11.executableprogram

12.programmodule

13.conditionalstatement

14.assignmentstatement

15.logiclanguage

16.machinelanguage

17.functionallanguage

18.programminglanguage

19.runacomputerprogram

20.computerprogrammer

SectionBTheJavaLanguage

IncontrasttoC++,Javaisdescribedfrom7aspects.

1.JavaisFamiliarandSimple

?overhead:開(kāi)銷

?headfile:頭文件

?preprocessor:預(yù)處理程序

?API=applicationprograminterface

?Softwarepackage:軟件包

2.Javaisobject-oriented

?Javaprovidesalltheluxuries（奢侈品）ofobject-

orientedprogramming:classhierarchy,inheritance,

encapsulation,andpolymorphism-inacontextthat

istrulyusefulandefficient.

Java提供了面向?qū)ο蟮乃刑卣?類層次，繼承,封

裝和多態(tài)一就真正有用和有效而言.

?Reuse:重用

3.JavaisSaferandMoreReliable

?Assemblycode:匯編碼

?Runtime:運(yùn)行時(shí)刻

?Linker:連接程序

?Boundschecking:邊界檢查

4.JavaisSecure

?Hacker

?Securityflaw:securityhole

?Spoof:IPspoofing

?Authorized:authorization授權(quán)，unauthorized,

authentication認(rèn)證，audit審計(jì)

?Vulnerable:脆弱的,vulnerability

?Applet

?Trojanhorse,worm,virus,maliciouscode

?Bytecode:字節(jié)碼

?Theoremprover:定理證明程序

?Segregate:隔離

?Trust,dependable:dependablecomputing,secure

computing

5.Javaismultithreaded

?Multithreading

6.JavaisInterpretedandPortable

?Compliedcode

?Interpretedcode

?Nativecode

?Sourcecode

7.JavaisProgrammingLanguageoftheWeb

?Defacto:事實(shí)上

?Vendor:

?Release:版本，distribution