Chapter-3新編語言學教程-Morphology

Chapter3Morphology

形態(tài)學Contentsofchapter31.Words&morphology1.1Whatisword?1.2Howtodefineword?1.3Classificationsofwords1.4Definitionofmorphology2.Thesmallestunitofmorphology&theclassificationofmorphemes3.Morphsandallomorphs4.Typesofwordformation1.1Whatis“word”?WordThreesensesofwordA.Wordisaphysicallydefinableunit.詞是自然的有界限的對立單位。Inphonology：/itis‘w?nd?ful/Inorthography：Itiswonderful.人們可以把詞看作兩個間歇或空白之間的一套音段成分或是字母組合。連讀？縮寫？還是一個詞么？B.Wordisbothageneraltermandaspecificterm.詞既是一個普通術(shù)語又是一個專門術(shù)語。Thesamewordordifferentwords?Girl&girlsPlay,played,playing,playsC.Wordisagrammaticalunit.詞是一個語法單位。Wordisoneofthescalesingrammar.SentenceSmallclausePhraseWordmorpheme1.21.2Howtodefineword?IdentificationofwordsA.stability(穩(wěn)定性):Wordsarethemoststableofalllinguisticunits,inrespectoftheirinternalstructure.B.relativeuninterruptability〔相對連續(xù)性〕:newelementsarenottobeinsertedintoawordevenwhenthereareseveralpartsinaword,andnorisoneallowedtousepausesbetweenthepartsofaword.C.aminimumfreeform〔最小自由形式〕:wordisthesmallestunitthatcanconstitute,byitself,acompleteutterance.1.3ClassificationsofwordsWordscanbeclassifiedaccordingtothreedimensions:A.intermsofvariability可變性

variablewords可變化詞Wordswhichhaveorderedandregularseriesofgrammaticallydifferentwordformsandpartofthewordremainsrelativelyconstant.

invariablewords非變化詞Wordswhichdonothaveinflectiveendings.B.intermsofmeaning表達意義

grammaticalwords語法詞

Wordswhichexpressgrammaticalmeanings.Thegrammaticalwordsservetolinkdifferentpartsofalanguagetogether,sotheyarealsocalledfunctionwords.E.g.conj.Prep.Art.pron.lexicalwords詞匯詞

wordswhichhavelexicalmeanings,theyrefertosubstance,actionandquality.E.g.n.v.adj.adv.C.intermsofmembership成員

closed-classwords封閉類詞

wordswhosemembershipisfixedorlimited.Newmembersarenotregularlyadded.E.g.pron.Prep.Conj.Art.

open-classwords開放類詞

wordswhosemembershipisinprincipleinfiniteorunlimitedandcanaddedwiththedevelopmentofthesociety.E.g.n.v.adj.adv.Openclassword&closedclassword

Openclasswords----contentwordsofalanguagetowhichwecanregularlyaddnewwords,suchasnouns,adjectives,verbsandadverbs,e.g.beatnik(amemberoftheBeatGeneration),hacker,email,internet,“做秀，時裝秀…”inChinese.Closedclasswords----grammaticalorfunctionalwords,suchasconjunction,articles,prepositionandpronouns.1.4DefinitionofmorphologyP52Morphologyreferstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.Morphology,asabranchoflinguistics,isthusthestudyoftheinternalstructure,formsandclassesofwords.TheresearchingfieldofmorphologyA.inflectionalmorphology屈折形態(tài)學

Inflection:Itreferstothemanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipsthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixessuchasnumber,person,finiteness,aspectandcase,whichdoesnotchangethegrammaticalclassofthestemstowhichtheyareattached.B.derivationalmorphology派生形態(tài)學

Wordformation:Itreferstotheprocessofwordvariationsignalinglexicalrelationships.Itcanbefurthersub-classifiedintothecompositionaltype(compound)

復合詞andderivationaltype(derivation)派生詞.2.Thesmallestunitofmorphology&

theclassificationofmorphemes

Morpheme(語素):Amorphemeisaminimalunitofmeaningorgrammaticalfunction.Itcannotbedividedwithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.Howmanymorphemesinthesewords?

WrittendisorderlyInternationalizationWrite–enDis-order-lyinter-nation-al-lize-(a)tionMorpheme--theminimalunitofmeaning---Wordsarecomposedofmorphemes.Wordsmayconsistofonemorphemeormoremorphemes,e.g.1-morphemeboy,desire2-morphemeboy+ish,desir(e)+ble3-morphemeboy+ish+ness,desir(e)+bl(e)+ity4-morphemegentle+man+li+ness,un+desir(e)+abl(e)+ity5-morphemeun+gentle+man+li+ness6-morphemeanti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ismtheclassificationofmorphemes1A.freemorpheme自由語素

Morphemesmayoccuraloneorconstitutewordsbythemselves.Allmonomorphemeic單語素詞wordsarefreemorphemes.Freemorphemescanbedividedintotwocategories:

Lexicalmorphemes(詞匯語素)：ordinarynouns,verbsandadjectiveswhichcarrythecontentofmessagesweconvey.E.g.book,desk

Functionalmorphemes(功能語素)：conjunctions,articles,prepositionsandpronouns.E.g.if,when,because.B.boundmorpheme粘著語素

Morphemeswhichcannotoccuralone.Theymustappearwithatleastanothermorpheme.Freemorpheme&boundmorphemeFreemorpheme----isonethatmayconstituteaword(freeform)byitself,suchasbed,tree,sing,dance,etc.Boundmorpheme----isonethatmayappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme.Theycannotstandbythemselves,suchas“-s”in“dogs”,“al”in“national”,“dis-”in“disclose”,“ed”in“recorded”,etc.theclassificationofmorphemes2Root,affix,stemandbase詞根、詞綴、詞干和詞基

Root(詞根):Thebaseformofawordthatcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.Allwordscontainarootmorpheme,whichmaybeafreemorphemeoraboundmorpheme.Affix(詞綴):Thecollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme(therootorthestem),whichhasthreesubtypes,prefix,suffixandinfix.Allaffixesaretheboundmorphemes.Prefix:joinedtothebeginningoftherootorstem.Itcanchangethemeaningorfunctionoftheword.E.g.impossible,dislike,unimportantSuffix:joinedtotheendoftherootorstem.Itcanalsochangethemeaningorfunctionoftheword.E.g.friendly,correctness,action.Infix:morphemesthatareinsertedintoothermorphemes.Theyarerelativelyrareinthelanguageoftheworld.E.g.inTagalog(菲律賓的塔加拉族語)P54AffixPrefix----morphemesthatoccuronlybeforeothers,e.g.un-,dis,anti-,ir-,etc.Suffix----morphemesthatoccuronlyafterothers,e.g.-ful,-er,-ish,-ness,-able,-tive,tion,etc.Stem(詞干):Itreferstoanymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixcanbeadded.Itcanbeequivalenttoaroot,orarootandaderivationalaffix.Astemofawordmaybe

P53A.Asimplestemconsistingofonlyonemorpheme,inwhichcasetherootandthestemarethesame.

B.ArootplusaderivationalaffixC.Twoormoreroots.BaseAbaseisanyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.Thismeansanystemandrootcanbetermedasabase.Thedifferencesamong

root,stem&baseAbasecanbeaddedbybothinflectional&derivationalaffixeswhileastemcanbeaddedonlybyinflectionalaffixes;Abaseisderivationallyanalyzable(e.g.undesireinundesirable)whilearootcannotbefurtheranalyzed,e.g.desireinundesirable;Root,stemandbasecanbethesameform,e.g.desireindesired;Undesirableinundesirablesiseitherastemorabase;Desirableinundesirableisonlyabase.3.MorphsandAllomorph

語素變體P56Somemorphemeshaveasingleforminallcontexts,suchas“dog,bark,cat”,etc.Inotherinstances,theremaybesomevariation,thatis,amorphememayhavealternateshapesorphoneticforms.Theyaresaidtobetheallomorphsofthemorpheme.thepluralmorphememayberepresentedby:map----maps[s]dog----dogs[z]watch----watches[iz]mouse----mice[ai]ox----oxen[n]tooth----teethsheep----sheepEachoftheunderlinedpartiscalledanallomorphofpluralmorpheme.Derivationalmorpheme&

inflectionalmorpheme

Derivationalmorphemes----themorphemeswhichareaddedtothestemtocreateaword.Theymaychangethemeaningorgrammaticalclassofwords,e.g.modern---modernize,length---lengthen,fool---foolish,etc.Inflectionalmorphemes----themorphemeswhichareforthemostpartpurelygrammaticalmarkers,signifyingsuchconceptsastense,number,caseandsoon，e.g.a)number:tablesapplescars

b)

person,finitenessandaspect:talk/talks/talking/talkedc)case:John/John’s4.TypesofwordformationThecreationofnewwordsiscalledwordformationorwordbuilding.differenttypesofwordformations:

compounding,derivation(maintypes)conversion,backformation,clipping,blending,acronym,initialismCompounding:

Thecombinationoffreemorphemestoformalargerword.Compoundshavestrictpatterns:

Thefirstelementinthecompoundreceivesthemainstress,butitisgenerallythesecondelementthatdeterminesthecompound’snewwordclass.4.1Compounding合成構(gòu)詞法PatternsofcompoundsNouncompoundsdaybreak(N+V)playboy(V+N)haircut(N+V)callgirl(V+N)windmill(N+N)Verbcompoundsbrainwash(N+V)lipread(N+V)babysit(N+V)Adjectivecompoundsmaneating(N+Ving)heartfelt(N+Ved)dutyfree(N+adj.)Prepositioncompoundsinto(P+P)throughout(P+P)4.2Derivation派生構(gòu)詞法p59Derivation:itisdonebyaddingaffixestootherwordsormorphemes