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Drainand
LanguagThe
Hu
man
BrainIntroductionThecomplexitiesof
humancognitive
abilities
and
language
acquisition◆Brain
is
the
source
of
humanlanguageandcognition.·Th
emostcomplexorgan
of
the
body
·Cortex(graymatter)a)decision-makingb)memoriesc)grammar
Right
·Whitematter·Contralateral
functionBrainLeft·Which
parts
of
the
brain
areresponsibleforlinguisticabilities?·Franz
Joseph
Gall√Localization√Brainisnot
a
uniform
massThe
LocalizationLanguage√Organology(phrenology)of·
pl
i
hip
between
brain
andlanguage·Languagedisorder
caused
bysaationhasReAdisease
or
trauma·
Broca's
area
v.s.
Wearea·
LateralizationBroca's
area(speech
production)Wernicke's
areaand
memoriesPerceptionsPosterior
languageareaMeaningsofwordsMeaningsofwords(word
recognition)·Mostaphasicsdonot
show
totallanguage
loss.·Thelanguagedisorderis
generally
eal
eto
the
location
of
the
brainBroca'saphasia-injuries
to
theleft
frontal
lobe
Broca's
area□Wernicke'saphasia-injuriestothelefttemporal
lobe
Wernicke's
areagdaematI.Broca'saphasia(agrammaticaphasia)·Syndromes:A.Labored
speechB.Word-finding
difficultiesC.Problemsinformingsentenceswiththe
rules
of
syntaxD.Language
produced
is
often
agrammaticQ:What
is“agrammatic”?A:Itfrequentlylacksarticles,prepositions,pronouns,auxiliary
verbs..
…lacksfunctionwordsThe
omission
of
function
words
in
the
speech
ofagrammaticaphasicsshowsthatfunctionwords
arementallydistinctfrom
contentwords.E.Maytypicallyomitinflectionsthe
past
tense
suffix
-ede.g.I
watched
TV
for
three
hours
this
morning.the
third
person
singular
verb
ending
-se.g.She
likes
playing
the
piano.F.Havedifficultyunderstandingcomplexsentences
inwhichtheycannotrelyontheir
real-worldknowledge.moredifficultyforaphasia
people:e.g.Whichgirldidthe
boy
kiss?less
difficulty
for
aphasia
people:e.g.Which
book
did
the
boy
read?II.Wernicke'saphasia·Wernicke'saphasicscanproducefluentspeechandadhere
to
the
rules
of
syntax.·Syndromes:A.Theirlanguage
isoften
semanticallyincoherent.forkaneedfor
a
schedulewhen
asking
about
poor
visionMywires
don't
hire
right.B.Ha
vedifficultynamingobjectspresentedtothemC.Havedifficulty
choosing
words
in
spontaneousspeech(oftenproducejargon
andnonsensewordsJargon
aphasia·Severe
Wernicke's
aphasia
is
often
referred
toasjargonaphasia.·
Syndrome:substitutenewwordfororiginalwordWordsubstitutionsthataphasicpatientsproduce
alsotellusabouthowwordsareorganized
inthemental
lexicon.soundspool
toolsabletablecrucial
cruciblechair
girlmeaningtableboy·Acquired
dyslexics:people
who
become
dyslexic
after
brain
damage.·Thesimilarphenomenonofword
substitutionsmay
also
happen
to
acquired
dyslexics.(examplesonpage
9)III.Acquired
dyslexicsDyslexia:a
condition
that
makes
it
difficult
forsomeonetoread
and
spell.●·
Thesimilarsyndromeof
theomission
offunction
wordsinthespeech
alsohappensto
acquireddyslexics.(examplesonpage
10)These
errors
show
that
the
mental
lexiconhascontentwordsandfunctionwordsin
differentcompartments.IV.Tip-of-the-tongue
phenomenonTOT·The
tip-of-the-tongue
phenomenon
is
the
failure
toretrieve
a
word
from
memory,combined
withpartialrecall
andthe
feeling
that
retrieval
isimminent.→word-finding
difficulties
inspeaking·
Wordfindingdifficultiesisthefateofmanyaphasics.·Anomia:theinability
tofind
words
you
wishto
speakV.Deaf
Aphasic
patients·Deaf
patients
with
lesions
in
Broca's
areaSyndromes:dysfluentandagrammaticsignproduction·Deaf
patients
with
lesions
in
Wernicke's
areaSyndromes:have
fluent
but
often
semanticallyincoherentsignlanguageConclusion·Deaf
signers
with
damage
to
the
left
hemisphere
show
aphasia
for
sign
language
similarto
thelanguagebreakdowninhearingaphasics.BrainImagingTechnology·
Noninvasivebrainrecordingtechnologies1.Computer
tomography(CT)2.Magnetic
resonance
imaging(MRI)2
Reveallesionsinthelivingbrain
shortlyafterthedamage
occurs.3.Positron
emissiontomography(PET)4.FunctionalMRI(FmrI)5.SinglephotonemissionCT(SPECT)Provideimages
ofthe
brain
in
action.·Otherscanningtechniquesmeasuremetabolicactivityinparticularareas
of
the
brain1.Magnetic
encephalography(MEG)
Thistechniqueshowsus
how
the
healthybrainreactstoparticular
linguisticstimuli.Separationof
the
cognitive
system·Evidence:1.fMRL
&PET
scansDifferential
activation
in
the
normalbrainsinjustthosesitesthatweredamagedintheaphasics.2.neurologicalandbehavioralfindingsLateralization
in
Early
Life·Lateralization
of
language
to
the
lefthemisphere
is
a
process
that
begins
very
earlyinlife.·Infant
as
young
as
one
week
show
a
responseBrain
Plasticity
andhemispherehemispheremusiclanguagerightleft·
Thestudy
found:during
smilinggreateropeningof
theleftside
of
the
mouthduringbabbling
greater
opening
ofthe
rightsideof
the
mouthmorelefthemisphereinvolvement
even
atthisveryearlystageof
productivelanguagedevelopment·the
right
hemispherecantakeoverthe
languagefunctionsthatwouldnormally
reside
inthe
left
hemisphere.·Hemispherectomy1.one
hemisphere
of
the
brain
issurgically
removed2.Treatotherwise
intractablecases
ofepilepsy·Doing
left
hemispherectomyAfter
language
acquisition
has
begunIn
childrenthey
experience
aninitialperiodoffrom
normal
children.In
adults□
Theyinevitablyloseseverelanguagefunctionaphasia
and
then
require
a
linguisticsystem
thatis
virtuallyindistinguishable·
s
ht
topgyriitrgoncesabildentenereusherenaseleftldhro,chirm
pthesoAlfin·Right
hemisphere
playsa
role
intheearlieststagesoflanguageacquisitionhemispherehemispherectomybeforewithbrainlesions·Childrenchildhoodin
therighthemispheretwoyearsofagedon't
developvocabulary
learninglanguage.babblingandprenatal,perinatal,orConclusion·Human
brain
is
essentially
designed
ft·hele,tesyherlttnceaighinsiegdgmmsU
nlanhehetobrain
is
remarkably
resilientandthatif
brain
damage
or
surgery
occursearly
in
life,
normal
left
hemispherefunctionscanbetaken
over
by
therighthemisphere.Spilt
Brainreview:
Whatisthecorpuscallosum?What
istheword"spiltbrain"?an
surgical
technique
to
cut
some
or
allWhat
will
happen
if
people
lose
their
corpuscallosum?nocommunicationbetweentheleftandfunction
independentlyA.Definitioncorpus
callosum
of
a
persontheright
hemispheresAnexperimentonsplit-brain
patientstoshowwhatwillhappento
peoplewhenthe
corpuscallosum
issevered.Whatsignificant
informationwegetfromthisknowing
that
two
hemispheres
of
brain
havedifferentcapacitiesFunction
oftwo
halves:the
right:pattern-matchingtasks,imagination,artawarenessthe
left:
more
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