高考英語專題復(fù)習(xí)命題規(guī)律探究+題組分層專題十三主旨大意市賽課公開課一等獎省名師獲獎?wù)n件

專題十三主旨大意高考英語

(江蘇省專用)1/268A組

自主命題·江蘇卷題組Passage1(江蘇,D)詞數(shù):720Notsolongago,mostpeopledidn'tknowwhoShelly-AnnFraser-Prycewasgoingtobecome.She

wasjustanaveragehighschoolathlete.TherewaseveryindicationthatshewasjustanotherJa-

maicanteenagerwithoutmuchofafuture.However,onepersonwantedtochangethis.Stephen

Francisobservedtheneighteen-year-oldShelly-Annatatrackmeetandwasconvincedthathehad

seenthebeginningsoftruegreatness.Hertimeswerenotexactlyimpressive,butevenso,hesensed

therewassomethingtryingtogetout,somethingtheothercoacheshadoverlookedwhentheyhad

assessedherandfoundherlacking.HedecidedtoofferShelly-Annaplaceinhisverystricttraining

sessions.Theircooperationquicklyproducedresults,andafewyearslateratJamaica'sOlympictri-

alsinearly,Shelly-Ann,whoatthattimeonlyrankednumber70intheworld,beatJamaica's

unchallengedqueenofthesprint(短跑).“Wheredidshecomefrom?”askedanastonishedsprintingworld,beforeconcludingthatshe五年高考2/268mustbeoneofthoseone-hitwondersthatspringupfromtimetotime,onlytodisappearagainwith-

outsigns.ButShelly-Annwastoprovethatshewasanythingbutaone-hitwonder.AttheBeijing

Olympicsshesweptawayanydoubtsaboutherabilitytoperformconsistentlybybecomingthefirst

Jamaicanwomanevertowinthe100metresOlympicgold.ShediditagainoneyearonattheWorld

ChampionshipsinBerlin,becomingworldchampionwithatimeof10.73—thefourthfastesttime

ever.Shelly-Annisalittlewomanwithabigsmile.Shehasamentaltoughnessthatdidnotcomeabout

bychance.Herjourneytobecomingthefastestwomanonearthhasbeenanythingbutsmoothand

effortless.ShegrewupinoneofJamaica'stoughestinner-citycommunitiesknownasWaterhouse,

whereshelivedinaone-roomapartment,sleepingfourinabedwithhermotherandtwobrothers.

Waterhouse,oneofthepoorestcommunitiesinJamaica,isareallyviolentandoverpopulatedplace.

SeveralofShelly-Ann'sfriendsandfamilywerecaughtupinthekillings;oneofhercousinswas

shotdeadonlyafewstreetsawayfromwhereshelived.Sometimesherfamilydidn'thaveenough

toeat.Sheranattheschoolchampionshipsbarefootedbecauseshecouldn'taffordshoes.Hermoth-

erMaxime,oneofafamilyoffourteen,hadbeenanathleteherselfasayounggirlbut,likesomany3/268othergirlsinWaterhouse,hadtostopaftershehadherfirstbaby.Maxime'searlyentryintotheadult

worldwithitsresponsibilitiesgaveherthedeterminationtoensurethatherkidswouldnotendupin

Waterhouse'sroundaboutofpoverty.OneofthefirstthingsMaximeusedtodowithShelly-Ann

wastakinghertothetrack,andshewasreadytosacrificeeverything.Itdidn'ttakelongforShelly-AnntorealizethatsportscouldbeherwayoutofWaterhouse.Ona

summereveninginBeijingin,allthoselong,hardhoursofworkandcommitmentfinallybore

fruit.Thebarefootkidwhojustafewyearspreviouslyhadbeenlivinginpoverty,surroundedby

criminalsandviolence,hadwrittenanewchapterinthehistoryofsports.ButShelly-Ann'svictorywasfargreaterthanthat.ThenightshewonOlympicgoldinBeijing,the

routinemurdersinWaterhouseandthedrugwarsintheneighbouringstreetsstopped.Thedark

cloudaboveoneoftheworld'stoughestcriminalneighbourhoodssimplydisappearedforafew

days.“Ihavesomuchfireburningformycountry,”Shellysaid.Sheplanstostartafoundationfor

homelesschildrenandwantstobuildacommunitycentreinWaterhouse.Shehopestoinspirethe

Jamaicanstolaydowntheirweapons.Sheintendstofighttomakeitawoman'saswellasaman's

world.4/268AsMuhammadAliputsit,“Championsaren'tmadeingyms.Championsaremadefromsome-

thingtheyhavedeepinsidethem.Adesire,adream,avision.”O(jiān)neofthethingsShelly-Anncanbe

proudofisherunderstandingofthistruth.1.WhydidStephenFrancisdecidetocoachShelly-Ann?A.Hehadastrongdesiretofreeherfamilyfromtrouble.B.Hesensedagreatpotentialinherdespiteherweaknesses.C.Shehadbigproblemsmaintainingherperformance.D.Shesufferedalotofdefeatsattheprevioustrackmeets.2.WhatdidthesprintingworldthinkofShelly-AnnbeforetheOlympicGames?A.Shewouldbecomeapromisingstar.B.Shebadlyneededtosethighergoals.C.Hersprintingcareerwouldnotlastlong.D.Hertalentforsprintingwasknowntoall.3.WhatmadeMaximedecidetotrainherdaughteronthetrack?A.Hersuccessandlessonsinhercareer.5/268B.HerinterestinShelly-Ann'squickprofit.C.HerwishtogetShelly-Annoutofpoverty.D.Herearlyentranceintothesprintingworld.4.WhatcanweinferfromShelly-Ann'sstatementunderlinedinParagraph5?A.Shewashighlyrewardedforherefforts. B.Shewaseagertodomoreforhercountry.C.Shebecameanathleticstarinhercountry. D.Shewastheenvyofthewholecommunity.5.BymentioningMuhammadAli'swords,theauthorintendstotellusthat

.A.playersshouldbehighlyinspiredbycoachesB.greatathletesneedtoconcentrateonpatienceC.hardworkisnecessaryinone'sachievementsD.motivationallowsgreatathletestobeonthetop6.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A.TheMakingofaGreatAthleteB.TheDreamforChampionshipC.TheKeytoHighPerformanceD.ThePowerofFullResponsibility6/268答案[語篇解讀]本文是一篇記敘文。題材為人物故事類。本文講述了在北京奧運(yùn)會上取得女子1

00米短跑金牌牙買加運(yùn)動員Shelly-Ann奮斗故事,也給那些想取得成功人一個啟示:要有

渴望、有夢想、有愿景。1.B推理判斷題。依據(jù)第一段中描述可知,從她身上教練看到了一個偉大成功開始,看到

了她身上有東西能夠被開發(fā)出來,盡管這些東西被其它教練忽略了。由此推斷出這位教練決定

訓(xùn)練Shelly-Ann是因?yàn)樗吹搅薃nn身上那股巨大潛力。故選B項(xiàng)。2.C細(xì)節(jié)了解題。依據(jù)第二段中描述可知,她就是那種偶然知名一次人(one-hit),會在毫無

征兆情況下又銷聲匿跡了(disappearagainwithoutsigns),故選C項(xiàng)。3.C細(xì)節(jié)了解題。依據(jù)第三段中描述可知,她下決心不會讓她孩子在Waterhouse一直過這

種貧窮生活,故選C項(xiàng)。4.B

推理判斷題。依據(jù)本段描述可知,Shelly-Ann在北京奧運(yùn)會取得金牌后她那個充滿兇殺和

暴力故鄉(xiāng)也一下子平靜了好幾天。她說:我有很多能量為我祖國去燃燒,由此推斷出她說這

句話目標(biāo)就是想為自己國家做更多貢獻(xiàn),故選B項(xiàng)。5.D推理判斷題。依據(jù)拳王阿里說話可知,冠軍不是產(chǎn)生于體育館,是產(chǎn)生于自己內(nèi)心某7/268種東西。要有渴望、有夢想、有愿景。由此推斷出阿里認(rèn)為做一件事動機(jī)會讓運(yùn)動員到達(dá)

巔峰。故選D項(xiàng)。6.A主旨大意題。本文主要講是一位教練怎樣發(fā)覺了Shelly-Ann并把她培養(yǎng)成世界冠軍

歷程。即一個偉大運(yùn)動員形成。故選A項(xiàng)。高級語塊1.aone-hitwonder曇花一現(xiàn)2.springup跳起;躍起;快速成長3.anythingbut根本不4.becaughtupin被卷入,牽涉,包括5.bearfruit結(jié)果實(shí),有結(jié)果長難句ShegrewupinoneofJamaica'stoughestinner-citycommunitiesknownasWaterhouse,

whereshelivedinaone-roomapartment,sleepingfourinabedwithhermotherandtwobrothers.她

在牙買加治安最差貧民區(qū)之一Waterhouse長大,在這里她居住在一個有一個房間公寓中,

和母親還有兩個弟弟四個人睡在一張床上。本句為主從復(fù)合句。第一個逗號之前是主句部分;關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,修飾

先行詞Waterhouse;sleeping...是非謂語動詞短語作狀語。8/268Passage2(江蘇,B)

詞數(shù):391IntheUnitedStatesalone,over100millioncell-phonesarethrownawayeachyear.Cell-phonesare

partofagrowingmountainofelectronicwastelikecomputersandpersonaldigitalassistants.The

electronicwastestreamisincreasingthreetimesfasterthantraditionalgarbageasawhole.Electronicdevicescontainvaluablemetalssuchasgoldandsilver.ASwissstudyreportedthatwhile

theweightofelectronicgoodsrepresentedbypreciousmetalswasrelativelysmallincomparisonto

totalwaste,theconcentration(含量)ofgoldandotherpreciousmetalswashigherinso-callede-waste

thaninnaturallyoccurringminerals.Electronicwastesalsocontainmanypoisonousmetals.Evenwhenthemachinesarerecycledandthe

harmfulmetalsremoved,therecyclingprocessofteniscarriedoutinpoorcountries,inpracticallyun-

controlledwayswhichallowmanypoisonoussubstancestoescapeintotheenvironment.Creatingproductsoutofrawmaterialscreatesmuchmorewastematerial,upto100timesmore,than

thematerialcontainedinthefinishedproducts.Consideragainthecell-phone,andimaginethemines

thatproducedthosemetals,thefactoriesneededtomaketheboxandpackaging(包裝)itcamein.

Manywastesproducedintheproducingprocessareharmfulaswell.9/268TheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencynotesthatmostwasteisdangerousinthat“theproduc-

tion,distribution,anduseofproducts—aswellasmanagementoftheresultingwaste—allresultin

greenhousegasrelease.”Individualscanreducetheircontributionbycreatinglesswasteatthestart

—forinstance,buyingreusableproductsandrecycling.Inmanycountriestheconceptofextendedproducerresponsibilityisbeingconsideredorhasbeen

putinplaceasanincentive(動機(jī))forreducingwaste.Ifproducersarerequiredtotakebackpackag-

ingtheyusetoselltheirproducts,wouldtheyreducethepackaginginthefirstplace?Governments'incentivetorequireproducerstotakeresponsibilityforthepackagingtheyproduceis

usuallybasedonmoney.Why,theyask,shouldcitiesortownsberesponsibleforpayingtodealwith

thebubblewrap(氣泡墊)thatencasedyourtelevision?Fromthegovernments'pointofview,aprimarygoaloflawsrequiringextendedproducerresponsi-

bilityistotransferboththecostsandthephysicalresponsibilityofwastemanagementfromthegov-

ernmentandtax-payersbacktotheproducers.1.BymentioningtheSwissstudy,theauthorintendstotellusthat

.A.theweightofe-goodsisrathersmall10/268B.e-wastedeservestobemadegooduseofC.naturalmineralscontainmorepreciousmetalsD.thepercentageofpreciousmetalsisheavyine-waste2.Theresponsibilityofe-wastetreatmentshouldbeextended

.A.fromproducerstogovernmentsB.fromgovernmentstoproducersC.fromindividualstodistributorsD.fromdistributorstogovernments3.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?A.Theincreaseine-waste.B.Thecreationofe-waste.C.Theseriousnessofe-waste.D.Themanagementofe-waste.11/268答案[語篇解讀]本文為說明文,題材為環(huán)境保護(hù)類。伴隨電子數(shù)碼科技進(jìn)步,越來越多電子垃

圾產(chǎn)生了,手機(jī)、電腦、個人電子器件等被扔掉越來越多。這些被扔掉電子垃圾中含有一

些像金銀之類珍貴金屬,當(dāng)然也有很多有毒物質(zhì)。那我們該怎樣處理這些電子垃圾呢?1.B推理判斷題。依據(jù)第二段第二句中...theconcentrationofgoldandotherpreciousmetalswas

higherinso-callede-wastethaninnaturallyoccurringminerals可知,瑞士一項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果表明,電

子垃圾中珍貴金屬含量比自然界中礦石中珍貴金屬含量還要高。由此推斷作者意在說明

這些電子垃圾值得被充分利用,故選B項(xiàng)。2.B推理判斷題。依據(jù)文章最終一段...aprimarygoaloflaws...istotransferboththecostsand

thephysicalresponsibilityofwastemanagementfromthegovernmentandtax-payersbacktothe

producers.可知,政府要制訂相關(guān)法律,對制造商提出明確責(zé)任要求,這份責(zé)任應(yīng)該是從政府開

始延伸到制造商身上,故選B項(xiàng)。3.D主旨大意題。本文第一段提出了越來越嚴(yán)重電子垃圾污染問題,后面就怎樣處理這些

垃圾提出了一些提議,也明確了該問題所包括各方應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)任,由此推斷出本文主題應(yīng)該是D

項(xiàng):電子垃圾處理。12/268評析主旨大意題是閱讀了解難點(diǎn),首先依據(jù)第一段確定文章根本,然后分析后面各段與第一

段關(guān)系,分別從哪個角度為第一段服務(wù),全方面地推斷出主題,不能受到某個細(xì)節(jié)影響而誤

選。此題易誤選C項(xiàng):電子垃圾嚴(yán)重性。這僅僅是文章一個細(xì)節(jié)。高級語塊1.incomparisonto與……比較2.naturallyoccurringminerals天然產(chǎn)生礦物3.fromone'spointofview從某人觀點(diǎn)來看長難句Evenwhenthemachinesarerecycledandtheharmfulmetalsremoved,therecyclingpro-

cessofteniscarriedoutinpoorcountries,inpracticallyuncontrolledwayswhichallowmanypoi-

sonoussubstancestoescapeintotheenvironment.即使當(dāng)這些機(jī)器被回收,有害金屬被移除之后,

回收過程經(jīng)常在一些貧困國家進(jìn)行,而且是以幾乎無法控制方式進(jìn)行,使得很多有害物質(zhì)進(jìn)

入環(huán)境。本句為主從復(fù)合句。when引導(dǎo)是時間狀語從句;which引導(dǎo)是定語從句,修飾先行詞ways。13/268Passage3(江蘇,C)

詞數(shù):460Supposeyoubecomealeaderinanorganization.It'sverylikelythatyou'llwanttohavevolunteers

tohelpwiththeorganization'sactivities.Todoso,itshouldhelptounderstandwhypeopleundertake

volunteerworkandwhatkeepstheirinterestinthework.Let'sbeginwiththequestionofwhypeoplevolunteer.Researchershaveidentifiedseveralfactors

thatmotivatepeopletogetinvolved.Forexample,peoplevolunteertoexpresspersonalvaluesrelated

tounselfishness,toexpandtheirrangeofexperiences,andtostrengthensocialrelationships.Ifvolun-

teerpositionsdonotmeettheseneeds,peoplemaynotwishtoparticipate.Toselectvolunteers,you

mayneedtounderstandthemotivationsofthepeopleyouwishtoattract.Peoplealsovolunteerbecausetheyarerequiredtodoso.Toincreaselevelsofcommunityservice,

someschoolshavelaunchedcompulsoryvolunteerprograms.Unfortunately,theseprogramscanshift

people'swishofparticipationfromaninternalfactor(e.g.,“Ivolunteerbecauseit'simportantto

me”)toanexternalfactor(e.g.,“IvolunteerbecauseI'mrequiredtodoso”).Whenthathappens,

peoplebecomelesslikelytovolunteerinthefuture.Peoplemustbesensitivetothispossibilitywhen

theymakevolunteeractivitiesamust.14/268Oncepeoplebegintovolunteer,whatleadsthemtoremainintheirpositionsovertime?Toanswer

thisquestion,researchershaveconductedfollow-upstudiesinwhichtheytrackvolunteersovertime.

Forinstance,onestudyfollowed238volunteersinFloridaoverayear.Oneofthemostimportantfac-

torsthatinfluencedtheirsatisfactionasvolunteerswastheamountofsufferingtheyexperiencedin

theirvolunteerpositions.Althoughthisresultmaynotsurpriseyou,itleadstoimportantpracticalad-

vice.Theresearchersnotethatattentionshouldbegivento“trainingmethodsthatwouldprepare

volunteersfortroublesomesituationsorprovidethemwithstrategiesforcopingwiththeproblem

theydoexperience”.Anotherstudyof302volunteersathospitalsinChicagofocusedonindividualdifferencesinthede-

greetowhichpeopleview“volunteer”asanimportantsocialrole.Itwasassumedthatthosepeople

forwhomtheroleofvolunteerwasmostpartoftheirpersonalidentitywouldalsobemostlikelyto

continuevolunteerwork.Participantsindicatedthedegreetowhichthesocialrolematteredbyre-

spondingtostatementssuchas“VolunteeringinHospitalisanimportantpartofwhoIam.”Con-

sistentwiththeresearchers'expectations,theyfoundapositivecorrelation(正相關(guān))betweenthe

strengthofroleidentityandthelengthoftimepeoplecontinuedtovolunteer.Theseresults,oncea-15/268gain,leadtoconcreteadvice:“Onceanindividualbeginsvolunteering,continuedeffortsmightfocus

ondevelopingavolunteerroleidentity...ItemslikeT-shirtsthatallowvolunteerstoberecognized

publiclyfortheircontributionscanhelpstrengthenroleidentity”.1.Peoplevolunteermainlyoutof

.A.academicrequirementsB.socialexpectationsC.financialrewardsD.internalneeds2.WhatcanwelearnfromtheFloridastudy?A.Follow-upstudiesshouldlastforoneyear. B.Volunteersshouldgetmentallyprepared.C.Strategytrainingisamustinresearch. D.Volunteersareprovidedwithconcreteadvice.3.Whatismostlikelytomotivatevolunteerstocontinuetheirwork?A.Individualdifferencesinroleidentity. B.PubliclyidentifiablevolunteerT-shirts.C.Roleidentityasavolunteer. D.Practicaladvicefromresearchers.4.Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?A.HowtoGetPeopletoVolunteer B.HowtoStudyVolunteerBehaviorsC.HowtoKeepVolunteers'Interest D.HowtoOrganizeVolunteerActivities16/268答案[語篇解讀]本文為說明文,題材為社會生活類,內(nèi)容是分析影響志愿者參加志愿者活動并堅(jiān)持

下去原因。1.D推理判斷題。依據(jù)文章第二段最終一句Toselectvolunteers,youmayneedtounderstandthe

motivationsofthepeopleyouwishtoattract.和第三段第三句...shiftpeople'swishofparticipation

fromaninternalfactor...toanexternalfactor...可知,人們做志愿者主要是出于內(nèi)在動機(jī),即內(nèi)在

(internal)需求,故選D項(xiàng)。2.B推理判斷題。依據(jù)文章第四段最終一句...attentionshouldbegivento“trainingmethods

thatwouldpreparevolunteersfortroublesomesituationsorprovidethemwithstrategiesforcoping

withtheproblemtheydoexperience”.可知,志愿者“必須做好心理上準(zhǔn)備”,故選B項(xiàng)。3.C推理判斷題。依據(jù)第五段第一句中peopleview“volunteer”asanimportantsocialrole以

及第二句中thosepeopleforwhomtheroleofvolunteerwasmostpartoftheirpersonalidentity

wouldalsobemostlikelytocontinuevolunteerwork可知,這些人們把志愿者身份看做是一個重

要社會角色,而且最有可能激勵志愿者繼續(xù)工作就是這種roleidentity。故選C項(xiàng)。4.A

主旨大意題。本文分析了人們參加并堅(jiān)持志愿者活動原因,所以“怎樣讓人們參加志愿者活動”是最好標(biāo)題,故選A項(xiàng)。17/268高級語塊1.shift...to...把……變成……2.make...amust使……成為必不可少事物3.motivatesb.todosth.促動、激發(fā)某人做某事長難句Theresearchersnotethatattentionshouldbegivento“trainingmethodsthatwouldpre-

parevolunteersfortroublesomesituationsorprovidethemwithstrategiesforcopingwiththeprob-

lemtheydoexperience”.研究人員注意到應(yīng)該注意讓志愿者對棘手局面有充分準(zhǔn)備,或者給

他們提供用來處理他們確實(shí)會碰到問題策略訓(xùn)練方法。本句為主從復(fù)合句。note后是一個that引導(dǎo)賓語從句;methods后是that引導(dǎo)定語從句。pre-

pare...與provide...為并列謂語。18/268Passage4(江蘇,C)詞數(shù):351Mostdamagingly,angerweakensaperson'sabilitytothinkclearlyandkeepcontroloverhisbe-

haviour.Theangrypersonlosesobjectivityinevaluatingtheemotionalsignificanceofthepersonor

situationthatarouseshisanger.Noteveryoneexperiencesangerinthesameway;whatangersonepersonmayamuseanother.The

specificexpressionofangeralsodiffersfrompersontopersonbasedonbiologicalandcultural

forces.Incontemporaryculture,physicalexpressionsofangeraregenerallyconsideredtoosocially

harmfultobetolerated.Wenolongerregardduels(決斗)asanappropriateexpressionofangerresult-

ingfromoneperson'sawarenessofinsultingbehaviouronthepartofanother.Angercanbeidentifiedinthebrain,wheretheelectricalactivitychanges.Undermostconditions,

EEG(腦電圖)measuresofelectricalactivityshowbalancedactivitybetweentherightandleftpre-

frontal(額葉前部)areas.Behaviourallythiscorrespondstothegeneraleven-handeddisposition(意向)

thatmostofuspossessmostofthetime.ButwhenweareangrytheEEGoftherightandleftpre-

frontalareasaren'tbalancedand,asaresultofthis,we'relikelytoreact.Andourbehaviouralre-

sponsetoangerisdifferentfromourresponsetootheremotions,whetherpositiveornegative.19/268Mostpositiveemotionsareassociatedwithapproachbehaviour:wemoveclosertopeoplewelike.

Mostnegativeemotions,incontrast,areassociatedwithavoidancebehaviour:wemoveawayfrom

peopleandthingsthatwedislikeorthatmakeusanxious.Butangerisanexceptiontothispattern.

Theangrierweare,themorelikelywearetomovetowardstheobjectofouranger.Thiscorresponds

towhatpsychologistsrefertoasoffensive

anger:theangrypersonmovescloserinordertoinfluence

andcontrolthepersonorsituationcausinghisanger.Thisapproach-and-confrontbehaviourisac-

companiedbyaleftwardprefrontalasymmetry(不對稱)ofEEGactivity.Interestingly,thisasymmetry

lessensiftheangrypersoncanexperienceempathy(同感)towardstheindividualwhoisbringing

forththeangryresponse.Indefensive

anger,incontrast,theEEGasymmetryisdirectedtotheright

andtheangrypersonfeelshelplessinthefaceoftheanger-inspiringsituation.1.The“duels”exampleinParagraph2provesthattheexpressionofanger

.A.usuallyhasabiologicalbasisB.variesamongpeopleC.issociallyandculturallyshapedD.influencesone'sthinkingandevaluation20/2682.Whatchangescanbefoundinanangrybrain?A.Balancedelectricalactivitycanbespotted.B.Unbalancedpatternsarefoundinprefrontalareas.C.Electricalactivitycorrespondstoone'sbehaviour.D.Electricalactivityagreeswithone'sdisposition.3.Whichofthefollowingistypicalofoffensiveanger?A.Approachingthesourceofanger.B.Tryingtocontrolwhatisdisliked.C.Movingawayfromwhatisdisliked.D.Feelinghelplessinthefaceofanger.4.Whatisthekeymessageofthelastparagraph?A.Howangerdiffersfromotheremotions.B.Howangerrelatestootheremotions.C.Behaviouralresponsestoanger.D.Behaviouralpatternsofanger.21/268答案[語篇解讀]本文是說明文,題材為科普知識。憤恨是人經(jīng)常會表現(xiàn)出來情緒,這種情緒對我

們本身會有什么影響呢?本文對此進(jìn)行了分析。1.C推理判斷題。依據(jù)第二段中關(guān)于“決斗”描述:在當(dāng)代文化背景下,憤恨情緒經(jīng)過肢

體去表示通常被認(rèn)為對社會有害而不被容忍。由此我們推斷出“決斗”這種發(fā)泄憤恨方式

是一個特定文化下產(chǎn)物,同時也是在某一個社會環(huán)境中出現(xiàn)。由此可知“憤恨”表示方

式是在一定文化和社會背景下形成,故選C項(xiàng)。2.B細(xì)節(jié)了解題。依據(jù)第三段第二句Undermostconditions,EEGmeasuresofelectricalactivity

showbalancedactivitybetweentherightandleftprefrontalareas.可知,大多數(shù)情況下(不憤恨情

況下),腦電圖顯示額葉前部左右部分活動是平衡,而題目問是大腦在憤恨情況下改變,

A項(xiàng)不符合題意;依據(jù)第三段第四句ButwhenweareangrytheEEGoftherightandleftprefrontal

areasaren'tbalanced...可知,當(dāng)我們憤恨時候,腦電圖就會顯示我們額葉前部左右部分不再

平衡,B項(xiàng)符合題意;依據(jù)第三段第三句Behaviourallythiscorrespondstothegeneraleven-handed

dispositionthatmostofuspossessmostofthetime.可知,在行為上,這種平衡也對應(yīng)了我們大多數(shù)

人大多數(shù)時候不偏不倚傾向,而腦電活動與行為對應(yīng)以及與人意向一致并不是憤恨時大腦改變,故C、D項(xiàng)不符合題意。22/2683.A細(xì)節(jié)了解題。依據(jù)第四段第四句Theangrierweare,themorelikelywearetomovetowards

theobjectofouranger.“我們越憤恨就越有可能去靠近讓我們憤恨目標(biāo)?！笨芍狝項(xiàng)符合題

意;B項(xiàng)是指努力控制不喜歡東西,C項(xiàng)是指離開不喜歡東西,D項(xiàng)是指在危險面前感到無助,

依據(jù)第四段第二句Mostnegativeemotions,incontrast,areassociatedwithavoidancebehaviour:we

moveawayfrompeopleandthingsthatwedislikeorthatmakeusanxious.可知,這些是(除了憤恨

之外)大多數(shù)負(fù)面情緒所表現(xiàn)出來,均不符合題意。4.D主旨大意題。依據(jù)該段前兩句話中approachbehaviour和avoidancebehaviour可知,最

后一段描述了人們在憤恨時不一樣表現(xiàn)形式,所以答案為D項(xiàng)。高級語塊1.correspondto與……相符2.beanexceptionto是……一個例外3.beaccompaniedby隨……而來;伴隨長難句Thiscorrespondstowhatpsychologistsrefertoasoffensive

anger:theangrypersonmoves

closerinordertoinfluenceandcontrolthepersonorsituationcausinghisanger.這恰好對應(yīng)心理學(xué)

家所指進(jìn)攻性憤恨:憤恨人一再靠近,就是為了影響和控制引發(fā)他憤恨人或局面。correspondsto后跟賓語從句,what在從句中作referto賓語;inorderto...hisanger為目標(biāo)狀語。23/268Passage5(江蘇,B)詞數(shù):332We'veconsideredseveralwaysofpayingtocutinline:hiringlinestanders,buyingticketsfrom

scalpers(票販子),orpurchasingline-cuttingprivilegesdirectlyfrom,say,anairlineoranamusement

park.Eachofthesedealsreplacesthemoralsofthequeue(waitingyourturn)withthemoralsofthe

market(payingapriceforfasterservice).Marketsandqueues—payingandwaiting—aretwodifferentwaysofallocatingthings,andeachis

appropriatetodifferentactivities.Themoralsofthequeue,“Firstcome,firstserved,”haveanegali-

tarian(平等主義)appeal.Theytellustoignoreprivilege,power,anddeeppockets.Theprincipleseemsrightonplaygroundsandatbusstops.Butthemoralsofthequeuedonotgovern

alloccasions.IfIputmyhouseupforsale,Ihavenodutytoacceptthefirstofferthatcomesalong,

simplybecauseit'sthefirst.Sellingmyhouseandwaitingforabusaredifferentactivities,properly

governedbydifferentstandards.Sometimesstandardschange,anditisunclearwhichprincipleshouldapply.Thinkoftherecorded

messageyouhear,playedoverandover,asyouwaitonholdwhencallingyourbank:“Yourcallwill

beansweredintheorderinwhichitwasreceived.”Thisisessentialforthemoralsofthequeue.It's24/268asifthecompanyistryingtoeaseourimpatiencewithfairness.Butdon'ttaketherecordedmessagetooseriously.Today,somepeople'scallsareansweredfaster

thanothers.Callcentertechnologyenablescompaniesto“score”incomingcallsandtogivefaster

servicetothosethatcomefromrichplaces.Youmightcallthistelephonicqueuejumping.Ofcourse,marketsandqueuesarenottheonlywaysofallocatingthings.Somegoodswedistribute

bymerit,othersbyneed,stillothersbychance.However,thetendencyofmarketstoreplacequeues,

andothernon-marketwaysofallocatinggoodsissocommoninmodernlifethatwescarcelynotice

itanymore.Itisstrikingthatmostofthepaidqueue-jumpingschemeswe'veconsidered—atairports

andamusementparks,incallcenters,doctors'offices,andnationalparks—arerecentdevelopments,

scarcelyimaginablethreedecadesago.Thedisappearanceofthequeuesintheseplacesmayseeman

unusualconcern,butthesearenottheonlyplacesthatmarketshaveentered.1.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingseemsgovernedbytheprinciple“Firstcome,first

served”?A.Takingbuses.B.Buyinghouses.C.Flyingwithanairline.D.Visitingamusementparks.25/2682.TheexampleoftherecordedmessageinParagraphs4and5illustrates

.A.thenecessityofpatienceinqueuingB.theadvantageofmoderntechnologyC.theuncertaintyofallocationprincipleD.thefairnessoftelephonicservices3.Thepassageismeantto

.A.justifypayingforfasterservicesB.discussthemoralsofallocatingthingsC.analyzethereasonforstandinginlineD.criticizethebehaviorofqueuejumping26/268答案[語篇解讀]本文為夾敘夾議文章,題材為社會生活類。文章闡述了社會分配方式問題。1.A細(xì)節(jié)了解題。依據(jù)文章第三段第一、二句Theprincipleseemsrightonplaygroundsandat

busstops.Butthemoralsofthequeuedonotgovernalloccasions.可知,這種“先來先得”法則適

用于乘公共汽車,但不適合用于全部場所,故選A項(xiàng)。依據(jù)第三段第三句IfIputmyhouseupfor

sale,Ihavenodutytoacceptthefirstofferthatcomesalong,simplybecauseit'sthefirst.可知,這法

則并不適合用于買賣房子,B項(xiàng)錯誤;依據(jù)文章最終一段第四句Itisstrikingthatmostofthepaid

queue-jumpingschemeswe'veconsidered—atairportsandamusementparks...可知,在飛機(jī)場、游

樂園等場所能夠付錢插隊(duì)(paidqueue-jumping),也不適用“先來先得”標(biāo)準(zhǔn),排除C、D兩

項(xiàng)。2.C細(xì)節(jié)了解題。第四、五段例子是為了論證第四段第一句,即分配標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是不確定,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

是可變,故選C項(xiàng);第五段提到Callcentertechnologyenablescompaniesto“score”incoming

callsandtogivefasterservicetothosethatcomefromrichplaces.電話中心技術(shù)能夠讓企業(yè)給

來電“打分”,然后給那來自富裕地域電話更加快回答。由此可見第四段中Yourcallwillbe

answeredintheorderinwhichitwasreceived.實(shí)際是一句謊言,似乎是用來安撫人,電話被應(yīng)答27/268也是不公平,可排除D項(xiàng);另外此處提及電話錄音提醒是一個反面例子,說明電話被應(yīng)答也

“非先來先得”,并非是用來說明耐心等候電話被應(yīng)答必要性和當(dāng)代技術(shù)優(yōu)點(diǎn),排除A、B

兩項(xiàng)。3.B主旨大意題。文章前五段敘述了兩種不一樣分配方式,即market和queue,最終一段還敘述

了除上述兩種分配方式以外其它分配方式。故選B項(xiàng)。高級語塊1.beappropriateto適合于2.deeppockets雄厚財力3.takesth.seriously認(rèn)真、嚴(yán)厲對待某事4.bymerit依據(jù)功勞長難句However,thetendencyofmarketstoreplacequeues,andothernon-marketwaysofallo-

catinggoodsissocommoninmodernlifethatwescarcelynoticeitanymore.然而,市場代替排隊(duì)

趨勢,以及其它分配物品非市場方式在當(dāng)代生活中如此常見,以至于我們幾乎不再注意到它。本句是一個so...that...引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句。thetendencyof...為主語。28/268B組

統(tǒng)一命題、省(區(qū)、市)卷題組Passage1(課標(biāo)全國Ⅲ,D)詞數(shù):324TheIntelligentTransportteamatNewcastleUniversityhaveturnedanelectriccarintoamobilelab-

oratorynamed“DriveLAB”inordertounderstandthechallengesfacedbyolderdriversandto

discoverwherethekeystresspointsare.Researchshowsthatgivingupdrivingisoneofthekeyreasonsforafallinhealthandwell-being

amongolderpeople,leadingtothembecomingmoreisolated(隔絕)andinactive.LedbyProfessorPhilBlythe,theNewcastleteamaredevelopingin-vehicletechnologiesforolder

driverswhichtheyhopecouldhelpthemtocontinuedrivingintolaterlife.Theseincludecustom-madenavigation(導(dǎo)航)tools,nightvisionsystemsandintelligentspeedadap-

tations.PhilBlytheexplains:“Formanyolderpeople,particularlythoselivingaloneorinthecoun-

try,drivingisimportantforpreservingtheirindependence,givingthemthefreedomtogetoutand

aboutwithouthavingtorelyonothers.”“Butweallhavetoacceptthataswegetolderourreactionsslowdownandthisoftenresultsin

peopleavoidinganypotentiallychallengingdrivingconditionsandlosingconfidenceintheirdriving

skills.Theresultisthatpeoplestop