大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)閱讀理解精讀

PassageOne(ClintonIsRight)

PresidentClinton'sdecisiononApr.8tosendChinesePremierZhuRongjipackingwithoutan

agreementonChina'sentryintotheWorldTradeOrganizationseemedtobeamassive

miscalculation.ThePresidenttookadrubbingfrommuchofthepress,whichhadbreathlessly

reportedthatadealwasinthebag.TheCabinetandWhitHousestillappeareddivided,and

businessleaderswerecharacterizedasfuriousoverthelostopportunity.ZhuchargedthatClinton

lacked"thecourage^^toreachanaccord.AndwhenClintonlatertelephonedtheangryZhuto

pledgearenewedeffortatnegotiations,thegesturewaswidelyportrayedasaflip-flop.

Infact,ClintonmadetherightdecisioninholdingoutforabetterWTOdeal.Alotmorehorse

tradingisneededbeforeafinalagreementcanbereached.AndwithouttheAdministration'sgoal

ofa""bullet-proofagreement“thatbusinesslobbyistscanenthusiasticallyselltoaRepublican

Congress,thewholeprocesswillendupinpartisanacrimonythatcouldharmrelationswithChina

foryears.

THEHARDPART.Manybusinesslobbyists,whiledisappointedthatthedealwasnotclosed,

agreethatbettertermscanstillbehad.AndTreasurySecretaryRobertE.Rubin,National

EconomicCouncilDirectorGeneB.Sperling,CommerceSecretaryWilliamM.Daley,andtop

tradenegotiatorCharleneBarshefskyalladvisedClintonthatwhiletheChinesehadmadea

remarkablenumberofconcessions,"we'renotthereyet,“accordingtoseniorofficials.

NegotiatingwithZhuovertheremainingissuesmaybetheeasypart.AlthoughClintoncansignal

U.S.approvalforChina?sentryintotheWTOhimself,heneedsCongresstograntBeijing

permanentmost-favored-nationstatusaspartofabroadtradeaccord.Andthetemptationfor

meddlingonCapitalHillmayproveover-whelming.ZhuhadbarelylandedbeforeSenate

MajorityLeaderTrentLott(R-Miss)declaredhimselfskepticalthatChinadeservedentryintothe

WTO.AndSenatorsJesseA.Helms(R-N.C.)andErnestF.Hollings(D-S.C.)promisedto

introduceabillrequiringcongressionalapprovalofanydeal.

Thehiddenmessagefromthesethreetextile-stateSoutherners:GetmoreprotectionfortheU.S.

clothingindustry.Hopingtosmooththeway,theAdministrationtried,butfailed,tobudgeZhuon

textiles.Alsoleftinthelurch:WallStreet,Hollywood,andDetroit.Zhurefusedtoopenupmuch

ofthelucrativeChinesesecuritiesmarketandinsistedon“cultural“restrictionsonAmerican

moviesandmusic.HealsoblockedeffortstoallowU.S.automakerstoprovidefleetfinancing.

BIGJOB.Already,businesslobbyistsareblanketingCapitolHilltopresaleanyeventual

agreement,butwhatthey'veheardsofarisn'tencouraging.Republicans,includingLott,saythat

“thetimejustisn'tright“forthedeal.Translation:We'redeterminedtomakeitlookasifClinton

hascapitulatedtotheChineseandisignoringhuman,religious,andlaborrightsviolations;the

theftofnuclear-weaponstechnology;andthesaleofmissilepartstoAmerica'senemies.Beijing's

fiercecriticswithintheDemocraticParty,suchasSenatorPaulD.WellstoneofMinnesotaand

HouseMinorityleaderRichardA.GephardtofMissouri,won'thelp,either.

JusthowtoughthelobbyingjobonCapitolHillwillbebecomeclearonApr.20,whenRubin

lectured19chiefexecutivesontheneedtodisciplinetheirRepublicanallies.Withbusinessandthe

WhiteHousestilltradingchargesoverwhoisresponsibleforthedefeatoffast-tracktrade

negotiatinglegislationin1997,workingtogetherwon'tbeeasy.AndRepublicans-witha

wink-saythatthey511eventuallyembraceChina?sentryintotheWTOasafavortoCorporate

America.ThoughnotlongbeforetheytortureClinton.ButZhuisoutonalimb,andifCongress

overdoesthecriticism,hemaybeforcedbydomesticcriticstorenege.Businessmustmakethis

muchdeartobothitsGOPalliesandtheWhitHouse:Thishistoricdealistooimportanttorisk

losingtoanymorepartisansquabbling

1.Themainideaofthispassageis

[A].TheContradictionbetweentheDemocraticPartyandtheRepublicanParty.

[B].OnChina9sentryintoWTO.

[C].Clintonwasright.

[D].BusinessLobbyistsControlCapitolHill.

2.Whatdoesthesentence"Alsoleftinthelurch:WallStreet,Hollywood,Detroit“convey?

[A].PremierZhurejectedtheirrequirements.

[B].Thethreeplacesoverdidcriticism.

[C].Theywantedmoreprotection.

[D].Theyareintrouble.

3.WhatwastheattitudeoftheRepublicanPartytowardChina5sentryintotheWTO?

[A].Contradictory.[B].Appreciative.

[C].Disapproving.[D],Detestful.

4.WhoplaystheleadingpartinthedealinAmerica?

[A].WhiteHouse.[B].Republicans.

[C].TheDemocraticParty.[D].Businessmen.

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat

[A].Americawillmakeconcessions.

[B].AmericawillholdoutforabetterWTO

[C].ClintonhastherighttosignalU.S.approvalforChina?sentry.

[D].DemocraticpartyapproveChina5sentryintotheWTO.

答案祥解

1.C.總統(tǒng)是對(duì)的。這篇文章摘自BusinessWeekly.文章是從商人的角度來(lái)看待中國(guó)加入

WTO,他們希望從談判中獲得更多的利益，而克林頓的同意不同意的目的和他們相符一

爭(zhēng)取更多利益。這篇就是從四方利益最終趨向一致“同意中國(guó)加入世貿(mào)”來(lái)證明“總統(tǒng)結(jié)論正

確”的中心思想。

第一段指出Clinton由打發(fā)朱總理回國(guó)，不同意中國(guó)入世到一百八十度大轉(zhuǎn)彎，在電話(huà)中憤

怒的朱總理表示再次努力協(xié)商。內(nèi)閣和白宮官員意見(jiàn)分歧，商人對(duì)失去機(jī)會(huì)火冒三丈。

第二段點(diǎn)出克林頓故意拖延以謀取更多的利益的決定是正確的——文章的主旨句。商人院外

活動(dòng)集團(tuán)成員要以“政府完美無(wú)缺的協(xié)議的目標(biāo)來(lái)說(shuō)服共和黨贊成/接受。以免整個(gè)過(guò)程以黨

爭(zhēng)而告終。

第三，四段是商業(yè)方面的高級(jí)官員的代表紛紛卻說(shuō)Clinton"當(dāng)中國(guó)作出許多優(yōu)惠讓步時(shí)，美

國(guó)不在那里?！保ㄒ猓好绹?guó)吃虧了現(xiàn)在不要再吃虧了。）克林頓有權(quán)簽署贊成中國(guó)加入世貿(mào)組

織，可他需要國(guó)會(huì)批準(zhǔn)北京永久性最惠國(guó)作為擴(kuò)大貿(mào)易協(xié)定的組成部分。再說(shuō)對(duì)國(guó)會(huì)的干預(yù)

的誘惑力相當(dāng)大：就在朱踏上美國(guó)本土?xí)r，參議院多數(shù)派領(lǐng)袖TrentLott宣布他對(duì)中國(guó)是該

不該入世持懷疑態(tài)度，而參議院TesseAHelms...承諾提出一項(xiàng)要求國(guó)會(huì)批準(zhǔn)任何交易的提

案。

第五段講了朱總理的強(qiáng)硬立場(chǎng)。第六段又是共和黨的反對(duì)聲，使民主黨內(nèi)站在北京以便的批

評(píng)家也無(wú)能為力。

最后一段指出：盡管困難重重，這一歷史事件太重要了，不能因黨爭(zhēng)而冒失失去機(jī)會(huì)的危險(xiǎn)。

A.民主黨和共和黨的矛盾。兩黨之爭(zhēng)見(jiàn)上文譯注，最終還是一致。B.論中國(guó)加入世

貿(mào)組織。文章不是論中國(guó)加入而是論美國(guó)環(huán)繞中國(guó)入世貿(mào)的種種。D.商人院外活動(dòng)

集團(tuán)成員控制國(guó)會(huì)。這在第五段中提到商人院外活動(dòng)集團(tuán)成員阻撓美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)事先接受最終協(xié)

議，但不是主題思想。

2.A.朱總理拒絕了他們的要求。見(jiàn)難句譯注9。

B.這三個(gè)地方批評(píng)過(guò)頭。C.他們要求更多的保護(hù)。D.他們陷入困境。

3.A.矛盾。共和黨一開(kāi)始就反對(duì)。什么對(duì)中國(guó)該不該加入世貿(mào)組織持懷疑態(tài)度。第六段

說(shuō)得更露骨，時(shí)間不對(duì)。意思是他們想把整個(gè)事件看起來(lái)好象克林頓屈從于中國(guó)，忽視了“中

國(guó)違反人權(quán)，宗教權(quán)，勞動(dòng)權(quán)，偷竊核武器技術(shù)，把導(dǎo)彈組成部件買(mǎi)給美國(guó)的敵人'’等事實(shí)。

最后一段共和黨一下子又所他們最終將會(huì)接受中國(guó)加入世貿(mào)組織以表示對(duì)整體美國(guó)的好感。

不管是商人院外活動(dòng)集團(tuán)的作用，還是明確指出重開(kāi)談判的重要性。這一歷史事件太重要絕

不能因黨爭(zhēng)而失去機(jī)會(huì)。共和黨縱然心中不愿，也不得不接受現(xiàn)實(shí)。心情是矛盾的。

B.贊賞。C.不贊成。D.厭惡。

4.D.商界。第一段中就點(diǎn)出：商界領(lǐng)袖對(duì)失去這次機(jī)會(huì)火冒三丈。第二段中提到商界院

外活動(dòng)成員要以實(shí)實(shí)在在的協(xié)議來(lái)說(shuō)服共和黨國(guó)會(huì)，免得以黨爭(zhēng)告終。第三段明確指出：許

多商界院外人士一方面對(duì)協(xié)議未簽定表示失望，另方面又同意，還會(huì)更好的條件。各種和商

界直接關(guān)系的高級(jí)官員對(duì)克林頓勸說(shuō)。

第五段：紡織，金融股票，汽車(chē)以至電影等都是商界的要求。朱總理拒絕的就是商界要求。

第六段提及商界院外活動(dòng)的成員制止國(guó)會(huì)事先接受最終協(xié)定。

最后一段又是商界使共和黨聯(lián)盟和白宮懂得此事的重要性。

5.A.美國(guó)將會(huì)作出讓步，見(jiàn)上面注釋。商人是絕對(duì)不會(huì)放棄中國(guó)市場(chǎng)的。

B.美國(guó)會(huì)故意拖延以求取得更好的條件。這一點(diǎn)恐怕不會(huì)，見(jiàn)上文注釋。朱總理的強(qiáng)硬立

場(chǎng)，商人的見(jiàn)解。C.克林頓有簽署批準(zhǔn)中國(guó)入世之權(quán)。D.民主黨贊

成中國(guó)加入世貿(mào)，這兩項(xiàng)都是事實(shí)。

PassageTwo(Europe?sGypsies,AreTheyaNation?)

ThestrivingofcountriesinCentralEuropetoentertheEuropeanUnionmayofferan

unprecedentedchancetothecontinenfsGypsies(orRoman)toberecognizedasanation,albeit

onewithoutadefinedterritory.Andiftheyweretoachievethattheymightevenseeksomekind

offormalplace——atleastatotalpopulationoutnumbersthatofmanyoftheUnion'spresentand

futurecountries.Someexpertsputthefigureat4m-plus;someproponentsofGypsyrightsgoas

highas15m.

UnlikeJews,Gypsieshavehadnoknownancestrallandtoharkbackto.Thoughtheirlanguageis

relatedtoHindi,theirterritorialoriginsaremisty.Romanianpeasantsheldthemtobebornonthe

moon.OtherEuropeans(wrongly)thoughtthemmigrantEgyptians,hencethederivativeGypsy.

MostprobablytheywereitinerantmetalworkersandentertainerswhodriftedwestfromIndiain

the7thcentury.

However,sincecommunisminCentralEuropecollapsedadecadeago,thenotionofRomanestan

asalandlessnationfoundedonGypsyculturehasgainedground.TheInternationalRomany

Union,whichsaysitstandsfor10mGypsiesinmorethan30countries,isfosteringtheideaof

“sel&rallying”.Itistryingtopromoteastandardandwrittenformofthelanguage;itwavesa

Gypsyflag(greenwithawheel)whenitlobbiesinsuchplacesastheUnitedBations;andinJuly

itheldacongressinPrague,TheCzechcapital.WherePresidentVaclavHavelsaidthatGypsiesin

hisowncountryandelsewhereshouldhaveabetterdeal.

AtthecongressaSlovak-bornlawyer,EmilScuka,waselectedpresidentoftheInternational

TomanyUnion.LaterthismonthagroupofelectedGypsypoliticians,includingmembersof

parliament,mayorsandlocalcouncilorsfromalloverEurope(OSCE),todiscusshowtopersuade

moreGypsiestogetinvolvedinpolitics.

TheInternationalRomanyUnionisprobablythemostrepresentativeoftheoutfitsthatspeakfor

Gypsies,butthatisnotsayingalot.Oftheseveralhundreddelegateswhogatheredatitscongress,

fewweredemocraticallyelected;oddly,nonecamefromHungary,whoseGypsiesareperhapsthe

world'sbestorganized,withsome450Gypsybodiesadvisinglocalcouncilsthere.Theuniondid,

however,announceitsambitiontosetupaparliament,buthowitwouldactuallybeelectedwas

leftundecided.

Sofar,theEuropeanCommissioniswaryofencouragingGypsiestopresentthemselvesasa

nation.Themight,itisfeared,openaPandora'sboxalreadycontainingBasques,Corsicansand

otherawkwardpeoples.Besides,acknowledgingGypsiesasanationmightbackfire,justwhen

severalcountries,particularlyHungary,SlovakiaandtheCzechRepublic,arebeginningtotreat

thembetter,inordertoqualifyforEUmembership."TheEU'swholepremiseistoovercome

differences,nottohighlightthem,^^saysanervousEurocrat.

ButtheideathattheGypsiesshouldwinsomekindofspecialrecognitionasEurope?slargest

continentwideminority,andonewithaterriblehistoryofpersecution,iscatchingon.Gypsies

havesufferedmanypogromsoverthecenturies.InRomania,thecountrythatstillhasthelargest

numberofthem(morethanIm),inthe19thcenturytheywereactuallyenslaved.Hitlertriedto

wipethemout,alongwiththeJews.

“GypsiesdeservesomespacewithinEuropeanstructures,saysJanMarinusWiersma,a

DutchmanintheEuropeanParliamentwhosuggeststhatoneofthecurrentcommissionersshould

beresponsibleforGypsyaffairs.SomeprominentGypsiessaytheyshouldbemoredirectly

represented,perhapswithaquotaintheEuropeanParliament.That,theyargue,mightgivethema

boost.Therearemovesafoottohelpthemtogetmoneyfor,amongotherthings,aGypsy

university.

OnebigsnagisthatEurope'sGypsiesare,infact,extremelyheterogeneous.Theybelongtomany

different,andoftenantagonistic,clansandtribes,withnocommonlanguageorreligion,Their

self-proclaimedleadershaveoftenprovedquarrelsomeandcorrupt.Still,says,DimitrinaPetrova,

headoftheEuropeanRomaRightsCenterinBudapest,Gypsies9sharedexperienceofsuffering

entitlesthemtotalkofonenation;theirpotentialunity,shesays,stemsfrom"beingregardedas

sub-humanbymostmajoritiesinEurope.9,

Andtheyhavebeguntobeabitmorepragmatic.InSlovakiaandBulgaria,forinstance,Gypsy

politicalpartiesaretryingtoformelectoralblocksthatcouldwinseatsinparliament.In

Macedonia,aGypsypartyalreadyhassome-andevenrunsamunicipality.NicholasGheorge,an

expertonGypsyaffairsattheOSCE,reckonsthat,spreadoverCentralEurope,therearenow

about20GypsyMPSandmayors,400-oddlocalcouncilors,andagrowingnumberof

businessmenandintellectuals.

Thatisfarfromsayingthattheyhavethepeopleorthecashtoforgeanation.But,withtheGypsy

questionontheEU'sagendainCentralEurope,theyaremakingground.

1.TheBestTitleofthispassageis

[A].GypsiesWanttoFormaNation.[B].AreTheyaNation.

[C].EUIsAfraidofTheirGrowth.[C].TheyAreaTribe

2.WherearethemostprobableGypsyterritoryorigins?

[A].MostprobablytheydriftedwestfromIndiainthe7thcentury.

[B].Theyarescatteredeverywhereintheworld.

[C].Probably,theystemmedfromCentralEurope.

[D].TheyprobablycamefromtheInternationalRomanyUnion.

3.WhatdoestheInternationalRomanylobbyfor?

[A].ItlobbiesforademandtobeacceptedbysuchinternationalorganizationsasEUandUN.

[B].ItlobbiesforapostinanyinternationalRomanyUnion.

[C].Itlobbiesfortherightasanation.

[D].ItlobbiesforaplaceinsuchinternationalorganizationsastheEUorUN.

4.WhyistheEuropeCommissionwaryofencouragingGypsiestopresentthemselvesasa

nation?

[A].ItmayopenaPandora'sBox.

[B].Encouragementmayleadtosomeunexpectedresults.

[C].ItfearsthattheBasgnes,Corsicansandothernationsseekingseparationmayraisethesame

demand.

[D].Gyspsies5demandmayhighlightthedifferenceintheEU.

5.Thebigproblemliesinthefactthat

[A].Gypsiesbelongtodifferentandantagonisticclansandtribeswithoutacommonlanguageor

religion.

[B].Theirleadersprovecorrupt.

[C].Theirpotentialunitystemsfrom"beingregardedassub-human”.

[D].Theyareabitmorepragmatic.

答案祥解

1.B.他們是一個(gè)民族/國(guó)家嗎？整篇文章環(huán)境這一點(diǎn)而寫(xiě)，文章一開(kāi)始就提出中歐入歐盟

的國(guó)家會(huì)給大陸吉普塞人一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì),承認(rèn)他們是一個(gè)民族——國(guó)家,雖然沒(méi)有界定的領(lǐng)土（作

為國(guó)家，應(yīng)有領(lǐng)土）。吉普塞人的領(lǐng)袖人物也指出其人數(shù)超過(guò)歐盟中許多現(xiàn)在有的和將來(lái)要

入盟的國(guó)家。他們至少要在歐盟中有一席之地。第二段提出，吉普塞和猶太人不同，他們沒(méi)

有可回歸的祖居地。他們的語(yǔ)言屬印歐語(yǔ)系。英國(guó)人認(rèn)為他們來(lái)自埃及及移民。最可能的是

七世紀(jì)時(shí)一些流浪的手工業(yè)工人和藝人從印度向西方流移。第三段涉及一種思想——以吉普

塞文化為基礎(chǔ)的無(wú)疆土的吉普塞民族應(yīng)有個(gè)說(shuō)話(huà)的地方一越來(lái)越為人接受。國(guó)際吉普塞人聯(lián)

盟聲稱(chēng)代表30多個(gè)國(guó)家的吉普塞人，做了幾件事：展開(kāi)自我聯(lián)合，提出語(yǔ)言標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和書(shū)面形

式，在聯(lián)合國(guó)進(jìn)行游說(shuō)活動(dòng)時(shí)揮動(dòng)吉普塞國(guó)旗，在布魯塞爾設(shè)立辦事處，六月在捷克首都布

拉格召開(kāi)會(huì)議。第四段集中講到會(huì)上選出了聯(lián)盟主席。一群選出吉普塞的政治家——國(guó)會(huì)議

員，市長(zhǎng)，地方政務(wù)委員再次在布拉格開(kāi)會(huì)，會(huì)議由歐洲安全合作條約組織召集，來(lái)討論如

何動(dòng)員更多的吉普塞人參政。第五段涉及聯(lián)盟雄心勃勃的宣布要建立國(guó)會(huì)，但如何實(shí)際操作

還未落實(shí)。后面主要是外界對(duì)吉普塞的態(tài)度。第六段描述歐盟委員會(huì)在吉普塞作為最大的大

陸少數(shù)民族，歷史上遭到殘酷的迫害，應(yīng)贏得特別承認(rèn)。19世紀(jì)他們橫遭奴役，希特勒企

圖把它們和猶太人一起消滅。第八段講了歐洲會(huì)議中有人提出吉普塞在歐洲機(jī)構(gòu)中應(yīng)有一席

之地，還提議一個(gè)常務(wù)委員負(fù)責(zé)吉普塞事務(wù)。還有行動(dòng)籌建建立一所吉普塞大學(xué)。后面兩段

講的是困難，第九段點(diǎn)出。最后一段指出，現(xiàn)在說(shuō)他們有人有錢(qián)可以組成（國(guó)家）為時(shí)還早，

可是吉普塞是歐盟中日程表上的一個(gè)問(wèn)題，他們?nèi)找娼咏鉀Q。從內(nèi)部，外部情況分析都說(shuō)

明吉普塞是一個(gè)組成國(guó)家的民族。全文都是環(huán)繞它是不是，該不該承認(rèn)為民族/國(guó)家而寫(xiě)，

所以B項(xiàng)他們是不是民族是最佳標(biāo)題。

A.吉普塞要想組成一個(gè)國(guó)家（民族）。這只是文章涉及到的部分內(nèi)容，中歐國(guó)家想加入歐盟

一事可能產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。C.歐盟害怕它們成長(zhǎng)。D.他們是一個(gè)部落。

2.A.最可能是在7世紀(jì)從印度流浪到西方。見(jiàn)第1題第二注釋。

B.他們分散在世界各地。C.可能他們?cè)从谥袣W。D.他們可能來(lái)自國(guó)際吉

普塞人聯(lián)盟。

3.D.它們?cè)谶@些國(guó)際組織，如歐盟，聯(lián)合國(guó)中進(jìn)行活動(dòng)游說(shuō)要取得一席之地。見(jiàn)第1題

第一段，三段注釋。

A.它們游說(shuō)活動(dòng)歐盟和聯(lián)合國(guó)接受他們的要求。太抽象。B.它們活動(dòng)游說(shuō)在國(guó)際

機(jī)構(gòu)取得職位。C.他們游說(shuō)作為民族的權(quán)利。

4.C.它害怕巴斯克人，科西嘉人和其它要求分裂的民族會(huì)提出同樣的要求。見(jiàn)難句譯注

11?

A.它可能會(huì)打開(kāi)潘多拉盒子。此盒子在文章中只是比喻。B.鼓勵(lì)可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致某些意

想不到的結(jié)果。D.吉普塞的要求會(huì)加深歐盟分歧。B,D兩項(xiàng)不夠明確。

5.A.吉普塞人屬于不同的，而且常常是對(duì)抗的民族的部落，還沒(méi)有共同的語(yǔ)言和宗教信

仰。

B.他們領(lǐng)袖很腐敗。C.他們潛在的團(tuán)結(jié)來(lái)自被人看作是低于人類(lèi)（次等人）。D.

他們有點(diǎn)太講究實(shí)效，B,C,D三項(xiàng)不是主要問(wèn)題。主要問(wèn)題是A.項(xiàng)。

PassageThree（MethodofScientificInquiry）

Whytheinductiveandmathematicalsciences,aftertheirfirstrapiddevelopmentatthe

culminationofGreekcivilization,advancedsoslowlyfortwothousandyears-andwhyinthe

followingtwohundredyearsaknowledgeofnaturalandmathematicalsciencehasaccumulated,

whichsovastlyexceedsallthatwaspreviouslyknownthatthesesciencesmaybejustlyregarded

astheproductsofourowntimes-arequestionswhichhaveinterestedthemodernphilosophernot

lessthantheobjectswithwhichthesesciencesaremoreimmediatelyconversant.Wasitthe

employmentofanewmethodofresearch,orintheexerciseofgreatervirtueintheuseoftheold

methods,thatthissingularmodernphenomenonhaditsorigin?Wasthelongperiodoneof

arresteddevelopment,andisthemoderneraoneofnormalgrowth?Orshouldweascribethe

characteristicsofbothperiodstoso-calledhistoricalaccidents-totheinfluenceofconjunctionsin

circumstancesofwhichnoexplanationispossible,saveintheomnipotenceandwisdomofa

guidingProvidence?

Theexplanationwhichhasbecomecommonplace,thattheancientsemployeddeductionchieflyin

theirscientificinquiries,whilethemodemsemployinduction,provestobetoonarrow,andfails

uponcloseexaminationtopointwithsufficientdistinctnessthecontrastthatisevidentbetween

ancientandmodemscientificdoctrinesandinquiries.Forallknowledgeisfoundedonobservation,

andproceedsfromthisbyanalysis,bysynthesisandanalysis,byinductionanddeduction,andif

possiblebyverification,orbynewappealstoobservationundertheguidanceofdeduction-by

stepswhichareindeedcorrelativepartsofonemethod;andtheancientsciencesaffordexamples

ofeveryoneofthesemethods,orpartsofonemethod,whichhavebeengeneralizedfromthe

examplesofscience.

Afailuretoemployortoemployadequatelyanyoneofthesepartialmethods,animperfectionin

theartsandresourcesofobservationandexperiment,carelessnessinobservation,neglectof

relevantfacts,byappealtoexperimentandobservation-thesearethefaultswhichcauseall

failurestoascertaintruth,whetheramongtheancientsorthemoderns;butthisstatementdoesnot

explainwhythemodernispossessedofagreatervirtue,andbywhatmeansheattainedhis

superiority.Muchlessdoesitexplainthesuddengrowthofscienceinrecenttimes.

Theattempttodiscovertheexplanationofthisphenomenonintheantithesisof“fhcts”and

“theories"or"fhcts"and"ideas”-intheneglectamongtheancientsoftheformer,andtheirtoo

exclusiveattentiontothelatter~~provesalsotobetoonarrow,aswellasopentothechargeof

vagueness.Forinthefirstplace,theantithesisisnotcomplete.Factsandtheoriesarenot

coordinatespecies.Theories,iftrue,arefacts-aparticularclassoffactsindeed,generally

complex,andifalogicalconnectionsubsistsbetweentheirconstituents,haveallthepositive

attributesoftheories.

Nevertheless,thisdistinction,howeverinadequateitmaybetoexplainthesourceoftruemethod

inscience,iswellfounded,andconnotesanimportantcharacterintruemethod.Afactisa

propositionofsimple.Atheory,ontheotherhand,iftruehasallthecharacteristicsofafact,

exceptthatitsverificationispossibleonlybyindirect,remote,anddifficultmeans.Toconvert

theoriesintofactsistoaddsimpleverification,andthetheorythusacquiresthefullcharacteristics

ofafact.

1.Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis

[A].Philosophyofmathematics.[B].TheRecentGrowthinScience.

[C].TheVerificationofFacts.[C].MethodsofScientificInquiry.

2.Accordingtotheauthor,onepossiblereasonforthegrowthofscienceduringthedaysofthe

ancientGreeksandinmoderntimesis

[A],thesimilaritybetweenthetwoperiods.

[B].thatitwasanactofGod.

[C].thatbothtriedtodeveloptheinductivemethod.

[D].duetothedeclineofthedeductivemethod.

3.Thedifferencebetween"fhct"and"theory”

[A],isthatthelatterneedsconfirmation.

[B].restsonthesimplicityoftheformer.

[C].isthedifferencebetweenthemodernscientistsandtheancientGreeks.

[D].helpsustounderstandthedeductivemethod.

4.Accordingtotheauthor,mathematicsis

[A],aninductivescience.[B].inneedofsimpleverification.

[C].adeductivescience.[D].basedonfactandtheory.

5.Thestatement"'Theoriesarefacts^^maybecalled.

[A],ametaphor.[B].aparadox.

[C].anappraisaloftheinductiveanddeductivemethods.

[D].apun.

答案祥解

1.D.科學(xué)研究/探索的方法。文章一開(kāi)始就提出問(wèn)題，為什么從希臘文化頂峰時(shí)期后兩千

年來(lái)歸納法和數(shù)學(xué)科學(xué)發(fā)展如此緩慢，而后的兩百年又超越了前人，是應(yīng)用新，舊方法關(guān)系

還是其它（見(jiàn)難句譯注1,2）o第二段講埃及古代在科學(xué)探索中運(yùn)用了演繹推理法，而現(xiàn)在

應(yīng)用了歸納法。這種解釋太狹隘，經(jīng)仔細(xì)審核，難以很清晰地點(diǎn)明古代和現(xiàn)代科學(xué)教義和探

究上明顯的差別。因?yàn)橐磺兄R(shí)都基于觀察，通過(guò)分析，綜合，或綜合分析，歸納演繹推理，

有可能的話(huà)，經(jīng)過(guò)校正或經(jīng)由演繹指導(dǎo)下再觀察而向前推進(jìn)。第三段進(jìn)一步闡明不用這些方

法觀察，實(shí)驗(yàn)；忽略相關(guān)事實(shí)，推理不慎；不能答出理論的結(jié)論，再用實(shí)驗(yàn)或觀察來(lái)檢驗(yàn)等

或用得不全，不論在古代還是現(xiàn)代都會(huì)失敗。但這不能說(shuō)明為什么現(xiàn)代科學(xué)具有較高的功效，

通過(guò)什么方式方法，超越了前人，更不用說(shuō)說(shuō)明最近科學(xué)突飛猛進(jìn)的原因。第四，五段涉及

事實(shí)和理論的關(guān)系。

A.數(shù)學(xué)的哲學(xué)，文內(nèi)沒(méi)有提。B.近來(lái)科學(xué)的發(fā)展。C.事實(shí)的驗(yàn)證，只是

最后兩段提及驗(yàn)證方法之作用。

2.B.是上天的安排，這是作家在用方法論等失敗后得出的結(jié)論。見(jiàn)難句譯注4,第一段

最后一句話(huà)。

A.兩個(gè)階段的相似性。.兩者都試圖應(yīng)用歸納法。D.由于演繹法的衰落。

3.A.后者需要證實(shí)。答案在第四，五段，死段試圖在事實(shí)的對(duì)立面和理論，或事實(shí)和思

想中發(fā)現(xiàn)上述現(xiàn)象的解釋看起來(lái)有餓太狹隘，也會(huì)因模糊不清遭批評(píng)。因?yàn)椋瑢?duì)立面不全面，

事實(shí)和理論不是同類(lèi)的事物。理論，如果是真正的理論，就是事實(shí)——一種特殊類(lèi)別的事實(shí)，

一般復(fù)雜，但仍是事實(shí)。而事實(shí)，從詞的狹義來(lái)說(shuō)，如果很復(fù)雜，如果各成分中存在著邏輯

的聯(lián)系，就具有理論的一切主要特征。第五段第二句，事實(shí)是一個(gè)提議，通過(guò)運(yùn)用知識(shí)的源

泉和經(jīng)驗(yàn)而證實(shí)的提議直接而又簡(jiǎn)單。而理論，若是真理論，就有事實(shí)的一切特性（除非其

證實(shí)只能通過(guò)非直接的，遙遠(yuǎn)的和困難的方式方法），把理論轉(zhuǎn)成事實(shí)必須用簡(jiǎn)單的核實(shí)，

理論因此具有事實(shí)的一切特性。

B.前者簡(jiǎn)單。C.是現(xiàn)代科學(xué)家和古希臘的差異。D.幫助我們了解演

繹法，三項(xiàng)都不對(duì)。

4.C.是推理演繹科學(xué)，這個(gè)問(wèn)題常識(shí)就能回答。

A.歸納法科學(xué)。B.需要簡(jiǎn)單證實(shí)。D.基于事實(shí)和理論。

5.B.是一個(gè)悖論，見(jiàn)第四，五段注釋。

A.比喻。C.對(duì)歸納法和演繹法的贊揚(yáng)。D.雙關(guān)語(yǔ)。

PassageFour（ItIsBush）

Onthe36thdayaftertheyhadvoted,AmericansfinallylearnedWednesdaywhowouldbetheir

nextpresident:GovernorGeorgeW.BushofTexas.

VicePresidentAlGore,hislastrealisticavenueforlegalchallengeclosedbyaU.S.Supreme

CourtdecisionlateTuesday,plannedtoendthecontestformallyinatelevisedeveningspeechof

perhaps10minutes,adviserssaid.

TheysaidthatSenatorJosephLieberman,hisvicepresidentialrunningmate,wouldfirstmake

briefcomments.ThemenwouldspeakfromaceremonialchamberoftheOldExecutiveoffice

Building,tothewestoftheWhiteHouse.

ThedozensofpoliticalworkersandlawyerswhohadhelpedleadMr.Gore'sunprecedentedfight

toclawacome-from-behindelectoralvictoryinthepivotalstateofFloridawerethanked

Wednesdayandaskedtostanddown.

“Thevicepresidenthasdirectedtherecountcommitteetosuspendactivities,"WilliamDaley,the

Gorecampaignchairman,saidinawrittenstatement.

Mr.Goreauthorizedthatstatementaftermeetingwithhiswife,Tipper,andwithtopadvisers

includingMr.Daley.

HewasexpectedtotelephoneMr.Bushduringtheday.TheBushcampaignkeptalowprofileand

movedgingerly,asiftoleavespaceforMr.Goretocontemplatehisnextsteps.

Yet,attheendofatryingandtumultuousprocessthathadfocusedworldattentiononsleepless

votecountersacrossFlorida,andoncourtroomsformMiamitoTallahasseetoAtlantato

WashingtontheTexasgovernorwassettobecomethe43dU.S.president.

ThenewsofMr.Gore'splansfollowedthelongestandmostrancorousdisputeoveraU.S.

presidentialelectioninmorethanacentury,onecertaintoleavescarsinabadlydividedcountry.

ItwasabitterendingforMr.Gore,whohadoutpolledMr.Bushnationwidebysome300000

votes,but,withoutFlorida,fellshortintheElectoralCollegeby271votesto267一thenarrowest

ElectoralCollegevictorysincetheturbulentelectionof1876.

Mr.GorewassaidtobedistressedbywhatheandmanyDemocraticactivistsfeltwasapartisan

decisionfromthenation'shighestcourt.

The5-to-4decisionoftheSupremeCourtheld,inessence,thatwhileavoterecountinFlorida

couldbeconductedinlegalandconstitutionalfashion,asMr.Gorehadsought,thiscouldnotbe

donebytheDec.12deadlineforstatestoselecttheirpresidentialelectors.

JamesBaker3rd,theformersecretaryofstatewhorepresentedMr.BushintheFloridadispute,

issuedashortstatementaftertheU.S.highcourtruling,sayingthatthegovernorwas"very

pleasedandgratified.”

Mr.Bushwasplanninganationwidespeechaimedattryingtobegintohealthecountry'sdeep,

achingandvarieddivisions.Hethenwasexpectedtomeetwithcongressionalleaders,including

Democrats.DickCheney,Mr.Bush'sruingmate,wasmeetingwithcongressmenWednesdayin

Washington.

WhenMr.Bush,whois54,isswornintoofficeonJan.20,hewillbeonlythesecondsonofa

presidenttofollowhisfathertotheWhiteHouse,afterJohnAdamsandJohnQuincyAdamsin

theearly19thcentury.

Mr.Gore,inhisspeech,wasexpectedtothankhissupporters,defendhishive-weekbattleasan

efforttoensure,asamatterofprinciple,thateveryvotebecounted,andcallforthenationtojoin

behindthenewpresident.Hewasdescribedbyanaideas"resolvedandresigned.^^

Whilesomeconstitutionalexpertshadsaidtheybelievedstatescouldpresentelectorsaslateas

Dec.18,theU.S.highcourtmadeclearthatitsawnosuchleeway.

TheU.S.highcourtsentback"fdrrevision^^totheFloridacourtitsorderallowingrecountsbut

madeclearthatforallpracticalpurposestheelectionwasover.

Initsunsignedmainopinion,thecourtdeclared,“Therecountprocess,initsfeatureshere

described,isinconsistentwiththeminimumproceduresnecessarytoprotectthefundamentalright

ofeachvoter.”

Thatdecision,byacourtfracturedalongphilosophicallines,leftoneliberaljusticechargingthat

thehighcourt5sproceedingsboreapoliticaltaint.

JusticeJohnPaulStevenswroteinanangrydissent:9,Althoughwemayneverknowwithcomplete

certaintytheidentityofthewinnerofthisyear'spresidentialelection,theidentityoftheloseris

perfectlyclear.Itisthenation'sconfidenceinthejudgeasanimpartialguardianofthelaw.”

Butattheendoffiveseeminglyendlessweeks,duringwhichthephysical,legalandconstitutional

machinesoftheU.S.electionwerepressedandsorelytestedinwaysunseeninmorethana

century,thesystemfinallyproducedaresult,andonemostAmericansappearedtobewillingat

leaseprovisionallytosupport.

TheBushteamwelcomedthenewswithanoutwardshowofrestraintandaplomb.Thegovernor's

hopeshadrisenandfallensomanytimessinceElectionnight,andthelegalwarriorsofeachside

sufferedthroughsomanydramaticreversals,thattherewaslittleenergyleftforcelebration.

1.Themainideaofthispassageis

[A].Bush'svictoryinpresidentialelectionboreapoliticaltaint.

[B].TheprocessoftheAmericanpresidentialelection.

[C].TheSupremeCourtplaysaveryimportantpartinthepresidentialelection.

[D].Goreisdistressed.

2.Whatdoesthesentence“asiftoleavespaceforMr.Goretocontemplatehisnextstep”mean

[A].BushhopesGoretojoinhisadministration.

[B].BushhopesGoretoconcededefeatandtosupporthim.

[C].BushhopesGoretocongraduatehim.

[D].BushhopesGoregoonfightingwithhim.

3.Whycouldn'tMr.Gorewinthe