藥學(xué)專業(yè)英語視聽教程 課件 lecture 1、2 Physiology and Pathology、Microbiology

LectureOnePhysiologyandPathologyendocrinehomeostasisparabiosisdepolarizationpancreasthrombusruptureatherosclerosisglucagonendothelialitmakesenzymesforthedigestionoffats,carbohydratesandproteinsthataresecretedintothelumenoftheduodenumitproducesglucagonfromalphacellsandamylinandinsulinfrombetacells,whichallgetsecretedintothebloodGLUT2transportersmetabolizedtoproduceATPATPsensitivepotassiumchannelsinthemembraneandclosethemdepolarizationsincethepotentialforpotassiumtoleavehasdecreasedacorrespondingnumberofcalciumvoltage-gatedchannelstoopenpre-synthesizedvesiclescontaininginsulinandamylinenterthebloodGLUT2exocytosis中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversitybindtoinsulinreceptorslocatedonmuscleandfatcellstranslocationoftheglucosetransporterGLUT4intothecellmembraneglucosetoleavethebloodtoenterthemuscleandfatcellsfatstoredasglycogenorbeutilizedtomakeATP中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversitystemorganismspermsubcellular中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversitymitochondrianutrientsembryonic中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversitycontractbonemarrow中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity

Vocabularymedication[?med??ke??n]藥物anemia[??nimi?]貧血osteoporosis[??sti??p??r??s?s]骨質(zhì)疏松癥fracture[?fr?kt??(r)]骨折GERD:gastroesophageal[g?str??i?s?f?d???l]refluxdisease胃食管返流病asthma[??sm?]哮喘gravity[?ɡr?v?ti]重力sphincter[?sf??kt?(r)]括約肌nicotine[?n?k?ti?n]尼古丁中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityTrueorFalse1.Heartburnisamedicalconditionrelatedtotheheart.2.Medicationistheonlywaytostopheartburn.3.Medicationsforheartburncanbetakenforlongperiodwithoutanyadversereactions(不良反應(yīng)).4.Chewingbeforeswallowingisagoodeatinghabit.5.Whatisportionsize?Trytogetsomecluesfromthepicture.中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityServingSizeversusPortionSize（食物份量)（食物分量)中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity1.Isstickingtomedicationsalwaysagoodwaytodealwithheartburn?Andwhy?No.Medicationscouldbeprettyharmfultopeople.Thesemedicineswork,buttheyareonlysupposedtobetakenforashortperiodoftime.Patientsthatoverusethesemedicationshaveahigherincidenceofanemia,osteoporosis,andhipfractures.中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity2.AccordingtoDoctorJorgeRodriguez,whatwillcauseGERD?FoodingestionAcidproductionAcidrefluxfromstomachtoesophagusburningsensationirritationtorespiratorytractandtriggeringofasthmapre-cancersorcanceroftheesophagus3.WhatwillbetheconsequencesofGERD?中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity4.Whatarethepossiblewaystostopheartburn?Don’tgotobedorliedownrightafteryoueat;PropthebedPortionsizeChewthefoodbeforeswallowingLoosenyourbeltandsitupstraightTakeyourtimetoeatDon’tgethunchedover(彎腰駝背)Nolate-nighteatingCutdownthestressReducetheconsumptionofalcoholandnicotine…中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity

Vocabularyrejuvenate[r??d?u?v?ne?t]使年輕，使更有活力cognition[k?ɡ?n??n]認(rèn)知neurodegenerativedisease神經(jīng)退行性疾病neuropathologist神經(jīng)病理學(xué)家Alzheimer’sdisease[??ltsha?m?zd?zi?z]阿爾茨海默病dementia[d??men??]癡呆susceptibility[s??sept??b?l?ti]（疾?。┮赘行詁ioinformatics[?ba?????nf??m?t?ks]生物信息學(xué)chronological[?kr?n??l?d??kl]按時(shí)間順序的，按時(shí)間計(jì)算的inflammation[??nfl??me??n]炎癥中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity1.Whatcanwelearnfromtheverybeginningofthespeechwhenthespeakertalksaboutthepaintingfromthe16thcentury—theFountainofYouth?Everyculture,everycivilizationhasdreamedoffindingeternalyouth.ThereseemstobeaFountainofYouthformice.

----oldmusclefromamousecanberejuvenated,

ifit’sexposedtoyoungbloodthrougha

commoncirculation;----similarrejuvenatingeffectscouldbeobserved

inthepancreas,theliverandtheheart;----anoldmouseexposedtoayoungblood

showsayoungerbrain,andabrainthat

functionsbetter中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity2.Whatchangesoccurwhenpeoplegetolder?Cognitiveabilitiesaredeclining.Thesynapsesstarttodeteriorate,neuronsdieandthebrainstartstoshrink.Thesusceptibilityfortheseneurodegenerativediseasesincreases.中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity3.Howwastheexperimentabouttheanalysisofbloodsamplesfromhealthyhumanbeingswiththeageof20–89conducted?Whatwasrevealedfromtheexperiment?Almost300bloodsamplesfromhealthyhumanbeingswerecollectedandover100ofcommunicationfactorsweremeasured.

Abouthalfofthesefactorschangedsignificantlybetweentheyoungestandtheoldestgroup.

Thereisagoodcorrelationbetweenthechronologicalageandthebiologicalagepreidctedfromthesefactors.

Thereareoutliersthatarefarfromthecorrelationcurve.中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity1.Whatdidtheresearchersfindoutintheexperimentusingthemodelofparabiosis?Andwhatarethereasonsfortheseresults?Therearemoreneuralstemcellsthatmakenewneuronsintheseoldbrains.Therearemoregenesexpressedthatareknowntobeinvolvedintheformationofnewmemories.Thereislessbadinflammation.Itmustbethesolublefactorsintheblood—plasma—thatcausedthesechanges.中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity2.Whatdidtheresearchersdototestthememoryofoldmice?Andwhatdidtheresultsreveal?Abigtableisdesignedtohavelotsofholesinit,butonlyoneofholesisconnectedwithatubemountedunderneath.Micecanbetrainedtofindthissingleholesincetheywanttoescapefromthebrightlight.Thetimeittakesforthemousetofindthiswholeisameasurementofmemory.中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityTheoldmousetreatedwithyounghumanplasmashowedabettermemory.Younghumanplasmaalsocontainssomethingthatcanrejuvenateoldbrain.Youngbloodfactorscanreverseaging.

Old-bloodfactorscanaccelerateaging.中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity3.Whatdoyouthinkofagereversal?Pleasemakeabriefcomment.MaybetheFountainofYouthisactuallywithinus.Ifthesefactorscouldbeidentified,wecouldchemicallysynthesizethemandusethemtotreatdiseasesofaging,suchasAlzheimer’sdisease.Toimprovethequalityoflifefortheelderly.Toincreaselifeexpectancyofhumans.中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityAssignments:PartITask3InterpretationPartIITask3HomeostasisPartIIITask1PathogenesisofAtherosclerosis中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityLectureTwoMicrobiology中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversitymacrophagecytokineepidemicconjugationchromosome中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity

colony

phageproteaseplaceboallergy中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversitybeingsmallestinsizeaffectingneworganismsviruseshavetoinvadebodycellformultiplicationbeingunabletosurviveoutsidethehostforlong中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversitydon’tcauseanydiseasedigestionyouhaveweakimmunitymostlysimpleandcomplaintssubsidebythemselvesareonlyeffectiveagainstbacterialinfectionwashingyourhands,coveringyourmouthwithtissuepaperorclothwheneveryoucoughorsneezetakingpropercareoflittlewoundsbydisinfectingthemVaccine中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityprogenychromosomes,genomesself-transmissiblehorizontal中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversitycomplementaryextracellularCompetencygeneticrecombination中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity

Vocabularyspore[sp??(r)]孢子germinate[?d???m?ne?t]萌芽，開始生長(zhǎng)incubator[???kjube?t?(r)]（細(xì)菌）培養(yǎng)箱allergic[??l??d??k]過敏的species[?spi??i?z]種genus[?d?i?n?s]屬rash[r??]皮疹中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity1.WhatdidFlemingfindwhenhereturnedtothelabaftervacation?HefoundaPetridishwascontaminatedbyacolonyofmoldandnobacteriagrewinthezonesurroundingthiscolonyofmold.Fleminghypothesizedthatthemoldwassecretingsomekindofcompoundthatcouldkillthebacteria.PenicilliumcolonyStaphylococciundergoinglysisNormalStaphylococcalcolony中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity2.Howdoespenicillindestroybacteria?Penicillindisruptsthesynthesisofthecellwallandpreventsitfrombeingreconstructedatacriticalphase.Meanwhile,penicillinstimulatesthe

releaseofhighlyreactivemolecules

thatcauseadditionaldamage.Thetwomechanismsworktogethertomakethecell’sstructurebreak

downcompletely.中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityBecausemethodsfortheisolationandmassiveproductionofpenicillinhadn’tbeensuccessfullydeveloped.3.WhydidpenicillinremainalaboratorycuriositymanyyearsafterFleming’sdiscovery?4.Whydomanypeoplehavethemisperceptionthattheyareallergictopenicillin?Manypatientsmistakenlyattributethedevelopmentofrashafterpenicillintreatmenttoallergy.Actually,themorelikelyculpritistheoriginalinfection,orareactionbetweentheinfectionandtheantibiotic.Genuinepenicillinallergiesrarelyoccur.中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity

Vocabularyemergencyuseauthorization緊急使用授權(quán)（atoolthattheFDAcanusetomakeaproductavailableduringapandemicwithoutfullevidenceofsafetyandeffectiveness）Paxlovid帕克洛維nirmatrelvir奈瑪特韋ritonavir利托那韋remdesivir瑞德西韋hospitaladmission[?h?sp?tl?d?m??n]入院、住院tolerate[?t?l?re?t]（對(duì)藥物）耐受antiarrhythmic[‘,?nt??’r?em?k]抗心律失常藥antipsychotic[?nt?sa?k?t?k]抗精神病藥中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity1.ForthepurposeofdealingwithCOVID-19,whatdoyouthinkaretheadvantagesoforaldrugsovervaccines?EasyandconvenientstorageandtransportationSelf-administeredandpain-free

Thesimplest,mostconvenient,andsafestmeansofdrugadministration

Providetreatmentoptionwhenvaccinesfailtopreventtheinfection中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity2.DoyouknowotherdrugcombinationsthatcanproducesynergisticeffectasinthecaseofPaxlovid?PaxlovidNirmatrelvir:apotentproteaseinhibitortargetingaproteasethatcutsproteinsneededbySARS-CoV-2forviralreplicationRitonavir:apotentinhibitorofP450thatisinvolvedinthemetabolismofnirmatrelvir中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityAssignment:searchforthesynergisticmechanismoflevodopaandcarbidopacombinationforthetreatmentofParkinson'sdiseaseLevodopaisaprodrugofdopamine;Levodopaisabletocrosstheblood-brainbarrierandthenmetabolisedbydecarboxylasetodopamine;Carbidopaisadecarboxylaseinhibitorlikethatpreventslevodopametabolismuntilafterithascrossedtheblood-brainbarrier.中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity3.WhatarethemajorclinicalbenefitsofPaxlovidaccordingtotheinterimdataofphase2andphase3studies?PatientswhotookPaxlovidwithinthreedaysofCOVIDsymptomshadan89%lowerriskofhospitaladmissionordeathwhencomparedtoaplacebogroup;Patientstreatedwithinfivedaysofsymptomonsethadsimilarreductionsintheriskofhospitaladmissionordeath;SimilarratesofadverseeventswerereportedforPaxlovid

andplacebogroups,indicatingthatthetreatmentwaswelltolerated;PatientswhoreceivedPaxlovidhadasignificantlylowerrateofseriousadverseevents.中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity

Vocabularyedge（微弱的）優(yōu)勢(shì)staphylococcusaureus[?st?f?l??k?k?s][???r??s]金黃色葡萄球菌MRSA(methicillin-resistantstaphylococcusaureus)耐甲氧西林金黃色葡萄球菌salmonella[s?lm?nel?]沙門氏菌

E.coli[?i??k??la?]大腸桿菌pneumonia[nju??m??ni?]肺炎

sepsis[?seps?s]膿毒癥β-lactamantibiotics[?l?kt?m]β-內(nèi)酰胺類抗生素oxacillin[??ks??s?l?n]苯唑西林

quinolone[?kw?n??l??n]喹諾酮類抗生素中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityTrueorFalse1.Therearemoremicrobialcellsinaperson'sbodythanhumancells.2.Mostofthehugenumberofbacterialcellsinsideyoucancauseharmfulinfections.3.Allantibioticsareproducedfromnaturalsourceslikemold.4.Antibioticscankillorinhibitthegrowthofbacteria,andtheyarealsoharmfultohumancells.5.Someantibioticsstopworkingbecausetherearesomeproblemswiththeseantibioticsthemselves.6.Abacteriumoftenundergoesmutationsandmanyofthese

mutationsaremeaningful,forexample,makingitresistanttoacertainantibiotic.7.Reproductionistheonlywaytopasstheresistantgene.中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity1.Howdobacteriabecomeresistantandhowdotheypasstheresistantgenes?----vertical(reproduction)----horizontal(DNAreleasedbydeadbacteriaispickedupbyanotherbacterium,conjugation/connectingthroughpilitosharethegenes)----mutations;----killingofnon-resistancebacteriainantibiotic-richenvironmentleavesmoreroomandresourcesfortheresistantonesCauses:Transferofresistantgenes:中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceutica