【管理類】組織行為學(xué)(6)課件

16四月2024【管理類】組織行為學(xué)(6)1.DefinitionsWorkGroup----interactingprimarilytoshareinformation&tomakedecisionstohelpeachmemberperformwithhisareaofresponsibility.----helpeachmemberdobetter;Don’tshareresponsibilityforeachother’sresultsTeam--Groupwhoseindividualeffortsresultinaperformancethatisgreaterthanthesumofthoseindividualinputs.----workinginterdependently&beingjointlyaccountableforperformancegoals.2.Clarityofthedifference

WorkgroupsWorkteamsShareinformation---Goal---CollectiveperformanceNeutral(negative)------Synergy-----PositiveIndividual----Accountability---Individual&mutualRandom&varied-----Skills------ComplementaryTeamwork,Teamplayer--embodyteamworkvalve,---Intensesenseofbelonging,Interdependence,JointresponsibilityClass8.WorkTeam§8.2TypesofTeams1.ClassificationbaseonobjectiveProblem-SolvingTeams:Groupof5-12employeesfromthesamedepartmentwhomeetforafewhourseachweektodiscusswaysofimprovingquality,efficiency,&theworksetting(P-solving).QualityCircles(TotalQP)---Qcontrol,Creduction,Pplanning,PdesignSelf-managementteams:Groupof10-15peopletakingonresponsibilitiesoftheirformersupervisors(empower).OfficeofthePresident--collectivelyassumestheroleoftheCOOInmanaginginternaloperationsCross-Functionalteam:employeesfromaboutthesamehierarchicallevel,butfromdifferentwokareacomingtogethertoaccomplishatask(coordination)

TransnationalTeam---joint-ventureteam2.Drucker’s3types

failure&all-but-universalbeliefTaskforce--temporarycross-functionalteam.Committees--groupsmadeupofmembersfromacrossdepartmentallinesBaseballTeam---Surgicaloperationteam,assemblyline.Theplayersplayontheteamwithfixedpositionstheyneverleave.---working“inseries”,takingturnFootballTeam---thesymphonyorchestra.Theplayersplayasateamwithfixedpositions,working“inparallel”.TennisDoubleTeam---Jazzcombo,President’sOffice.

(5-7)Theplayershaveaprimaryposition,adjustingtotheirteammate’sstrengths,weaknessandthechangingdemandsofthe“game”.--totallybreakwiththepast§8.3Buildinghigh-performanceteamSizeofteams--keepthemunderadozen.Givenalargerworkingunit,breakingintosubteamsAbilitiesofmembers--3differenttypesofskills:technicalexpertise,P-s&D-mskills,interpersonalAllocatingroles&promotingdiversity--9roles(1)Havingacommitmenttoacommonpurpose

EstablishingspecificgoalsLeadership&structureSocialloafing&accountabilityAppropriateperformanceevaluation&rewardsystemDevelopinghighmutualtrust(2)1.TeamrolesCreator-Innovators:initiatecreativeideas.Explorer-Promoters:championinitiatedideasAssessor-Developers:analyzedecisionoptionsThruster-Organizers:providestructureConcluder-Producers:providedirection&followController-Inspectors:checkfordetailsUpholder-Maintainers:fightexternalbattlesReporter-Advisers:seekfullinformationLinker:coordinate&integrate2.Developinghighmutualtrust

Characteristicofhigh-performanceteamswheremembersbelieveintheintegrity,character,&abilityofeachother.Dimensions:Integrity-honesty&truthfulness;Competence-Technical&interpersonalknowledge,skills;Consistency-Reliability,predictability,&goodjudgementinhandlingsituations;Loyalty-Willingnesstoprotect&savefaceforaperson;Openness-shareideasfreelyHowtobuildtrust:Demonstrateyou’reworkingforothers’interestaswellasyourown;Beateamplayer;Practiceopenness;Befair;Speakyourfeelings;ShowconsistencyinthebasicvaluesthatguideyourD-M;Maintainconfidence;Demonstratecompetence§8.4CreateteamplayerDesignjobaroundteamChallenge:1.Inherentresistance-individualachievers;2.Individualisticnationalculture;3.Anindividual-valuedorganizationalhistoryShapingteamplayers:Selection--jobcandidatewithteamskills,otherwisetraining,transferencetootherunit,rejectTraining--workshoptohelpimproveskillslikeP-S,communication,negotiation,conflictM,coachingReward--encouragecooperativeeffortsratherthancompetitiveones;intrinsicrewardsfromteam§8.5ContemporaryIssues

TQM:

theuseofteam--theessenceofprocessimprovement,employeeinvolvement,naturalvehicleWorkforcediversityonteamAdvantages:Multipleperspective;Greateropennesstonewideas;Multipleinterpretations;Increasedcreativity,flexibility,P-Sskills.Disadvantages:Ambiguity;Complexity;Confusion;Miscommunication;Difficultyinreachingaagreement,agreeingonspecificactionsReinvigoratingMatureTeams:1.stagnant,

apathy,complacency,groupthinking;2.successduetoeasytask3.mentalpreparation,refreshertraining,advancedtraining,constantlearningClass9.Communication§8.1Definition&Function

Thetransference&understandingofmeaning.

Nogroupcanexistwithoutit,4majorfunctions:Control:job-relatedgrievance,grouptease,harassMotivation:evaluation,specificgoals,feedbackonEmotionalexpression:feelings,socialneedsInformation:facilitateD-MClass9.Communication§9.2TheCommunicationProcess

Thestepsbetweenasource&areceiverthatresultinthetransference&understandingofmeaning1.ACommunicationModelThesource:message-whatiscommunicatedEncoding:convertingamessagetosymbolicform.Skill,attitude,knowledge,social-culturesystemChannel:themediumthroughwhichamessagetravels--selectedbythesourceDecoding:retranslatingasender’smessageThereceiverFeedbackloop:thefinallinkintheprocess;putsthemessagebackintothesystemasacheckagainstmisunderstanding2.Distortion&ApprehensionSourceofdistortion:7componentCommunicationApprehension:unduetension&anxietyaboutoral,writtencommunication,orboth---moreseriousthanthatofpeopledreadspeakinginfrontofagroupOralapprehensive--expecttofindsuitablejob.Teacher--adominantrequirementClass9.Communication§9.2

Communicationfundamentals1.DirectionofCommunicationDownward--flowfromonelevelofagroupororganizationtoalowerleverupward--flowtoahigherleverlateral--takingplaceamongmembersofthesamegroup,amongindividualsatthesamelevel,amonganyhorizontallyequivalentpersonnel.2.CommunicationnetworkchannelsbywhichinformationflowsFormalnetwork:task-relatedcommunicationsthatfollowtheauthoritychain--common-smallgroup

CriteriaChainWheelAll-channelspeedmoderatefastfastaccuracyhighhighmoderateemergenceofleadermoderatehighnonemembersatisfactionmoderatelowhighInformalnetwork:thecommunicationgrapelineStudies:only10%ofpeopleactasliaisonSuggestion:1.announcetimetable;2.explaininconsistency;3.emphasizethedownside,upside;4.openlydiscussworstcase.3.NonverbalCommunicationMessagesconveyedthroughbodymovement,theintonationsoremphasiswegivetowords,facialexpressions,&thephysicaldistancebetweenthesender&receiverKinesics:thestudyofbodymotions--gestures,facialconfigurations,BodylanguagelinkedwithspokenlanguageconveyfullermeaningActionsspeaklouderthanwords4.ChoiceofchannelModelofmediarichnessChannelrichness:theamountofinformationthatcanbetransmittedduringacommunicationepisoderichest--leanestCapacity--handlemultiplecuessimultaneously;facilitaterapidfeedback;beverypersonalmessagetype:nonroutine,ambiguous--routine,clear

informationmedium:face-to-facetalk,phonecall,E-mail,memos-letters,flyers-bulletins-generalreports5.BarrierstoeffectiveCommunication

Filtering:asender’smanipulationofinformationsothatitwillbeseenmorefavorably