法律英語第一課省公開課金獎全國賽課一等獎微課獲獎?wù)n件

2024/4/13法律英語1Lesson

one

Legal

system

1/522024/4/13法律英語2Everylawhasnoatomofstrength,asfarasnopublicopinionsupportsit.

Wendellphillips,Americanleaderagainstslavery若是沒有公眾輿論支持，法律是絲毫沒有力量。

美國廢奴運動領(lǐng)袖菲力普斯W

2/522024/4/13法律英語3BackgroundTwoperiodsoflegalhistory:ThePeriodoftheEnglishColoniesThePeriodoftheUnitedStatesOnMay14,1607,theVirginiaCompanyexplorerslandedonJamestownIslandtoestablishtheVirginiaEnglishcolonyTheRevolutionaryWarinAmerica(1775-1783)3/522024/4/13法律英語44/522024/4/13法律英語5CharacteristicsCommonlawlegalsystem普通法系DecentralizationCaselawStaredecisis

遵從前例5/522024/4/13法律英語6Text——Part

OneThe

United

States

is

atoncea

very

new

nationa

very

old

nation既年輕又古老國家6/522024/4/13法律英語7it

is

constantly

being

renewed

by

the

addition

of

new

elements

of

population

and

of

new

States不停有新人口成份和新州加入It

is

a

new

nationComparedwithmanyothercountries

與其它國家相比7/522024/4/13法律英語8

It

isthe

oldest

of

the

"new"

nations

—the

first

one

to

be

made

out

ofan

Old

World

colony.

第一個從舊大陸殖民地脫胎而出國家the

oldest

written

constitution

the

oldest

continuous

federal

systemthe

oldest

practice

of

self-governmentIt

is

old8/522024/4/13法律英語9The

whole

of

its

history

belongs

in

the

period

since

the

invention

of

the

printing

press.美國歷史是印刷創(chuàng)造以后歷史。公元1440～1448年，德國人谷登堡創(chuàng)造活版印刷術(shù)，在鉛合金活字，脂肪性油墨，以及印刷機制造方面，都取得了巨大成功，從而奠定了當代印刷術(shù)基礎(chǔ)。被各國學(xué)者公認是當代印刷術(shù)創(chuàng)始人9/522024/4/13法律英語10for

events

such

as

those

that

are

lost

in

the

legendary

past

of

Italy

or

France

or

England

are

part

of

the

printed

record

of

the

United

States

那些在意大利、法國或英國過去傳說中湮沒那些事件，是美國有文字記載歷史一部分。The

whole

of

its

history

is

recorded10/522024/4/13法律英語11And

the

American

record

Comprehensive

復(fù)雜Immense

繁多11/522024/4/13法律英語12Record

of

the

colonial

era

殖民時代記載Recordof

the

Nation

since

1776國家從1776年開始記載Recordof

the

present

fifty

States

當前50個州記載The

intricate

network

ofrelationships

between

States

andNation

各州與聯(lián)邦之間錯綜復(fù)雜關(guān)系記載12/522024/4/13法律英語13The

reports

of

the

United

States

Supreme

Court

fill

350

volumesThe

reports

of

some

States

are

almost

equally

voluminous.

聯(lián)邦最高法院判例匯編州法院判例匯編13/522024/4/13法律英語14The

reader

who

wants

to

trace

the

history

of

law

in

America

is

confronted

with

over

5,000

stout

volumes

of

legal

cases.想要探索美國法律歷史人面正確是5000多巨冊法律案例。14/522024/4/13法律英語15No

one

document,

no

handful

of

documents,

can

properly

be

said

to

reveal

the

character

of

a

people

or

of

their

government.

沒有哪一個或者少數(shù)幾個文件能夠準確地揭示一國人民或政府特征。15/522024/4/13法律英語16When

hundreds

and

thousands

of

documents

strike

a

consistent

note，over

more

than

a

hundred

years,

we

have

a

right

to

say

that

is

the

keynote.當一百多年來成百上千文件敲擊出一直如一音調(diào)時，我們能夠說這就是基調(diào)。16/522024/4/13法律英語17The

American

legal

system,

like

the

English,

is

methodologically

mainly

a

caselaw

system.

判例法Part

Two

17/522024/4/13法律英語18Civillawlegalsystem大陸法系/羅馬法系Commonlawlegalsystem普通法系Statutorylaw法國和德國為代表，還有瑞士、意大利、奧地利、比利時、盧森堡、荷蘭、西班牙、葡萄牙、日本等Caselaw形成于英國，包含加拿大，澳大利亞，新西蘭，愛爾蘭，印度、巴基斯坦，馬來西亞和新加坡，香港地域也采取英美法18/522024/4/13法律英語19

Most

fields

of

private

law

still

consist

primarily

of

case

law

and

the

extensive

and

steadily

growing

statutory

continues

to

be

subject

to

binding

interpretation

through

case

law.

私法大多數(shù)領(lǐng)域主要包含判例法，以及廣泛不停增加成文法，這些成文法繼續(xù)經(jīng)過判例法受制于有約束力法律解釋。19/522024/4/13法律英語20Knowledge

Technique

central

importancefor

an

understanding

of

American

lawand

legal

methodology20/522024/4/13法律英語21The

common

law

is

historically

the

common

general

law

——

with

supremacy

over

local

law

——which

was

decreed

by

the

itinerant

judges

of

the

English

royal

court.

普通法在歷史上是普通綜正當，由英國皇家法院巡回法官頒布普通綜正當?shù)匚桓哂诘胤椒ā?1/522024/4/13法律英語22enforcement強制執(zhí)行；

claim請求；

action訴訟行為；

writ法院令狀；

classicalRomanlaw古羅馬法22/522024/4/13法律英語23Theenforcement

ofaclaimpresupposedtheexistenceofaspecialformofaction,awrit,withtheresultthattheoriginalcommonlawrepresentedasystemof‘a(chǎn)ction’similartothatofclassicalRomanlaw.某項訴訟請求強制執(zhí)行是以法院令狀這種特殊訴訟形式存在為前提，而這就使最初普通法表現(xiàn)為由類似于古羅馬法“訴訟行為”所組成體系。23/522024/4/13法律英語24

If

a

writ

existed

(in

1227)

a

claim

could

be

enforced;

有法院令狀，訴訟請求就要強制執(zhí)行；there

was

no

recourse

for

a

claim

without

a

writ,

the

claim

did

notexist.

沒有法院令狀為前提訴訟請求，就沒有追索權(quán)，因而該訴訟請求也就不存在。24/522024/4/13法律英語25

This

system

became

inflexible

when

the

"Provisions

of

Oxford"

(1258)

prohibited

the

creation

of

new

writs,

except

for

the

flexibility

which

the

"writ

upon

the

case"

allowed

and

which

later

led

to

the

development

of

contract

and

tort

law.

這一制度在（1258年）“牛津條例”禁止新令狀產(chǎn)生以后變得固定下來；除非“本案令狀”允許了靈活性例外，后者以后發(fā)展成協(xié)議與侵權(quán)法。25/522024/4/13法律英語26The

narrow

limits

of

the

forms

of

action

and

the

limited

recourse

they

provided

led

to

the

development

of

equity

law

and

equity

case

law.

訴訟形式限制及其提供有限追索權(quán)造成了衡平法和衡平判例法產(chǎn)生。26/522024/4/13法律英語27衡平法由英國衡平法法院大法官在處理專門申訴案件時，為防止過分重視令狀和程序方面技術(shù)性問題，而集中考慮案情理據(jù)得失，最終發(fā)展出有別于普通法法律規(guī)范，就是衡平法。27/522024/4/13法律英語28“Equity”——doing

equity公平——行為公平deciding

ex

aequo

et

bono決定公平且善良（拉丁語）was

first

granted

by

the

King,

and

later

by

his

Chancellor

as

"keeper

of

the

King's

conscience",

toaffordreliefinhardshipcases.首先由國王，以后由作為“國王良知守護人”大法官作出，方便對難以處理案例提供救助。28/522024/4/13法律英語29In

the

fifteenth

century,

however,

equity

law

and

equity

case

law

developed

into

an

independent

legal

system

and

judiciary

(Court

of

chancery)which

competed

with

the

ordinary

common

law

courts.

15世紀，衡平法和衡平判例法發(fā)展成獨立法律制度和司法制度（大法官法庭），大法官法庭與普通法法庭并列存在。29/522024/4/13法律英語30普通法衡平法普通法專指英國在11世紀后由法官經(jīng)過判決形式逐步形成適合用于全英格蘭一個判例法。而衡平法是指英國在14世紀后對普通法修正和補充而出現(xiàn)一個判例法。30/522024/4/13法律英語31Its

rules

and

maxims

became

fixed

and,

to

a

degree,

inflexible

as

in

any

legal

system.

衡平法規(guī)則和標準逐步確定，與任何法律制度一樣，含有一定程度固定性。equity

law31/522024/4/13法律英語321.relief

in

the

form

of

specific

performance

特定推行救助方式

特定推行是對需要推行協(xié)議義務(wù)協(xié)議當事人發(fā)出一個命令。只有存在需要推行協(xié)議，才能取得特定推行命令。

Special

characteristics

of

equity

law：32/522.the

injunction

禁令：暫時或最終采取或不采取某種行為命令禁制令是法院作出裁定。指示一人或數(shù)人不要做某項詳細事或者做某項詳細事：但后一個指示較少。

禁制令只能為強制執(zhí)行或保護一個普通法上或衡平法上權(quán)利，才能做出。2024/4/13法律英語3333/523.the

development

of

so

calledmaxims

of

equity

law形成所謂衡平法座右銘

衡平法不允許有錯誤存在而沒有救助（Equitywillnotsufferawrongtobewithoutremedy）；

求援于衡平法者本身必須公正行事（Hewhoseeksequitymustdoequity）；

求援于衡平法者本身必須清白（Hewhocomestoequitymustcomewithcleanhands）；

衡平法重視意圖而不重形式（Equitylooksattheintentratherthantheform）…………2024/4/13法律英語3434/522024/4/13法律英語35However,

equitable

relief

regularly

will

lie

only

when

the

common

law

relief

isinadequate.

只有當普通法救助不充分時，才適用衡平救助。35/52甲向朋友乙借款100英鎊，并留下借據(jù)。一年后甲如數(shù)償還，但出于對朋友信任，甲未要求乙當面償還借據(jù)，而是請乙將借據(jù)撕掉。實際上，乙一時大意，并未撕掉借據(jù)。

又過了一年，甲乙兩人反目成仇，乙持甲那張借據(jù)向法院起訴，要求甲還錢。按照普通法，法院依法只能判決甲（再次）償還乙100英鎊，因為按照當初訴訟規(guī)則，法院惟一接收證據(jù)，就是那張應(yīng)該撕掉卻沒有撕借據(jù)！

不過，假如按照衡平法審理，樞密大臣能夠公布命令，要求乙將借據(jù)交給甲，命令乙不得就欠款一事向普通法院起訴；假如乙已經(jīng)起訴，而且普通法院已經(jīng)作出了乙勝訴判決，大法官能夠命令乙不得執(zhí)行判決。一樣地，假如損害賠償不是適當救助，大法官能夠命令當事人將原物返還，或者禁止當事人采取一定行動。2024/4/13法律英語3636/522024/4/13法律英語37As

the

common

law,

equity

law

became

part

of

American

law

either

through

judicial

acceptance司法接收

or

through

express

statutory

provision明確成文法條款37/522024/4/13法律英語38

Today,

both

legal

systems

have

been

merged

in

many

American

jurisdictions

普通法

衡平法there

is

only

one

form

of

civil

suit

in

these

jurisdictions

as

well

asin

federal

practice.

在美國司法管轄區(qū)和聯(lián)邦實踐中只有一套民事訴訟形式38/522024/4/13法律英語39美國紐約州立法機構(gòu)于1848年經(jīng)過了由戴維·菲爾德起草《菲爾德民事程序法典》，稍后更成立了一個“法典化委員會”來“將紐約州全部法律簡化為成文、系統(tǒng)化法典”。39/522024/4/13法律英語40Only

few

States

continue

to

maintain

a

separate

chancery

court.

獨立大法官法庭40/522024/4/13法律英語41Referencetothehistoricaldevelopmentisimportant

參考歷史發(fā)展非常主要Itexplainstheoriginandsignificanceofmanycontemporarylegalconceptsthe

division

of

title

in

the

law

of

property財產(chǎn)法上全部權(quán)分割41/522024/4/13法律英語42

it

is

still

relevant

for

the

decision

of

such

questionsReferencetothehistoricaldevelopmentisimportant

參考歷史發(fā)展非常主要

a

right

to

a

trial

by

jury

陪審團審判權(quán)42/522024/4/13法律英語43“ordinary”

common

law

relief

of

damages

普通法要求賠償金救助“extraordinary”

equity

remedy

of

specific

performance

衡平法要求特定推行救助43/522024/4/13法律英語44"Case

law"

describes

the

entire

body

of

judge

made

law

and

today

includes

common

law

and

equity

precedents.

“判例法”指全部法官定法，當前既包含普通法，也包含衡平法先例。44/522024/4/13法律英語45

In

imprecise

and

confusing

usage

the

terms

"common

law"

and

"case

law"

are

often

used

synonymously,

with

the

term

“common

law”

in

thisusage

connoting

judge-made