6環(huán)境工程專業(yè)英語unit6省公開課金獎(jiǎng)全國賽課一等獎(jiǎng)微課獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)n件

環(huán)境科學(xué)與工程專業(yè)英語SpecializedEnglishforenvironmentalscienceandengineering化學(xué)化工學(xué)院賀薇1/47PART2ATMOSPHERICCHEMISTRYANDAIRPOLLUTION＆CONTROLUnit7IntroductionofEnvironmentalChemistryoftheatmosphereUnit6AtmosphericParticles2/47TroposphereStratosphereatmospheresThermosphereMesosphereExosphereIonosphereOzonosphereozonelayerUnit5Chemistryoftheatmosphere3/47Unit5ChemistryoftheatmosphereThetroposphereiswellmixedanditsbulkcompositionis78%N2,21%O2,1%Arand0.036%CO2withvaryingamoutsofwatervapordependingontemperatureandaltitude.(P31,paragraph2)4/47ParticulatesParticulates

,alternativelyreferredtoasparticulatematter(PM),atmosphericparticulatematter,orfineparticles,aretinyparticlesofsolidorliquidsuspendedinagas.

Incontrast,aerosolreferstocombinedparticlesandgas.Subtypesofatmosphericparticlematterincludesuspendedparticulatematter(SPM),respirablesuspendedparticle(RSP;particleswithdiameterof10micrometresorless),fineparticles(diameterof2.5micrometresorless),ultrafineparticles,andsoot.

Unit6AtmosphericParticles(particulates)5/47TermsTSP:TotalsuspendedparticulatematterRSP:RespirablesuspendedparticulatematterPM10:Particulatematteroflessthan10um;equivalenttoRSP.PM2.5:Particulatematteroflessthan2.5umaerosol：

suspensioninairofsolidorliquidparticlesbelow100mindiameter6/47Particulatesplayanimportantroleinatmosphericchemistry.Neutralizationreactions,whichoccurmostreadilyinsolution,maytakeplaceinwaterdropletssuspendedintheatmosphere.Unit6AtmosphericParticles(particulates)中和反應(yīng)能夠發(fā)生在懸浮在大氣中水滴上，這種反應(yīng)通常在溶液中最輕易發(fā)生。金屬氧化物和碳小顆粒對氧化反應(yīng)有催化作用。Smallparticlesofmetaloxidesandcarbonhaveacatalyticeffectonoxidationreactions.Particlesmayalsoparticleinoxidationreactionsinducedbylight.光誘導(dǎo)氧化反應(yīng)也能夠形成顆粒物。7/47

InorganicparticlesMetaloxidesRadioactiveparticlesRadonOrganicparticlesPAH(polycyclicaromatichydrocarbons):Benzo[a]pyreneUnit6AtmosphericParticles(particulates)8/47group1A. “Alkalimetals”(Li,Na,K,Rb,Cs，F(xiàn)r)3.Lithium['liθi:?m]

鋰11.Sodium['s?udi:?m]

鈉Natrium['neitri?m]

19.Potassium

[p?'t?si?m]

鉀kalium

['keili?m]

37.Rubidium[ru:'bidi?m]

銣（Rb）55.Caesium

['si:zj?m]

銫(Cs)87.Francium['fr?nsi?m]

(放射性元素)鈁(符Fr)/potassium/9/47

2.Beryllium[be'rili?m](Be),

鈹12.Magnesium[m?g'ni:zi?m](Mg),鎂20.Calcium['k?lsi?m](Ca)，鈣38.Strontium['str?n?i?m](Sr)，鍶56.Barium['b??ri?m](Ba),鋇88.Radium['reidj?m]

(Ra)鐳/magnesium/index.htmlgroup2A. “Alkalineearthmetals”10/47group4A“Carbonfamily”6.Carbon

['kɑ:b?n]

碳C14.Silicon

['silik?n]

硅Si32.Germanium

[d??:'meini?m]

鍺Ge50.Tin[tin]Stannum['st?n?m]

錫Sn82.Lead[li:d]

plumbum

['pl?mb?m]鉛Pb

/carbon/11/47(F,Cl,Br,I，At)9.Fluorine['flu?ri:n](F),氟17.Chlorine['kl?uri:n](Cl),氯35.Bromine['br?umi:n]

(Br),溴53.Iodine

['ai?dain,-di:n]

(I),

碘85.Astatine

['?st?ti:n]

(At)砹corrosive,reactivenon-metals/fluorine/index.htmlgroup7A “Halogens”12/47group8A,group0 “noblegases,inertgases,orraregases”(He,Ne,Ar,Kr,Xe,Rn)2.Helium['hi:li?m]

（He）氦10.Neon

[ni:?n]

(Ne),氖18.Argon['ɑ:ɡ?n]

(Ar),氬36.Krypton['kript?n](Kr),

氪54.Xenon['zen?n]

(Xe),氙86.Radon['reid?n]

(Rn)

氡lowreactivities/helium/index.html13/47BoronfamilyBoron['b?:r?n]硼B(yǎng)Aluminum[?lju:'min?m]鋁AlAluminium[?lju:'minj?m]美語NitrogenfamilyNitrogen['naitr?d??n]氮NPhosphorus/Phosphorous['f?sf?r?s]磷P

Oxygenfamily，oxygengroup，Group16，

Oxygen['?ksid??n]氧OSulfur['s?lf?]硫S14/47groupⅧIron

[‘a(chǎn)i?n]

ferrum

[’fer?m]

鐵，F(xiàn)eCobalt

[k?'b?:lt,'k?ub?:lt]

鈷Co,Nickel

['nik?l]

鎳NiPalladium

[p?'leidi?m]

鈀PdPlatinum['pl?tn?m]

鉑PtgroupⅥChromium['kr??mi:?m]

鉻CrTungsten

['t??st?n]

Wolframium[wul'freimi?m]

鎢WgroupⅦManganese['m??g?,ni:z,-,ni:s]

錳Mn15/47group1B(group11)coinagemetalscopper['k?p?]

(Cu),銅cuprum

['kju:pr?m]

silver(Ag)，銀goldAurum['?:r?m]

(Au),金group2B(group12)Zinc[zi?k],ZnCadmium['k?dmi?m]

鎘,CdMercury['m?:kjuri]

汞Hydrargyrum[hai'drɑ:d?ir?m]

汞16/47NomenclatureofInorganicCompounds

（無機(jī)化合物命名法）

1.NamesofCations（陽離子命名）元素名稱

+ion*假如某元素能形成一個(gè)以上陽離子，則使用斯托克數(shù)字（Stocknumber）來表示其所帶電荷（只形成一個(gè)陽離子無須用）。17/47例:：Na+：sodiumion；Ag+：silverion；Ca2+：calciumion；Fe2+：iron（II）ion；Fe3+：iron（III）ion；Al3+：aluminumion；18/472.NamesofAnions（陰離子命名）

元素名稱詞干+-ide+ion例：F-：fluorideion（F：fluorine）；

Cl-：chlorideion（Cl：chlorine）；

Br-：bromideion（Br：bromine）；

I-：iodideion（I：iodine）OH-：hydroxideion19/472）Oxyanions（Oxoanions）

（含氧陰離子，又稱酸根離子）：例：CO32-：carbonateion（C：carbon）；SO42-：sulfateion（S：sulfur）；

SO32-：sulfiteion；NO3-：nitrateion（N：nitrogen）；NO2-：nitriteion；

非氧元素名稱詞干+-ate+ion（譯為“*酸根離子”）20/47

3.

NamesofAcids（酸命名）：

酸命名：按酸根離子命名來給出對應(yīng)命名。

Ion

Correspondingacid

——ide

hydro——icacid

——ite

——ousacid

——ate

——icacid

比如：

Cl-(chloride)，

HCl

（Hydrochloricacid）；

CN-(cyanide)

HCN

(Hydrocyanicacid).

ClO2-(chlorite)，HClO2（Chlorousacid）；

ClO3-(chlorate)，HClO3（Chloricacid）；21/47酸根離子中非氧元素名稱詞干+-icacid*假如某元素能形成一個(gè)以上含氧酸，則按以下規(guī)則：

a.高（過）*酸：per-+

酸根離子中非氧元素名稱詞干+-icacid

b.*酸：酸根離子中非氧元素名稱詞干+-icacid

c.亞*酸：酸根離子中非氧元素名稱詞干+-ousacid

d.次*酸：hypo-+

酸根離子中非氧元素名稱詞干+-ousacid22/474.

NamesofBases（堿命名）：元素名稱+hydroxide偏*酸：meta-+酸根離子中非氧元素名稱詞干+-icacid焦*酸：pyro-+酸根離子中非氧元素名稱詞干+-icacid例：H2SO4：sulfuricacid；H3PO4：phosphoricacid（P：phosphorus）

*假如某元素能形成一個(gè)以上陽離子，則使用斯托克數(shù)字（Stocknumber）來表示其所帶電荷（只形成一個(gè)陽離子無須用）.

例：NaOH：sodiumhydroxide；

KOH：potassiumhydroxide23/475.NamesofSalts（鹽命名）：

不帶“ion”陽離子名稱+

不帶“ion”陰離子名稱

*陽離子電荷數(shù)用斯托克數(shù)字（Stocknumber）來表示（只形成一個(gè)陽離子元素?zé)o須用）.例：CuCl：copper（I）chloride；

CuCl2：copper（II）chloride；

CuSO4：copper（II）sulfate；

KClO4：potassiumperchlorate

24/476.NamesofMolecularCompounds

（分子化合物命名）：

正價(jià)元素名稱+

負(fù)價(jià)元素名稱詞干+-ide*分子中各元素原子個(gè)數(shù)用希臘數(shù)字前綴來表示.例：CaO：calciumoxide；

CO2：carbondioxide；

P2O5：diphosphoruspentoxide；

SF6：sulfurhexafluoride；

CO：carbonmonoxide*慣用數(shù)字前綴：1.mono-;2.bi-;3.tri-;4.tetra-;5.penta-;6.hex(a)-(sex(a)-);7.hept(a)-(sept(a)-);8.oct(a)-;9.non(a)-;10.dec(a)-25/477.NamesofHydrates（水合物命名）：

非水化合物名稱+表示結(jié)晶水個(gè)數(shù)希臘數(shù)字前綴+hydrate例：CuSO4·5H2O：

copper（II）sulfatepentahydrate

26/47科技英語中常見分子式及化學(xué)反應(yīng)式讀法(1)讀分子式時(shí)，字母部分均按字母名稱讀出。(2)化學(xué)反應(yīng)式中符號“→’’讀作yields或forms意即‘生成比如:①H2O:[eitftu:'?u]C6H6:['si:siks'eitfsiks]H2SO4:L'eititu:esau'f

]H2C=CH2:['eitltu:'si:doubleband'si:eititu:]②C6H1206→2C2H5OH+2CO2CsixHtwelveOsixyieldstwoCtwoHfiveOHplustwoCOtwo.27/47③NaOH→Na++OH-NsubaOHyieldsNsubapositiveplusOHnegative.④Cl-+Ag+→AgCl[si:el]negativePlus[eid?i:]positiveyields[eii:si:el]⑤aA+tT→PamolesofAPlustmolesofTyieldsP.或讀作:aAplustTyieldsP⑥COthreetwonegativePlustwoHpositiveyieldsHtwoOplusCOtwo28/471、反應(yīng)名稱：

combination化合decomposition分解displacement取代redoxreactionnonredoxreaction29/47neutralizationreaction中和反應(yīng)

hydrolysis

[hai'dr?lisis]

reaction

水解反應(yīng)

exothermic

['eks?u'θ?:mik]

reaction

放熱反應(yīng)endothermic['end??'θ?:mik]

reaction吸熱反應(yīng)

reversiblereaction可逆反應(yīng)

forwardreactionreversereactionspontaneousreaction自發(fā)反應(yīng)

nonspontaneousreaction

photochemicalreaction30/472、反應(yīng)條件heat;burnignite/ignitionelectrolyze/electrolysisunder/atambient/roomtemperatureunderstandardpressurewith/intheprescenceofcatalyst31/473、英文表示1molNitrogenreactswith（combineswith）

3molhydrogentoform2molammoniaathightemperatureandpressurewiththepresenceofacatalyst.高溫，高壓

Ammoniadecomposestonitrogenandhydrogenathightemperatureandpressurewiththepresenceofacatalyst.

Reactionbetweennitrogenandhydrogenathightemperatureandpressurewiththepresenceofacatalystgivesammonia.32/47

Calciumcarbonatewhenheated

producescalciumoxideandcarbondioxide.Calciumcarbonateisheatedtoyieldcalciumoxideandcarbondioxide.Calciumcarbonatedecomposestocalciumoxideandcarbondioxidewhenitisheated.ComebacktoUnit6text33/47ChemicalreactionintheatmospherereactionofatmosphericnitrogenanditsOxidesreactionofatmosphericsulfurcompoundsreactionofatmosphericcarbonmonoxidephotochemicalreactionofatmosphere課外閱讀教材P33，P39，P43，P44相關(guān)文章34/47Thesulfuricacidproductisahygroscopicsubstancethataccumulatesatmosphericwatertoformsmallliquiddropletsinwhichitmayreactwithbasicairpollutantstoformsalts.硫酸類物質(zhì)是一個(gè)吸水性物質(zhì)，該類物質(zhì)使得大氣中水分累積形成能夠與堿性空氣污染物反應(yīng)生成鹽小液滴。FormationandCompositionofInorgnicParticles35/47Thecompositionofparticulatematterreflectsboththeelementalcompositionofitssourceandchemicalreactionsthatmaychangethecomposition.顆粒物組成不但反應(yīng)了顆粒物起源元素組成，也表明了可能引發(fā)組分改變化學(xué)反應(yīng)。36/47Amongtheconstituentsofinorganicparticulatematterfoundinpollutedatmospherearesalts,oxides,nitrogencompounds,sulfurcompounds,variousmetals，andradionuclides.在被污染大氣中發(fā)覺無機(jī)顆粒物組成包含鹽，氧化物，氮化合物，硫化合物，各種金屬和放射性核素。37/471）Theearthcontainsalotofusefulsubstances.2）Thecarbonmonoxidecontentwasabout5%.3）Theclassconsistsof41students.4）41studentsconstitutetheclass.Contain,consistof,constitute,include,bemadeupof,becombinedin,compose,form,contain,comprise

“組成”“組成”“成份”等表示法38/47

“組成”“組成”“成份”等表示法Component,composition,constitution,constituent,content,formation,ingredient,make-up39/47Muchofthemineralparticulatematterinapollutedatmosphereisintheformofflyashconsistingofinorganicmaterialandelementalcarbonproducedduringthecombustionofhigh-ashfossilfuel.被污染大氣中含有大部分無機(jī)顆粒物都是以揚(yáng)塵形式存在，這些揚(yáng)塵是由高塵化石燃料燃燒時(shí)產(chǎn)生無機(jī)材料和元素碳組成。40/47Theorganicparticlesofgreatconcernarepolycyclicaromatichydrocarbons(PHA),whichconsistofcondensed-ringarylmoleculesproducedbypyr