托馬斯哈代介紹

ThomasHardy(1840-1928)Englishpoetandnovelist,famousforhisdepictionsoftheimaginarycountry“Wessex”.Hardy’sworksreflectedhisstoicalpessimismandsenseoftragedyinhumanlife.09英本682ContentsBriefIntroduction

MajorWorks

TessoftheD'UrbervillesBorn:2June1840

Died:11January1928Occupation:architect

writer(Naturalist,Novelist,Poet,andShortStorywriter)afamous

criticalrealistic

writerthelastimportantnovelistoftheVictorianageAttheageof16,hebecameapprenticedtoalocalarchitect,buthegaveuparchitecturein1874.Becauseofmarriage,hebegantowritepoemsandnovels,whichidealizedtherurallife.Tess(1891)andJude(1896)shockedBritishpruderiesandHardywasterriblyabusedforbeing“filthy”.Hardyannouncedin1896thatJudewashislastnovel,andturnedwithrelieftothewritingofpoetry.Hardy’sfinalyearswerefullofhonors.Hediedin1928.

◆Because

mostofHardy’snovelstakeplaceinthe"partly-real,partly-dream"countyofWessex(namedaftertheAnglo-Saxonkingdomwhichexistedinthearea),hisnovelswerecalledWessexNovel(威塞克斯小說）.

◆theevolutionofWessextheEnglishsocietyinthe19thcentury,loveforhishometown,hisindividualphilosophy.

Hardy’sworkasanarchitectIn1870,whileonanarchitecturalmissiontorestoretheparishchurchinCornwall,HardymetandfellinlovewithEmmaLaviniaGifford,whomhemarriedin1874.Althoughhelaterbecameestrangedfromhiswife,whodiedin1912,herdeathhadatraumaticeffectonhim.Afterherdeath,HardymadeatriptoCornwalltorevisitplaceslinkedwiththeircourtship,andhisPoems1912-13reflectuponherpassing.In1914,HardymarriedhissecretaryFlorenceEmilyDugdale,whowas39yearshisjunior.However,heremainedpreoccupiedwithhisfirstwife'sdeathandtriedtoovercomehisremorsebywritingpoetryHardy’sFirstWifeEmmaGifford:awomanofhighsocialstatus.ShehadaveryinterestingpersonalityandwasalwaysrememberbyvisitorstotheHardyhousehold.Shediedin1912.ThomasandEmmaHardyresidedatMaxGatefrom1884onward.DesighedbyHardyhimselfSecondwife—Hardy’snurse,companionandfan.In1914,HardymarriedhissecretaryFlorenceEmilyDugdale,whowas39yearshisjunior.

DuetoFlorence’scare,Hardycouldremainhealthyandcontinuehiswritingcareer.托馬斯哈代（1840～1928）英國詩人、小說家。他是橫跨兩個世紀的作家，早期和中期的創(chuàng)作以小說為主，繼承和發(fā)揚了維多利亞時代的文學傳統(tǒng)；晚年以其出色的詩歌開拓了英國20世紀的文學。

哈代1840年6月2日生于英國西南部的一個小村莊，毗鄰多塞特郡大荒原，這里的自然環(huán)境日后成了哈代作品的主要背景。他的父親是石匠，但愛好音樂。父母都重視對哈代的文化教育。1856年哈代離開學校，給一名建筑師當學徒。1862年前往倫敦，任建筑繪圖員，并在倫敦大學進修語言，開始文學創(chuàng)作。

哈代的文學生涯開始于詩歌，后因無緣發(fā)表，改事小說創(chuàng)作。他的第一部長篇小說《計出無奈》問世于1871年。成名作是他的第四部小說《遠離塵囂》（1874）。從此，他放棄建筑職業(yè)，致力于小說創(chuàng)作。

哈代一生共發(fā)表了近20部長篇小說，其中最著名的當推《德伯家的苔絲》、《無名的裘德》、《還鄉(xiāng)》和《卡斯特橋市長》。詩8集，共918首，此外，還有許多以“威塞克斯故事”為總名的中短篇小說，以及長篇史詩劇《列王》。

哈代的作品反映了資本主義侵入英國農村城鎮(zhèn)后所引起的社會經濟、政治、道德、風俗等方面的深刻變化以及人民（尤其是婦女）的悲慘命運，揭露了資產階級道德、法律和宗教的虛偽性。他的作品承上啟下，既繼承了英國批判現(xiàn)實主義的優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)，也為20世紀的英國文學開拓了道路。The1stperiod:romanticandpastoral

Masterpieces:UndertheGreenTreeFarfromtheMaddingCrowd

The2ndperiod:thesocialtragedyofWessex

Masterpieces:TheReturnoftheNativeTheMayorofCasterbridge

The3rdperiod:thepessimisticfateofthevillagersinWessexMasterpieces:TessoftheD‘Urbervilles(1891)

JudetheObscure(1896)HisMajorWorksEarlyworks(描寫英國農村的恬靜景象和明朗的田園生活)UndertheGreenwoodTree(1872,the1stnovelofcountrylife)《綠蔭下》APairofBlueEyes)《一雙湛藍的眼睛》(1873)FarfromtheMaddingCrowd(1874,his1stmasterpiece)《遠離塵囂》Theturningpoint:TheReturnoftheNative（1878）《還鄉(xiāng)》的出版確立了哈代作為重要作家的地位，也標志著作者開始轉向悲劇題材TheMayorofCasterbridge（1886）《卡斯特橋市長》展示了一場性格悲劇Shortstories

Alicia'sDiary(1887)ATragedyOfTwoAmbitions(1888)

Poetry

WessexPoemsandOtherVerses

(1898)

SatiresofCircumstance(1914)

DramaTheDynasts

(versedrama)HisMajorWorksHardyhimselfdividedhisnovelsintothreegroups:1)NovelsofCharacter&Environment2)NovelsofRomances&Fantasies3)NovelsofIngenuity1.NovelsofCharacterandEnvironment

（性格與環(huán)境小說）ThePoorManandtheLady(1867,unpublishedandlost)《窮漢與貴婦人》

UndertheGreenwoodTree(1872)《綠樹蔭下

》FarfromtheMaddingCrowd(1874)《遠離塵囂》TheMayorofCasterbridge(1886)《卡斯特橋市長》

Tessofthed'Urbervilles(1891)《德伯家的苔絲》

JudetheObscure(1895)《無名的裘德》

Heexploredtragiccharactersstrugglingagainsttheirpassions

&socialcircumstances

&sethisfictionsinthesemi-fictionallandofWessexwherehegrewup.

ThisClassisaboutpeople’spursuittohappinessandawarenessoftheirdreams,reflectingtheacuteconflictsbetweenpeopleandtheenvironmentaroundthem.2.RomancesandFantasies

（傳奇與幻想小說）APairofBlueEyes(1873)《一雙藍眼睛》

TwoonaTower(1882)《塔里的兩個人》

TheWell-Beloved(1897)(firstpublishedasaserialfrom1892)《心愛的人》

mainlytalkaboutromanticlovestories.3.NovelsofIngenuity

（機巧和實驗小說）DesperateRemedies(1871)《鋌而走險》TheHandofEthelberta(1876)《埃塞爾伯塔的婚姻》ALaodicean(1881)《冷漠的人》MajorworksUndertheGreenwoodTreeFarfromtheMaddingCrowd(1874)TheReturnoftheNative(1878)WessexTales(1888)

TheWoodlanders(1887)TheMayorofCasterbridge(1886)

Hardy’stwonovels,Tessofthed’Urbervilles(1891)andJudetheObscure(1895)arehislastlongfictionworks.ThelastnovelschallengedthesensibilitiesofVictorianreaderswithsituationsthatruffledmanyaVictorianfeather:immoralsex,murder,illegitimatechildren,andtheunmarriedlivingtogether.HeateddebateandcriticismoverthesetwobookshelpedHardydecidethathewouldratherwritepoetry.Infact,sostungwashebythecriticismofhisworksthatHardydidnotwriteanothernovel.JudeTheObscureHardy'sJudeTheObscure(1895)arousedevenmoredebate.Thestorydramatizedtheconflictbetweencarnalandspirituallife,tracingJudeFawley'slifefromhisboyhoodtohisearlydeath.JudemarriesArabella,butdesertsher.Hefallsinlovewithhiscousin,hypersensitiveSueBridehead,whomarriesthedecayingschoolmaster,Phillotson,inamasochistfit.JudeandSueobtaindivorces,buttheirlifetogetherdeterioratesunderthepressureofpovertyandsocialdisapproval.TheeldestsonofJudeandArabella,agrotesqueboynicknamed'FatherTime',killstheirchildrenandhimself.Brokenbytheloss,SuegoesbacktoPhillotson,andJudereturnstoArabella.SoonthereafterJudedies,

TessofTheD’UrbervillesItcameintoconflictwithVictorianmorality.ItexploredthedarksideofhisfamilyconnectionsinBerkshire.InthestorythepoorvillagergirlTessDurbeyfieldisseducedbythewealthyAlecD'Uberville.Shebecomespregnantbutthechilddiesininfancy.TessfindsworkasadairymaidonafarmandfallsinlovewithAngelClare,aclergyman'sson.TheymarrybutwhenTesstellsAngelaboutherpast,hehypocriticallydeserther.TessbecomesAlec'smistress.AngelreturnsfromBrazil,repentinghisharshness,butfindsherlivingwithAlec.TesskillsAlecindesperation,sheisarrestedandhanged.TessoftheD'Urbervilles

----APureWoman

atragiclifeaboutonebeautifulandpuregirlafterdisgrace

Tess(1891)cameintoconflictwithVictorianmoralityoneofthemostinfluentialworksofHardy’s,agreatclassicof

Englishliteraturewellreceived,butheavilycriticizedMaincharacters

TessThe