越軌社會學(xué) 第12版 課件 亞歷克斯·梯爾 第8-15章 Mental Disorder-Underprivileged Deviance

DeviantBehaviorTwelfthEditionChapter8MentalDisorderLearningObjectives8.1:Identifycommonmisconceptionsaboutmentalillness8.2:Differentiatebetweenthetypesofmentaldisorders8.3:Describetheinfluenceofsocialfactorsonmentaldisorders8.4:Describeglobalmentalhealthdemographics8.5:Evaluatesocialresponsestomentaldisorders8.6:ComparesociologicalmodelsofmentalillnessIntroductionPopularBeliefsObjective:IdentifycommonmisconceptionsaboutmentalillnessThereareseveralmisconceptionsaboutwhothementallyillareTypesofMentalDisorder(1of4)Objective:DifferentiatebetweenthetypesofmentaldisordersTraditionalclassificationPsychosisTypesofMentalDisorder(2of4)TraditionalclassificationPsychosisSchizophreniaManic-depressivedisorderTypesofMentalDisorder(3of4)TraditionalclassificationNeurosisAnxietyreactionObsessivecompulsivedisorderDepressionPsychophysiologicdisordersTypesofMentalDisorder(4of4)TraditionalclassificationPersonalitydisorderTable8.1TheDSM–5ClassificationofMentalDisorders(1of4)DSM–5providesalistofover300specificdisorders.Thefollowingarethemajortypes.1.NEURODEVELOPMENTALDISORDERS.Examples:autismspectrumdisorder,attentiondeficit/hyperactivitydisorder,doingpoorlyinreading,mathematics,orwriting2.SCHIZOPHRENIASPECTRUMANDOTHERPSYCHOTICDISORDERS.Examples:schizophrenia,delusionaldisorder,briefpsychoticdisorder,schizoaffectivedisorder3.BIPOLARANDRELATEDDISORDERS.Examples:bipolarIandIIdisorder,cyclothymicdisorder4.DEPRESSIVEDISORDERS.Examples:majordepressivedisorder,premenstrualdysphoricdisorder,disruptivemooddysregulationdisorder5.ANXIETYDISORDERS.Examples:separationanxietydisorder,socialanxietydisorder,panicdisorder,agoraphobiaTable8.1TheDSM–5ClassificationofMentalDisorders(2of4)6.OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVEANDRELATEDDISORDERS.Examples:obsessive-compulsivedisorder,hoardingdisorder7.TRAUMA-ANDSTRESSOR-RELATEDDISORDERS.Examples:post-traumaticstressdisorder,adjustmentdisorders,reactiveattachmentdisorder8.DISSOCIATIVEDISORDERS.Examples:dissociativeidentitydisorder,dissociativeamnesia9.SOMATICSYMPTOMANDRELATEDDISORDERS.Examples:somaticsymptomdisorder,illnessanxietydisorder,conversiondisorder10.FEEDINGANDEATINGDISORDERS.Examples:pica,ruminationdisorder,anorexiaandbulimianervosa,binge-eatingdisorder11.ELIMINATIONDISORDERS.Examples:enuresis,encopresis12.SLEEP-WAKEDISORDERS.Examples:insomniadisorder,narcolepsy,circadianrhythmsleep-wakedisorders,nightmaredisorderTable8.1TheDSM–5ClassificationofMentalDisorders(3of4)13.SEXUALDYSFUNCTIONS.Examples:erectiledisorder,femaleorgasmicdisorder,delayedejaculation,malehypoactivesexualdesiredisorder14.GENDERDYSPHORIA.Examples:genderdysphoria15.DISRUPTIVE,IMPULSE-CONTROL,ANDCONDUCTDISORDERS.Examples:intermittentexplosivedisorder,antisocialpersonalitydisorder,oppositionaldefiantdisorder16.SUBSTANCE-RELATEDANDADDICTIVEDISORDERS.Examples:alcoholusedisorder,caffeineintoxication,stimulantusedisorder,tobaccousedisorder17.NEUROCOGNITIVEDISORDERS.Examples:delirium,majorormildneurocognitivedisorderduetoAlzheimer’sdisease18.PERSONALITYDISORDERS.Examples:paranoidpersonalitydisorder,antisocialpersonalitydisorder,obsessive-compulsivepersonalitydisorderTable8.1TheDSM–5ClassificationofMentalDisorders(4of4)19.PARAPHILLICDISORDERS.Examples:sexualmasochismdisorder,pedophilicdisorder,voyeuristicdisorder20.OTHERMENTALDISORDERS.Examples:otherspecifiedmentaldisorderduetoanothermedicalcondition21.MEDICATION-INDUCEDMOVEMENTDISORDERSANDOTHERADVERSEEFFECTSOFMEDICATION.Examples:neuroleptic-inducedparkinsonism,tardivedyskinesia22.OTHERCONDITIONSTHATMAYBEAFOCUSOFCLINICALATTENTION.Examples:childabuse,nonadherencetomedicaltreatment,adultantisocialbehaviorFigure8.1SocialFactorsinMentalDisorder(1of2)Objective:DescribetheinfluenceofsocialfactorsonmentaldisordersSocialclassGenderYoungageSocialFactorsinMentalDisorder(2of2)AsocialprofileofdepressedteensRaceandethnicityUrbanenvironmentPTSD:animpactofwarAGlobalPerspectiveonMentalDisorderObjective:DescribeglobalmentalhealthdemographicsTypesofmentalillnessvariesfromculturetocultureSocietalResponsestoMentalDisorder(1of3)Objective:EvaluatesocialresponsestomentaldisordersHistoricalbackgroundThepublicSocietalResponsestoMentalDisorder(2of3)TheCourtSincethepublicdoesnotappreciatehavingthementallyillaround,thecourtcanobligebyputtingthemawayinmentalinstitutionsorprisonsThementalhospitalSocietalResponsestoMentalDisorder(3of3)ThecommunitymentalhealthcenterThenotionofcommunitymentalhealthcarewasinitiatedinthe1950sNetworktherapyWhydolaypersonswhoprovidenetworktherapyseemtodoabetterjobintreating

mentaldisordersthanprofessionalpsychiatrists?PerspectivesonMentalDisorder(1of3)Objective:ComparesociologicalmodelsofmentalillnessThemedicalmodelThepsychosocialmodelPsychoanalytictheorySocialstresstheoryPerspectivesonMentalDisorder(2of3)ThelabelingmodelMentalillnessasamythTheimpactoflabelingPerspectivesonMentalDisorder(3of3)ThelabelingmodelInsanityassupersanityCriticismsofthelabelingmodelCopyrightDeviantBehaviorTwelfthEditionChapter9HeterosexualDevianceLearningObjectives(1of2)9.1:AnalyzesocialconflictsaboutteensexintheUnitedStates9.2:Explainhowsocialfactorsinfluenceextramaritalsex9.3:Describethesocialprofileofswingers9.4:Analyzetheconflictingfindingsontheeffectsofpornography9.5:Characterizetypicalphonesexcallers

LearningObjectives(2of2)9.6:Explainthesocialreasonspeoplegetinvolvedinnudedancing9.7:Outlinesocialtrendsinsexualharassment9.8:Analyzethesocialhistoryofprostitution9.9:Relatepovertytoglobalprostitution9.10:ComparesociologicaltheoriesofprostitutionIntroductionTeenSexObjective:AnalyzesocialconflictsaboutteensexintheUnitedStatesMostAmericansnolongerseepremaritalsexforadultsasdeviant,butdoforteensExtramaritalSex(1of2)Objective:ExplainhowsocialfactorsinfluenceextramaritalsexSeductivemythsCulturalvariationsExtramaritalSex(2of2)SocialfactorsWhoareamongthemostlikelytocheatintheUnitedStates?ASocialProfileofSwingersObjective:DescribethesocialprofileofswingersWhatareSwingers?PornographyObjective:AnalyzetheconflictingfindingsontheeffectsofpornographyWhatispornography?ThepornindustryTheeffectsofpornographyPornographyasharmfulPornographyasharmlessPhoneSexObjective:Characterizetypicalphonesexcallers

Whatisphonesex?OnesociologistdiscoveredfivetypesofcallersNudeDancingObjective:ExplainthesocialreasonspeoplegetinvolvedinnudedancingAnotherversionofsellingsexualfantasySexualHarassmentObjective:OutlinesocialtrendsinsexualharassmentWhatissexualharassment?U.S.SupremeCourt’sdefinitionTheWorldofProstitution(1of3)Objective:AnalyzethesocialhistoryofprostitutionMythsaboutprostitutionTypesofprostitutesTheWorldofProstitution(2of3)SocialandsexualbackgroundsReasonsforbecomingprostitutesThesubcultureofprostitutionTheWorldofProstitution(3of3)OtherparticipantsinprostitutionSocietalreactiontoprostitutionAGlobalPerspectiveonProstitutionObjective:RelatepovertytoglobalprostitutionProstitutionhasbecomeafast-growingglobalindustryPartiallegalizationKeyfactorbehindtheprevalenceofprostitutioninAsiaTheoriesofProstitution(1of2)Objective:ComparesociologicaltheoriesofprostitutionFunctionalisttheorySocial-psychologicaltheoryTheoriesofProstitution(2of2)Oppression,empowerment,andpolymorphoustheoriesCopyrightDeviantBehaviorTwelfthEditionChapter10GaysandOtherTargetsofStigmaLearningObjectives10.1:Identifymythsaboutsexualminorities10.2:Relatesociologicaltheoriestosocialfactorsassociatedwithsame-sexidentities10.3:Describesocialfactorsassociatedwithsexuallyfluidpractices10.4:Analyzethesocialfactorsrelatedtohomophobia10.5:Outlinetheproblemscreatedbyhomophobiainothercountries10.6:AnalyzetheconsequencesofstigmaonothervulnerablegroupsIntroductionMythsAboutHomosexualityObjective:IdentifymythsaboutsexualminoritiesThereareavarietyofpopularmythsaboutpeoplewhoidentifyasgay,lesbian,bisexual,ortransgenderGaysandLesbians(1of6)Howmanyarethere?Same-sexfeeling;same-sexbehavior;identifyingoneselfasgayorlesbianGaysandLesbians(2of6)Whataregayslike?GaysandLesbians(3of6)Whatarelesbianslike?LikeotherwomenGaysandLesbians(4of6)Whatarelesbianslike?UnlikeotherwomenGaysandLesbians(5of6)ComingoutGaysandLesbians(6of6)GayandlesbianlifestylesFamilyandchildrenDatingandmarriagePolitics,education,andreligionTheoriesofHomosexuality(1of2)Objective:Relatesociologicaltheoriestosocialfactorsassociatedwithsame-sexidentitiesBiologicaltheoriesTheoriesofHomosexuality(2of2)PsychiatrictheoriesSociologicaltheoriesSame-SexPracticesAmongStraightsandBisexuals(1of2)Objective:DescribesocialfactorsassociatedwithsexuallyfluidpracticesTradesStreethustlersSame-SexPracticesAmongStraightsandBisexuals(2of2)SituationalsBisexualsHomophobia(1of2)Objective:AnalyzethesocialfactorsrelatedtohomophobiaThehomophobicviewofhomosexualityThenatureandextentofhomophobiaAsocialprofileofhomophobesHomophobia(2of2)TheimpactofhomophobiaSocialproblemsPsychologicalproblemsAIDS,gays,andstraightsFightinghomophobiaAGlobalPerspectiveonHomophobiaObjective:OutlinetheproblemscreatedbyhomophobiainothercountriesAswehaveseenearlier,homophobiaintheUnitedStatesmakeslifedifficultforgaysandlesbiansOtherVictimsofSocialStigma(1of2)Objective:AnalyzetheconsequencesofstigmaonothervulnerablegroupsTransgenderists:transsexuals,intersexuals,andtransvestitesOtherVictimsofSocialStigma(2of2)PeoplewithphysicaldisabilitiesTheobeseThetattooedCopyrightDeviantBehaviorTwelfthEditionChapter11InternetDevianceLearningObjectives11.1:Characterizemoney-relatedcyberdeviance11.2:Describethesocialelementsofonlinesexualpractices11.3:RelatetheInternettobullyingbehaviors11.4:Analyzethesocialfactorsassociatedwithhackercyberdeviance11.5:ExplaintheglobalriseincyberdevianceIntroduction(1of2)Introduction(2of2)TherearetwotypesofcyberdevianceSeekingEasyMoneyOnlineObjective:Characterizemoney-relatedcyberdevianceOnlineidentitytheftInternetgamblingHasskyrocketedSearchingCyberspaceforSex(1of2)Objective:DescribethesocialelementsofonlinesexualpracticesCybersexInternetpornographySearchingCyberspaceforSex(2of2)AsocialprofileofcyberpornsurfersNotsex-crazedteenagersOnlineaffairsExpressingHateOnline(1of2)Objective:RelatetheInternettobullyingbehaviorsPrejudiceanddiscriminationincyberspaceInternettrollsExpressingHateOnline(2of2)StalkingthroughcyberspaceVirtualkidnappingCrackingTheCode(1of4)Objective:AnalyzethesocialfactorsassociatedwithhackercyberdevianceComputerhackingInternetcrimecomplaintcenterCrackingTheCode(2of4)TerrorismincyberspaceThedeepwebCrackingTheCode(3of4)Pirates,politics,andreligionImagebasedwomanabuseCrackingTheCode(4of4)AGlobalPerspectiveonCyberdevianceObjective:ExplaintheglobalriseincyberdevianceTrulyglobalandborderlessTheriseincyberdeviancecanbeattributedtotwomajorfactorsTable11.1DistributionofCyberdeviancesWorldwideViruses/Malware50%CriminalInsiderTrading33%TheftofDataBearingDevices28%SQLInjection28%Phishing(EmailScams)22%Web-basedAttacks17%SocialEngineering17%Totalgreaterthanor=100%CopyrightDeviantBehaviorTwelfthEditionChapter12DrugUseLearningObjectives(1of2)12.1:Outlinethehistoryofdrugusage12.2:Determinetheeffectsofillegaldrugs12.3:AnalyzethesocialdimensionsofdruguseinUnitedStates12.4:Describethestagesofbecomingadruguser12.5:CharacterizeillegaldrugusersLearningObjectives(2of2)12.6:Explainhowdrugaddictionhappens12.7:Comparethestrategiestoremediatedruguse12.8:Assessthestateofprescriptiondrugabuse12.9:Contextualizecigarettesmoking12.10:DescribetheworldwidepatternofsmokingIntroductionDrugUseinPerspectiveObjective:OutlinethehistoryofdrugusageLegalvs.illegaldrugsIllegalDrugs:TheirEffectsandUsers(1of6)Objective:DeterminetheeffectsofillegaldrugsCategoriesofdrugsIllegalDrugs:TheirEffectsandUsers(2of6)MarijuanaIllegalDrugs:TheirEffectsandUsers(3of6)HeroinIllegalDrugs:TheirEffectsandUsers(4of6)CocaineandcrackIllegalDrugs:TheirEffectsandUsers(5of6)MethandroofiesIllegalDrugs:TheirEffectsandUsers(6of6)EcstasySocialDimensionsofDrugUse(1of3)Objective:AnalyzethesocialdimensionsofdruguseinUnitedStatesTheextentofdruguseSocialDimensionsofDrugUse(2of3)DrugsandAIDSWhydotheytaketheterribleriskofHIVinfection?SocialDimensionsofDrugUse(3of3)DrugsandcrimeDrugsandsocioeconomicstatusTable12.1Users(withinthelastmonth)ofDrugsin2006and2015aged12+Source:BasedonNationalSurveyofDrugUseandHealth,2006,2015.BecomingaDrugUserObjective:DescribethestagesofbecomingadruguserThefourstagesofheroinanddruguseThestepsofbecomingamarijuanauserASocialProfileofIllegalDrugUsersObjective:CharacterizeillegaldrugusersCharacteristicsofmostdrugusersWhatCausesIllegalDrugUse?(1of3)Objective:ExplainhowdrugaddictionhappensEconomicdeprivationtheoryWhatCausesIllegalDrugUse?(2of3)CognitiveassociationtheoryWhatCausesIllegalDrugUse?(3of3)SocialpsychologicaltheoryVariablesthataremostusefulforexplainingdruguseTheWaronDrugs(1of2)Objective:ComparethestrategiestoremediatedruguseHistoricalpatternPunitivestrategy:LawenforcementDebateoverlegalizingdrugsTheWaronDrugs(2of2)Supportivestrategy:preventionandtreatmentDrugpreventionDrugtreatmentAbusingPrescriptionDrugs,ParticularlyOxyContinObjective:AssessthestateofprescriptiondrugabuseDrugsprescribedbydoctorsforpatientscanbeusedeitherlicitlyorillicitlySmokingCigarettesObjective:Contextualizecigarettesmoking$10billionisspentannuallyonadvertisingandpromotionWhosmokes?AGlobalPerspectiveonSmokingObjective:DescribetheworldwidepatternofsmokingWhosmokesaroundtheworld?CopyrightDeviantBehaviorTwelfthEditionChapter13DrinkingandAlcoholismLearningObjectives(1of2)13.1:DescribethenatureofalcoholconsumptioninUnitedStates13.2:Identifythemisconceptionsaboutalcoholabuse13.3:Explainhowalcoholimpactsauser13.4:Relatesocialfactorstoalcoholuse13.5:Describetheprevalentglobalpatternsofalcoholuse13.6:Differentiateformsofalcoholism

LearningObjectives(2of2)13.7:Summarizethestagesofbecominganalcoholic13.8:Describethecharacteristicsofbingedrinkers13.9:Differentiatethecharacteristicsofalcoholismbygender13.10:Evaluatethetheoriesexplainingthecauseofalcoholism13.11:ComparethelegalandtherapeuticmeasuresofrestrictingalcoholIntroductionTheExtentofDrinkingandAlcoholismObjective:DescribethenatureofalcoholconsumptioninUnitedStatesMostAmericansdonotbecomealcoholicsMythsaboutAlcoholUseObjective:IdentifythemisconceptionsaboutalcoholabuseMythsaboutalcoholuseandabuseWhatAlcoholDoesToItsUsers(1of3)Objective:ExplainhowalcoholimpactsauserMentalandphysicalimpactFactorsinfluencingintoxicationWhatAlcoholDoesToItsUsers(2of3)HealtheffectsHeavyuseofalcoholcancauseawholearrayofotherhealthproblemsWhatAlcoholDoesToItsUsers(3of3)SocialconsequencesFigure13.1AlcoholandViolentCrimesSocialFactorsinDrinking(1of3)Objective:RelatesocialfactorstoalcoholuseGenderandageSocialFactorsinDrinking(2of3)RacialandethnicbackgroundAfricanAmericansHispanicAmericansNativeAmericansIrishAmericansItalianandChineseAmericansSocialFactorsinDrinking(3of3)ReligiousaffiliationSocioeconomicstatusRegionallocationFigure13.2PrevalenceofDrinkingbyRegionsAGlobalPerspectiveonDrinkingObjective:DescribetheprevalentglobalpatternsofalcoholuseWhatkindofalcoholisthemostpopulararoundtheworld?WhatIsAlcoholism?(1of2)Objective:DifferentiateformsofalcoholismThemedicalfieldhasbeguntousethetermAlcoholUseDisorder(AUD),whichisdefinedintheDSM-5asanyonewhohasengagedintwoofthefollowingbehaviorsinaone-yearperiodEngaginginmorethantwocanleadtoadiagnosisofmoderateorsevereAUD.

WhatIsAlcoholism?(2of2)FourtypesofproblemsBecominganAlcoholicObjective:SummarizethestagesofbecominganalcoholicSocialdrinkerPsychologicallyaddictedPhysicallyaddictedHittingbottomCollegeStudentsandAlcohol(1of2)Objective:DescribethecharacteristicsofbingedrinkersBingedrinkingincollegeCollegeStudentsandAlcohol(2of2)AsocialprofileofcollegebingedrinkersWomenandAlcohol(1of2)Objective:DifferentiatethecharacteristicsofalcoholismbygenderWhymorewomendrinktoday?WomenandAlcohol(2of2)AlcoholismamongwomenWhatCausesAlcoholism?Objective:EvaluatethetheoriesexplainingthecauseofalcoholismAbiologicalpredispositionThealcoholicpersonalitySocialandculturalforcesExplainingindividualdifferencesExplaininggroupdifferencesThreefactorsworktogethertocreateahighrateofalcoholismControllingAlcoholUseandAbuseObjective:ComparethelegalandtherapeuticmeasuresofrestrictingalcoholLegalmeasuresThepastThepresentTherapeuticapproachesDetoxandtreatmentcentersAlcoholicsanonymousCanalcoholicslearntodrinkmoderately?CopyrightDeviantBehaviorTwelfthEditionChapter14PrivilegedDevianceLearningObjectives(1of2)14.1:Comparewhite-collarandblue-collardeviance14.2:Analyzethecharacteristicsofthetypesofcorporatedeviance14.3:Describethesocialprofileofcorruptcorporateexecutives14.4:Analyzethedifferenttypesofwhite-collaroccupationaldeviance14.5:Distinguishwhite-collardeviancefromcommoncrimeLearningObjectives(2of2)14.6:Analyzethereasonsforengaginginwhite-collardeviance14.7:Explainthetypesofgovernmentaldeviance14.8:Characterizeofficialcorruptionfromaglobalstandpoint14.9:Describeneutralizationtechniquesusedbygovernmentofficials14.10:AnalyzethecausesofgovernmentaldevianceIntroductionWhatIsWhite-CollarDeviance?Objective:Comparewhite-collarandblue-collardevianceEdwinSutherland’sconceptofwhite-collarcrimeCharacterizationofwhite-collarcrimeCorporateDeviance(1of2)Objective:AnalyzethecharacteristicsofthetypesofcorporatedevianceDevianceagainstemployeesThreereasonsforcorporations’tendenciestoneglecttheiremployees’healthandsafetyCorporateDeviance(2of2)DevianceagainstcustomersTherearemanydifferentformsofcorporatedevianceagainstcustomersDevianceagainstthegovernmentDevianceagainsttheenvironmentASocialProfileofCorporateCrooks(1of2)Objective:DescribethesocialprofileofcorruptcorporateexecutivesRecently,manycorporateexecutiveswerereportedtohaveengagedinillegalbusinessactivitiesExamplesASocialProfileofCorporateCrooks(2of2)TypicallegalpracticesOccupationalDeviance(1of3)Objective:Analyzethedifferenttypesofwhite-collaroccupationaldevianceEmployeetheftWhydopeoplesteal?EmbezzlementOccupationalDeviance(2of3)ThreephasesofembezzlementFinancialfraudsOccupationalDeviance(3of3)DevianceintheprofessionsMedicalmisconductLawyerlylawlessnessAccountingabuseWhatMakesWhite-CollarDevianceUnique?Objective:Distinguishwhite-collardeviancefromcommoncrimeThedeviant’srespectableself-imageThevictim’sunwittingcooperationSociety’srelativeindifferenceCausesofWhite-CollarDevianceObjective:Analyzethereasonsforengaginginwhite-collardevianceDeviantmotivation:fearoflossandgreedforgainDeviantopportunity:thebenefitofhighpositionandpowerWeaksocialcontrol:LaxlawenforcementGovernmentalDeviance(1of2)Objective:ExplainthetypesofgovernmentaldevianceThetypesofpoliticalcorruptionthatoccurmoreofteninthiscountryincludekickbacks,managementofpublicfundsforpersonalgain,andillegaluseofmailprivilegesElectionimproprietiesDenialofvotingrightPoliticaldirtytricksGovernmentalDeviance(2of2)ElectionimproprietiesCampaignfinanceabusesOfficialviolenceAGlobalPerspectiveonOfficialCorruptionObjective:CharacterizeofficialcorruptionfromaglobalstandpointOfficialcorruptionisverycommonaroundtheworldResearchinvariouscountrieshasindicatedatleastthreemajorcausesofofficialcorruptionOfficialWaysofNeutralizingDevianceObjective:DescribeneutralizationtechniquesusedbygovernmentofficialsDenyingtheobviousIgnoringthedevianceAccusingtheaccuserPromisingtotakeactionJustifyingthedevianceOthermethodsofneutralizationCausesofGovernmentalDevianceObjective:Analyzethecausesofgovernmentaldeviance