高中英語高考沖刺語法專題1名詞冠詞（教師版）

高中英語高考沖刺語法專題1：名詞、冠詞【問題查找】單句語法填空Group1名詞1.Weshouldmakesurethatourexpectationsarethesameasour______________(friend)ones.2.Thenurseryteamswitcheshimeveryfew______________(day)withhissistersothatwhileoneisbeingbottle-fed3.Recent______________(study)showthatwearefarmoreproductiveatworkifwetakeshortbreaksregularly.4.Therehasbeenarecenttrendinthefoodserviceindustrytowardlowerfatcontentandlesssalt.Thistrend,whichwasstartedbythemedicalmunity(醫(yī)學(xué)界)asamethodoffightingheartdisease,hashadsomeunintendedside______________(effect)suchasoverweightandheartdiseasetheverythingthemedicalmunitywastryingtofight.5.Itranforjustundersevenkilometersandallowedpeopletoavoidterrible_____________(crowd)ontheroadsaboveastheytravelledtoandfromwork.6.Twooftheauthorsofthereviewalsomadeastudypublishedin2014thatshowedamerefiveto10minutesAdayofrunningreducedtheriskofheartdiseaseandearlydeathsfromall____________(cause).7.Supposedlyyoucandoitintwohours,butwestoppedatthedifferentgatesand____________(watchtower)tofakepicturesorjusttowatchthelocalpeoplegoingabouttheirdaily(day)routines.8.____________(activity)thererangefromwhalewatchingtohiking(遠(yuǎn)足)andacmodationsaimtohavealowimpactonthenaturalenvironment.9.Therollingseaofcloudsyouseeonceyouareatthetopwillremindyouhowtinywe____________(human)are.10.TheGPNP’smaingoalistoimproveconnectivitybetweenseparate____________(population)andhomesofgiantpandas,andeventuallyachieveadesiredlevelofpopulationinthewild.Keys:1.friends’2.days3.studies4.effects5.crowds6.causes7.watchtowers8.Activities9.humans10.populationsGroup2冠詞1.Nowadays,howwecantakegoodcareof_________oldisbeingahotandserioustopic.2.IfIwereevershortofcashandcouldn’taffordtodoanythingmuch,whichinthosedayswasusuallythecase,Icouldalwaysgooutsideandtake____________lookaround.3.Itwasaburning-hot,summer’sdayandIwaslongingtogoswimmingatthelocalpool.Instead,Iwasridingin_____backseatofthecarasmyparentsdrovetoafriend’shouse.4.Buthehadonly______________80-yuannote.5.Hewas____________Europeanbillionairewhogoteverythinghewanted.6.ThatdayIdidn’tlearnmuchaboutanimals,insectsortrees,butIlearnt______________impressivelessonaboutgravity!7.As____________result,peoplewilleatmorefoodtotrytomakeupforthatsomethingmissing.8.Thisincludeddigginguptheroad,layingthetrackandthenbuildingastrongroofover_____________top.9.Cornproductionhasjumpednearly125percentover__________past25years,whilericehasincreasedonly7percent.10.Unexpectedly,I'mfacetofacewiththegorilla,whobeginsscreamingat__________topofherlungs.11.Instead,sheisearning$6500adayas__________modelinNewYork.12.Thenurseryteamswitcheshimeveryfewdayswithhissistersothatwhileoneisbeingbottlefed,__________otheriswithmum.13.Giveyourbodyandbrainarestbysteppingoutsidefor__________while,exercising,ordoingsomethingyouenjoy.14.Theadobedwellings(土坯房）builtbythePuebloIndiansoftheAmericanSouthwestareadmiredbyeven__________mostmodernofarchitectsandengineers.15.Now,yearslater,thisriverisoneof__________mostoutstandingexamplesofenvironmentalcleanup.Keys:1.the2.a3.the4.an5.a6.an7.a8.the9.the10.the11.a12.the13.a14.the15.the【要點精講】名詞目標(biāo)分解：（1）掌握可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化（2）掌握可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化（3）熟悉高考?？嫉牟豢蓴?shù)名詞（4）掌握名詞所有格的用法教學(xué)過程：激發(fā)動機(jī)、激發(fā)已有知識、解決問題、內(nèi)化過程、總結(jié)優(yōu)化一、用合適的活動激發(fā)學(xué)生動機(jī)。外部動機(jī)：選擇合適的方法激發(fā)學(xué)習(xí)動機(jī)內(nèi)部動機(jī)：好激發(fā)激發(fā)已有知識教師提問：名詞是什么？你知道哪些名詞呢？名詞可分為？名詞是指表示人或事物的名稱,eg.friendship,Tom,water等?？煞譃榭蓴?shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。三、解決學(xué)習(xí)問題：目標(biāo)對應(yīng)的活動（目標(biāo)的問題化分解）：1、教師提問：可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的變化規(guī)則有？可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的構(gòu)成，通常是在單數(shù)形式后面加－s或－es，其規(guī)則如下：構(gòu)成方法例詞一般情況在詞尾加－sgirl—girlspage—pages以s,x,sh,ch結(jié)尾的詞在詞尾加－esbus—busesbox—boxeswatch—watchesbrush—brushes但有例外：stomach—stomachs以“輔音字母＋y”結(jié)尾的詞，把y變成i加－esbaby—babiescity—cities以“輔音字母＋o”結(jié)尾的詞，在詞尾加－estomato—tomatoeshero—heroespotato—potatoes但有例外：photo—photos；piano—pianos以f或fe結(jié)尾的詞，多數(shù)變f或fe為v加－esknife—kniveswife—wiveshalf—halvesleaf—leaves但仍有例外：belief—beliefsroof—roofshandkerchief—handkerchiefs/handkerchieves【特別提醒】因為漢語中沒有名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式變化，所以英語中名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)也就成了易錯點。如以下兩個典型錯誤：①Doyouhavedictionary?②Heshookheadsadly.一般情況下，英語中的可數(shù)名詞在句子中出現(xiàn)時，要么用復(fù)數(shù)形式，要么在其前面加冠詞或限定詞。因此以上兩句可以表達(dá)為：①Doyouhaveadictionary?②Heshookhisheadsadly.單復(fù)數(shù)形式意義不同的名詞：experience經(jīng)驗experiences經(jīng)歷manner方式 manners禮貌custom風(fēng)俗 customs海關(guān)work工作 works著作，工廠wood木材 woods樹林sand沙子 sands沙灘paper紙張 papers報紙，論文，試卷glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯，眼鏡2、教師提問：不規(guī)則變化的可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)有？1）有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)屬于不規(guī)則變化，需要在平時的學(xué)習(xí)中逐一記憶：child—children,foot—feet,tooth—teeth,phenomenon—phenomena,ox—oxen,mouse—mice,man—men,woman—women等2）總是表示復(fù)數(shù)意義的名詞集體名詞people,police,cattle總是表示復(fù)數(shù)意義，不能說apeople,apolice,acattle，但可以說aperson,apoliceman,aheadofcattle.Thepolicearesearchingforthestolenboy.Thecattlearefeedingonthegrassland.3）有些名詞只用復(fù)數(shù)形式：trousers,congratulations,thanks,goods,clothes,socks,shoes,belongings,savings4）單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式同原形。這些名詞有：deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,li(里),jin(斤),yuan(元),mu(畝),means(方式，方法)等。Allpossiblemeanshavebeentried.Everypossiblemeanshasbeentried.【點撥】對于單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞，一定要從題中找出關(guān)鍵信息(如謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式)，來確定其到底是表示單數(shù)意義還是復(fù)數(shù)意義。5）合成名詞的復(fù)數(shù)把主體名詞變成復(fù)數(shù)，如：passersby,fathersinlaw(岳父)[來源:學(xué)§3、教師提問：高考?？嫉牟豢蓴?shù)名詞有？不可數(shù)名詞常在書面表達(dá)中使用時，要注意以下名詞：advice,

baggage,change(零錢),furniture,hair,homework,information,knowledge,luggage,money,news,progress,traffic,progress,work,health,luck,weather,music,fun,experience【點撥】抽象名詞與a（an）連用，淡化了抽象概念，轉(zhuǎn)化為似乎可以體驗到的動作、行為或類別。如：

AknowledgeofEnglishisamustininternationaltrade.

Wouldyouliketohaveawalk(swim,bath,talk)withme?

(2)物質(zhì)名詞有前置后置修飾時，前面要使用不定冠詞。

havebreakfast

haveawonderfulbreakfast

4、教師提問：名詞所有格是什么？英語名詞所有格有兩種：’s所有格和of所有格。1．’s所有格的構(gòu)成(1)通常在單數(shù)名詞和不以－s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞的詞尾加’s，如：Jack’sbooks,Children’sDay(2)以－s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，在詞尾加’，如：thestudents’books(3)作為一個整體的詞組，一般在最后一個詞的詞尾加’s，如：anhourandahalf’swalk(步行一個半小時的路程)；amonthortwo’sabsence(一兩個月的缺席)(4)以and連接的兩個名詞：表示共同所有時，在最后一個詞的詞尾加’s，如：KateandMary’sfather(Kate和Mary是姐妹倆)；表示分別所有時，在每個名詞后分別加’s，如：Kate’sfatherandMary’sfather(Kate和Mary不是姐妹倆)?！咎貏e提醒】不定代詞后接else時，其所有格放在else之后。如：somebodyelse’sbag2．’s所有格的用法(1)常表示有生命的東西。如：Tom’sbirthday,thedog’sowner。(2)用于表示時間、距離、天體、度量衡與貨幣價值、國家、城市等。如：①時間：aday'swork(一天的工作)，today'snewspaper；②距離：twentyminutes’ride,fiveminutes’walk,amile’sdistance；③天體：thesun’sheat,themoon’ssurface；④度量衡與貨幣價值：tendollars’worth,twentypounds’weight；⑤國家、城市等：China’sindustry,thecity’sdevelopment,thegovernment’splan表示某人的家或店鋪。如：atthedoctor’s,atmyuncle’s3．of所有格的構(gòu)成the＋所有物＋of＋(this/that/the/my/their...)＋無生命之物。4．of所有格的用法of所有格主要用于無生命的事物，也可以用于有生命的事物。如：thewindowofthehouse;amapofJapan;thenameofthegirlstandingatthegateDoesanyoneknowthetitleofthenovel?Theyhavethesupportofpeopleofthedevelopingcountries.5．雙重所有格(1)雙重所有格的構(gòu)成：雙重所有格即“of＋’s結(jié)構(gòu)”。(2)雙重所有格的用法：表示整體中的一個或部分，用于修飾of前面的名詞。如：afriendofmine;thisbookoftheprofessor’s;thislovelybabyofmyaunt’s?！咎貏e提醒】雙重所有格還可以表示贊賞、厭惡等感情色彩，如：1．ThatcarofPeter'sisverynice.彼得的車確實很好。(表示贊賞)2．ThedogofTom'sisveryfierce.湯姆的那條狗非常兇。(表示厭惡、不滿)冠詞目標(biāo)分解：（1）掌握不定冠詞a/an的用法（2）掌握定冠詞the的用法（3）掌握零冠詞的用法教學(xué)過程：激發(fā)動機(jī)、激發(fā)已有知識、解決問題、內(nèi)化過程、總結(jié)優(yōu)化一、用合適的活動激發(fā)學(xué)生動機(jī)。外部動機(jī)：選擇合適的方法激發(fā)學(xué)習(xí)動機(jī)內(nèi)部動機(jī)：好激發(fā)二、激發(fā)已有知識1、教師提問：什么是冠詞？冠詞在句中放在哪里？有什么作用呢？分類概念用法定冠詞the冠詞是一種虛詞，本身不能獨立使用，只能放在名詞前幫助說明名詞所指的人或事物用于特指一定的人或事物或上下文提到的人或事物Takeyourtimeit’sjustashortdistancefromheretotherestaurant.不定冠詞a用在輔音因素開頭的可數(shù)名詞前表示“一個”Itisgenerallyacceptedthataboymustlearntostandupandfightlikeaman.an用在元音因素開頭的可數(shù)名詞前表示“一個”MrWilsonlivedinanAshapedhouse.三、解決學(xué)習(xí)問題：目標(biāo)對應(yīng)的活動（目標(biāo)的問題化分解）：1、教師提問：在什么情況下運用不定冠詞a/an？1.不定冠詞a/an的用法序號用法例句1表示“一”這個數(shù)量RunningmanisapopularTVshow.2用于第一次出現(xiàn)的人或者物Thedirectorislookingforamissingboyinmyhometown.3泛指某一類人或物Afathermusttakecareofthefamily.如：Whenyoufinishreadingthebook,youwillhaveabetterunderstandingoflife.Afteranhourorsowebegantofeelveryfrightened.特別提醒：注意hour,university,European,umbrella等前冠詞的運用內(nèi)化過程：a/an的選用以單詞的首個讀音因素為依據(jù)，元音因素開頭的單詞用an，輔音音素開頭的單詞用a。教師提問：在什么情況下運用定冠詞the？the的用法口訣：特指雙熟悉，上文已提及，世上獨一無二，序數(shù)最高級，某些專有名，習(xí)語及樂器。（1）the用在“特指”談話雙方都知道的某個人或某些人或物前。如：Whereistheteacher?（2）the用在上文已提到的人或事物前。如：Iseeacat.ThecatisLucy’s.（3）the用在世界上獨一無二的事物前。如：Theearthgoesaroundthesun.（4）the用在序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級前。如：Mikeisthetallestofthethreeboys.注意：序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級前有代詞如this，my等修飾則不用冠詞（5）the用在由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞前。如：theGreatWall，thePeople’sPark（6）the用在一些習(xí)慣用語中或西洋樂器名詞前。如：inthemorning，playthepiano教師提問：在什么情況下不用冠詞？不用冠詞的情況：代詞限定名詞前，泛指名詞不可數(shù)，復(fù)數(shù)名詞表泛指，學(xué)科球棋三餐飯，季節(jié)星期月份前，顏色語種和國名，稱呼習(xí)語及頭銜。（1）名詞前已有作定語用的this,that,these,those,my,your,his,her,our,their,some等限定詞時，不用冠詞。如：thiseraser,herpencilbox,someboxes,thosewomen等。（2）泛指的不可數(shù)名詞前一般不用冠詞。如：meat,rice,water,bread,tea,milk,juice等。（3）復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示泛指時，不用冠詞。如：Thepeopleintheroomaredoctors.（4）在表示學(xué)科的名詞前一般不用冠詞。如：Chinese,English,maths,physics,history等。（5）在三餐飯和球類運動、棋類名詞前一般不加冠詞。如：havebreakfast,playbasketball等。（6）在季節(jié)、節(jié)日、星期、月份前不用冠詞。如：inautumn,onChildren’sDay,inFebruary,onMonday等。（7）在表顏色、語種和國家名詞前不用冠詞。如：white,French,Australia（8）在表示稱呼語的名詞之前，以及職務(wù)、頭銜的名詞前不用冠詞。如：DoctorGreenisascientist.【查漏補(bǔ)缺】單句語法填空Group1名詞1.Anysmellmightattractnatural________(enemy)thatwouldtrytoeatthelittlepanda.2.Wecanachievealotwhenwelearntoletour____________(different)unite,ratherthandivideus.3.Doyouknowanyfriendofmy______________(husband)?4.We’vecalledseveral____________(time)aboutCleo’searlymorningbarking.Keys:1.enemies；2.differences；3.husband’s4.timesGroup2冠詞1.AlexanderGrahamBellinvented____________telephonein1876.2.Butat________sametime,weflickedslyglancesathimandcheckedhimout.3.________prizeforthewinnerofthepetitionis________two-weekholidayinParis.4.Ifyoucutyourfinger,ifsomeof__________dustfromthefloorgoesintothecut,someofthegermswillgointoyourfinger.5.Sheisthelittleboy’sgrandmother,andherdaughter,Nicole,bought__________housenextdoorlastOctober.Keys:1.the2.the3.The;a4.the5.the【梳理優(yōu)化】名詞A.補(bǔ)充、完善初步總結(jié)的解題方法。一、?？碱}型：語法填空題二、解題技巧語法填空題中名詞的解題技巧：1.觀察空格處是否給出提示詞（一般是有給出提示詞的）2.判斷空格中是否考查名詞；3.如果提示詞不是名詞，則要轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞（參考構(gòu)詞法）4.如果提示詞是名詞，則根據(jù)句子需要改成名詞復(fù)數(shù)或所有格小竅門：名詞所有格用法口訣:英語名詞所有格，表示某物是“誰的”；通常后加’s，Tom’smother要記住。復(fù)數(shù)有s只加’，Teachers’Day記清楚。若是兩者共有時，只在后者把’s加；表示兩人分有時，前者后者都把’s加。名詞若是無生命，of短語來把所屬關(guān)系表。翻譯時要注意，從后往前錯不了。冠詞A.補(bǔ)充、完善初步總結(jié)的解題方法。一、?？碱}型：語法填空題二、解題技巧語法填空題中冠詞的解題技巧觀察空格處是否給出提示詞（一般是未給出提示詞的）；觀察空格處前后的詞性搭配或固定短語搭配；（一般空格后應(yīng)有名詞或者形容詞最高級或者序數(shù)詞）根據(jù)句意或固定短語搭配以及冠詞的使用規(guī)則正確運用恰當(dāng)?shù)墓谠~B..小竅門：1.the的用法口訣：特指雙熟悉，上文已提及，世上獨一無二，序數(shù)最高級，某些專有名，習(xí)語及樂器。2.零冠詞的用法口訣：代詞限定名詞前，泛指名詞不可數(shù)，復(fù)數(shù)名詞表泛指，學(xué)科球棋三餐飯，季節(jié)星期月份前，顏色語種和國名，稱呼習(xí)語及頭銜?！緩?qiáng)化鞏固】語法填空1__________

ispossiblethatwesimplydonotstayinoneplaceforatruefriendshiptodevelop.However,therecanbenodisagreementontheneedforeachofus

2________________

(think)carefullyaboutthekindoffriendshipswewant.Tomostofus,friendshipsareconsidered

3______________

(importance),butneedtohaveclearinourownminds

4____________

kindsoffriendshipswewant.Aretheytobecloseor

5_____________

(keep)atarm’slength?Dowewanttoshareourselvesordowewanttowalkonthesurface?Forsomepeople,manyfriendshipsonthesurfacearequiteenough—andthat’sallright.Butatsomepointweneedtomakesurethatourexpectationsarethesameasour

6___________________

(friend)expectations.Ifonewantsmorefromthefriendshipthantheother,

7_________

ifthisisnottalkedabout,oneislikelyatlasttofellthathe’sholdingtheshortendofthestick.Thesharingofpersonalexperience

8_______________

(include)ourtearsaswellasourdarkdreams

9_____________

(be)thesurestwaytodeepenfriendships.Butitmustbeundertakenslowlyandcarriedononlyiftheresignsofinterestandaction

10__________return.

Keys:1.It

2.tothink

3.important

4.the5.kept

6.friends’

7.and

8.

including

9.is

10.in【課后練習(xí)】一、單句語法填空Group1名詞Asthe___________(world)populationcontinuestogrow,thesupplyoffoodbeesmoreandmoreofaconcern.Don’tworry.Wehavestored(quantity)offoodalready.Jackisastudentofmy______________(father).Heisalsomybestfriend.Runningforhalfanhoureverydayisoneofthe__________(rule)inourschool..Keys:1.world’s2.quantities3.father’s4.rulesGroup2冠詞1.Thepaperisduenextmonth,andIamworkingsevendays______week,oftenlonginto______night.2.Indiaattainedindependencein1947,after_______longstruggle.3.TheDoubleNinthFestivalremindsustorespect_______elderly.4.Heoftentakeshisdogfor_______walkaroundthesquare.5.Whydidyoumakesomanymistakesinthespeech?I’msosorry.Couldyougiveme_______secondchance?Keys:1.a；the2.a3.the4.a5.a二、語法填空TheInternetisanamazinginformationresource.Students,teachers,andresearchersuseitas

1_______

investigativetool.Journalistsuseittofindinformationforstories.Doctorsuseittolearnmoreaboutunfamiliardiseasesandthe

2_____________

(late)medicaldevelopment.Ordinarypeopleuseitforshopping,banking,billpaying,andmunicatingwithfamilyandfriends.Peopleallovertheworlduseittoconnectwithindividualsfrom

3__________

countriesandcultures.However,4___________therearemanypositivedevelopments

5____________

(associate)withtheInternet,therearealsocertainfearsandconcerns.

6___________

concernrelatestoalackofcontrolover7____________

appearsontheInternet.Withtelevisionandradiothereareeditorstochecktheaccuracyorappropriatenessofthecontentofprograms,andwithtelevisionthereare

8_________________(restrict)onwhatkindsofprogramscan

9_______________(broadcast)andatwhattimesoftheday.WiththeInternet,parentscannot

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10.for三、閱讀理解AccordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch,boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofoureatingpanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake.Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions(份),it'sthebeanpoleswithbigappetitesyoureallyneedtoavoid.Totesttheeffectofsocialinfluenceoneatinghabits,theresearchersconductedtwoexperiments.Inthefirst,95undergraduatewomenwereindividuallyinvitedintoalabtoostensibly(表面上)participateinastudyaboutmovieviewership.Beforethefilmbegan,eachwomanwasaskedtohelpherselftoasnack.Anactorhiredbytheresearchersgrabbedherfoodfirst.Inhernaturalstate,theactorweighed105pounds.Butinhalfthecasessheworeaspeciallydesignedfatsuitwhichincreasedherweightto180pounds.Boththefatandthinversionsoftheactortookalargeamountoffood.Theparticipantsfollowedsuit,takingmorefoodthantheynormallywouldhave.However,theytooksignificantlymorewhentheactorwasthin.Forthesecondtest,inonecasethethinactortooktwopiecesofcandyfromthesnackbowls.Intheothercase,shetook30pieces.Theresultsweresimilartothefirsttest:theparticipantsfollowedsuitbuttooksignificantlymorecandywhenthethinactortook30pieces.Thetestsshowthatthesocialenvironmentisextremelyinfluentialwhenwe'remakingdecisions.Ifthisfellowparticipantisgoingtoeatmore,sowillI.Callitthe“I’llhavewhatshe'shaving”effect.However,we'lladjusttheinfluence.Ifanoverweightpersonishavingalargeportion,I'llholdbackabitbecauseIseetheresultsofhiseatinghabits.Butifathinpersoneatsalot,I'llfollowsuit.Ifhecaneatmuchandkeepslim,whycan'tI?1.Whatistherecentstudymainlyabout?A.Foodsafety. B.Movieviewership.C.Consumerdemand. D.Eatingbehavior.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“beanpoles”inparagraph1referto?A.Bigeaters. B.Overweightpersons.C.Pickyeaters. D.Tallthinpersons.3.Whydidtheresearchershiretheactor?A.Toseehowshewouldaffecttheparticipants. B.Totestiftheparticipantscouldrecognizeher.C.Tofindoutwhatshewoulddointhetwotests. D.Tostudywhyshecouldkeepherweightdown.4.Onwhatbasisdowe“adjusttheinfluence”accordingtothelastparagraph?A.Howhungryweare. B.Howslimwewanttobe.C.Howweperceiveothers. D.Howwefeelaboutthefood.Keys:DDAC說明文。最近的研究表明：我們的飲食伙伴的大小和消費習(xí)慣都會影響我們的食物攝入量。文章詳述了這個實驗的過程。1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“AccordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch,boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofoureatingpanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake”可知，根據(jù)消費者研究雜志最近的一項研究，我們的飲食伙伴的大小和消費習(xí)慣都會影響我們的食物攝入量。因此這項研究是關(guān)于飲食行為的。故選D。2.詞義猜測題。根據(jù)前半句“Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions（份）”可知，現(xiàn)有的研究認(rèn)為：你應(yīng)該避免和體重較重、點大份飯菜的人一起吃飯。后半句認(rèn)為，你真正應(yīng)該避免的是thebeanpoleswithbigappetites。由contraryto可推斷出，畫線詞和heavierpeople（超重的人）相反，結(jié)合選項，D選項（瘦瘦高高的人）正好和heavierpeople正好相反。故選D。3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的“Totesttheeffectofsocialinfluenceoneatinghabits,theresearchersconductedtwoexperiments”可知，為了測試社會影響對飲食習(xí)慣的影響，研究人員進(jìn)行了兩個實驗。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段的內(nèi)容可知，在兩個實驗中，胖的和瘦的演員都吃了大量的食物。參與者也照做，吃的食物比平常多。然而，當(dāng)演員是瘦的時候，參與者們服用的食物更多。由此推斷，研究人員雇用演員是為了看看她如何影響參與者。故選A。4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Ifanoverweightpersonishavingalargeportion,I’llholdbackabitbecauseIseetheresultsofhiseatinghabits.Butifathinpersoneatsalot,I’llfollowsuit.Ifhecaneatmuchandkeepslim,whycan’tI?”可知，如果一個超重的人吃很大一份，我會忍住一點，因為我看到了他飲食習(xí)慣的結(jié)果。但如果一個瘦的人吃很多，我會跟著做。如果他吃得多保持苗條，為什么我不能呢？因此推斷我們是根據(jù)我們對他人的看法（即：如何看待他人）來調(diào)整影響的。故選C。四、七選五Makingotherpeoplefeelgoodfeelsgood,and,bestofall,itrequireslittlemorethanagenerousheart.Studiesshowthatpeoplefeelhappierwhentheydosomethingkindforanotherperson,andbothrecipientsandgooddeeddoerscangetthebenefits.Itcan'tbesmarterideatocreatethisWorldKindnessDay.____1____Learnafriend'slanguagePickingupabitofafriendorcoworker'sfirstlanguageandspeakingitwiththemshowsthemyoucareandtakeaninterestintheirexperiences.Makingsomeonefeelincludedandrespectedwillfeelagreatersenseofbelonging,anessentialponentofhappiness.____2____Reachingouttosomeoneforthefirsttimeinalongtimecanbeaninstantremedy（治療）forwhatevertroubleyou.It'sassimpleasatext,anoteoraFaceTimecall.Letsomeoneknowyou'rethinkingofthem,evenaftersometimeapart.Studiessuggeststrongbondscanimprovephysicalhealth,too.Genuinelypliment（贊揚(yáng)）someoneArespectfulmentthatesfromtheheartaboutsomeone'suniquehairstyle,excellentperformanceinaconceitortheirgreatsolutiontoaproblematworkmightbeallittakestoimprovesomeone'smood.____3____CollecttrashyouseearoundyourneighborhoodPickinguptrashandrecyclablesoffthestreetbeautifiesyourmunityandbenefitstheenvironment.____4____Theenvironmentcan'tcleanitself,afterall!ThankthepeopleinyourlifeTheyarethesecurityguardoutsideofyourworkplace,thesupermarketworkeryouseeeveryday,yourmom.____5____Thankpeopleforthethings,bigandsmall,thattheydothatimproveyourlife.Gratitudeispriceless.A.Others'pos