機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化專業(yè)英語(yǔ)

wordComputer-AidedManufacturing計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造

blacksmithn.鍛工，鐵匠

adaptive[??d?pt?v]adj.(自)適應(yīng)的

assembly[??sembli]n.;v.裝配evolve[i?v?lv]v.進(jìn)化，開(kāi)展，進(jìn)展

commission[k??mi??n]n.;v.代理，委托，委任

tangential[t?n?d?en??l]

adj.切線的，淺薄的，略為觸及的ManufacturingProcess1wordManufacturingProcess2ManufacturingProcess3Duringtheearly

1900s,theimprovingU.S.standardofliving

broughtanewhighinpersonalwealth.

Themajorresultwastheincreaseddemandfordurable[?d?r?bl]goods.

20世紀(jì)初美國(guó)日益提高的生活水平將個(gè)人財(cái)富帶到一個(gè)新的高度。這種現(xiàn)象主要影響就是對(duì)耐用消費(fèi)品的需求的增長(zhǎng)。

Computer-Aidedmanufacturing4Thisincreaseddemand

meantthatmanufacturingcouldnolongerbetreated[tri:t?d]asablacksmithtrade[treid],andtheuseofscientificstudywasemployedinmanufacturinganalysis.日益增長(zhǎng)的需求意味著制造業(yè)不再是簡(jiǎn)單的手工作坊式的行業(yè)，而應(yīng)該在制造業(yè)中引入科學(xué)化的研究手段。Computer-Aidedmanufacturing5Taylorpioneeredstudiesin“scientificmanagement〞inwhichmethodsforproductionbybothmenandmachineswerestudied.泰勒開(kāi)創(chuàng)了“科學(xué)管理〞的研究，透過(guò)人員和機(jī)器研究生產(chǎn)的方法。Computer-Aidedmanufacturing6Tayloralsoconducted[k?n?d?kt?d]

metalcuttingexperimentsattheMidvaleSteelCompanythatlasted26yearsandproduced400tonsofmetalchips.泰勒還在米德韋爾鋼鐵公司進(jìn)行金屬切削試驗(yàn)，該項(xiàng)試驗(yàn)長(zhǎng)達(dá)26年之久并生產(chǎn)了近400噸重的金屬鐵屑。Computer-Aidedmanufacturing7TheresultofTaylor’smetal-cuttingexperimentswasthedevelopmentoftheTaylortool-lifeequationthatisstillusedinindustry[??nd?stri]

today.泰勒的金屬切削實(shí)驗(yàn)最終導(dǎo)致了泰勒刀具壽命公式的發(fā)現(xiàn)，該公式目前仍然被工業(yè)界所采用。Computer-Aidedmanufacturing8Thistool-lifeequationisstillthebasisofdeterminingeconomicmetalcuttingandhasbeenusedinadaptivecontrolledmachining.刀具使用壽命仍然作為最根本的判斷金屬切削經(jīng)濟(jì)與否的依據(jù)。同時(shí)，該刀具壽命公式還被用于自適應(yīng)控制加工。Computer-Aidedmanufacturing9HenryFord’scontributionstookadifferentturnfromTaylor’s.Fordrefined[ri’faind]anddevelopedtheuseofassemblylinesforthemajorcomponentmanufacturerofhisautomobile.亨利.福特的研究成果與泰勒不同。福特優(yōu)化和開(kāi)發(fā)了裝配生產(chǎn)線的應(yīng)用，這種裝配生產(chǎn)線應(yīng)用于他的汽車主要零部件的制造。Computer-Aidedmanufacturing10FordfeltthateveryAmericanfamilyshouldhaveanautomobile,andiftheycouldbemanufacturedinexpensivelyenoughtheneveryfamilywouldbuyone.SeveralmechanismsweredevelopedatFordtoaccommodate[?'k?m?deit]assemblylines.福特認(rèn)為每個(gè)美國(guó)家庭都應(yīng)該擁有一輛汽車。如果能將汽車的價(jià)格降低到人們的購(gòu)置力水平上(他們制造的汽車足夠廉價(jià)的話)，那么每個(gè)家庭就會(huì)購(gòu)置一輛汽車。福特公司開(kāi)發(fā)了一些設(shè)備〔機(jī)械裝置〕以適應(yīng)裝配生產(chǎn)線。Computer-Aidedmanufacturing11TheautomationthatForddevelopedwasbuiltintothehardware,andFordrealizedthatsignificantdemandwasnecessarytooffsettheinitialdevelopmentandproductioncostsofsuchsystems.福特開(kāi)發(fā)的自動(dòng)化是建立在硬件中的，福特意識(shí)到需要大量的需求來(lái)抵消這種系統(tǒng)的初始開(kāi)發(fā)和生產(chǎn)本錢(qián)。Computer-Aidedmanufacturing12Althoughmanufacturingindustriescontinuedtoevolve,itwasnotuntilthe1950sthatthenextmajordevelopmentoccurred.雖然制造業(yè)的研發(fā)一直持續(xù)不斷，但新的一輪大開(kāi)展是在20世紀(jì)50年代才出現(xiàn)的。Computer-Aidedmanufacturing13Forsometime,strides[stra?d]toreducehumaninvolvementinmanufacturingwerebeingtaken.Specialty[’spe??lti]machinesusingcamsandother“hardwired〞logiccontrollershadbeendeveloped.長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，人們一直致力于減少制造過(guò)程中的人為參與。已經(jīng)開(kāi)發(fā)出了采用凸輪和其他“硬連線〞邏輯控制器的專用設(shè)備。Computer-Aidedmanufacturing14TheU.S.AirForcerecognized[‘rek?ɡna?zd]thedevelopmenttimerequiredtoproducethisspecialequipmentandthatthetimerequiredtomakeonlysmallsequencechangeswasexcessive

[?k?s?s?v].美國(guó)空軍意識(shí)到，用來(lái)生產(chǎn)這些專用設(shè)備的研發(fā)時(shí)間和用來(lái)僅作程序小改變的時(shí)間都是很長(zhǎng)的(過(guò)多的)。Computer-Aidedmanufacturing15Asaresult,theAirForcecommissionedtheMassachusetts[?m?s?‘t?u:s?ts]InstituteofTechnologytodemonstrate[?d?m?n?stret]programmableornumericallycontrolled(NC)machines(alsoknownas“softwired〞machines).Withthisfirstdemonstrationin1952camethebeginningofanewera[??r?]inmanufacturing.因此，美國(guó)空軍委托麻省理工學(xué)院開(kāi)發(fā)(展示)可編程的數(shù)字化控制器，也稱“軟連線〞設(shè)備。1952年的這次首創(chuàng)開(kāi)始了制造業(yè)的新紀(jì)元。Computer-Aidedmanufacturing16Sincethen,digitalcomputershavebeenusedtoproduceinputeitherinadirectedmannertomanyNCmachines,directnumericalcontrol(DNC),orinamorededicatedcontrolsense,computernumericalcontrol(CNC).從那時(shí)起，數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)就被用來(lái)當(dāng)做輸入設(shè)備，要么以直接方式輸入到NC設(shè)備中，直接數(shù)字控制〔DNC〕，要么用更專用的控制傳感，即計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)字控制〔CNC〕。Computer-Aidedmanufacturing17Today,machinecontrollanguagessuchasAPT(AutomaticProgrammingTool)havebecomethestandardforcreatingtoolcontrolforNCmachines.如今，機(jī)床控制語(yǔ)言比方說(shuō)自動(dòng)編程工具，已經(jīng)成為數(shù)控機(jī)床創(chuàng)立工具控制的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)了。Computer-Aidedmanufacturing18Itisinterestingtonotethatmuchoftheevolutioninmanufacturinghascomeasaresponsetoparticularchangesduringdifferentperiod.有意思的是，制造業(yè)的許多開(kāi)展都對(duì)應(yīng)于不同歷史時(shí)期的特定的變化。Computer-Aidedmanufacturing19Forinstance,thetechnologythatevolvesinthenineteenthcenturybroughtwithittheneedforhigher-precisionmachining.(thisresultedinthecreationofmanynewmachinetools,amorerefinedmachinedesign,andnewproductionprocesses.)例如，19世紀(jì)的工業(yè)革命促進(jìn)了人們對(duì)較高加工精度的需求〔從而促進(jìn)了許多新型刀具的研發(fā)、精密機(jī)床的設(shè)計(jì)以及新的生產(chǎn)工藝〕。Computer-Aidedmanufacturing20Computer-Aidedmanufacturing21Inthe1950sitwasestimatedthatasthespeedofanaircraftincreased,thecostofmanufacturingtheaircraft(becauseofgeometriccomplexity)increasedproportionatelywiththespeed.20世紀(jì)50年代，據(jù)估計(jì)，隨著飛行速度增大，這個(gè)飛機(jī)的制造本錢(qián)也會(huì)以這個(gè)速度同樣比例的增加(因?yàn)槠鋸?fù)雜程度是以幾何級(jí)數(shù)增加的)。Computer-Aidedmanufacturing22Computer-Aidedmanufacturing23Asthevolumeofpartsmanufacturedincreases,theproductioncostforthepartsdecrease(thisisgenerallyknownas“economyofscale〞).Someofthechangeinproductioncostisduetofixedversusvariablecosts.當(dāng)零部件的制造數(shù)量增加時(shí)，那么，這個(gè)零件的生產(chǎn)本錢(qián)會(huì)減小，這種現(xiàn)象通常被稱之為“經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模〞。生產(chǎn)本錢(qián)某些變化是由于固定本錢(qián)與可變本錢(qián)的比例改變。Computer-Aidedmanufacturing24Forinstance,if,onlyasinglepartistobeproduced(suchasaspacevehicle),allofthefixedcostsforplanninganddesign(bothproductandprocess)mustbeabsorbedbythesingleitem.例如，只生產(chǎn)一個(gè)的話〔如一個(gè)宇宙飛船〕，那么，所有固定本錢(qián)，包括規(guī)劃、設(shè)計(jì)(包含產(chǎn)品和加工)，都只能由這個(gè)單一工程去承擔(dān)。Computer-Aidedmanufacturing25If,however,severalpartsareproduced,thefixedchargecanbedistributedoverseveralparts.如果生產(chǎn)多個(gè)的話，固定本錢(qián)可以分?jǐn)偟竭@多個(gè)當(dāng)中。Computer-Aidedmanufacturing26Changesinproductioncost,notreflectedinthissimplefixed-versusvariable-costrelationship,areusuallytheresultofdifferentmanufacturingprocedures-transfer-linetechniquesforhigh-volumeitemsversusjob-shopproceduresforlow-volumeitems.生產(chǎn)本錢(qián)的變化并不僅僅是簡(jiǎn)單的固定本錢(qián)與可變本錢(qián)間的關(guān)系。通常，這是不同制造方法的結(jié)果，自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)線用于大批量產(chǎn)品，加工車間用于小批量產(chǎn)品。Computer-Aidedmanufacturing27Anautomatedmanufacturingsystemconsistsofacollectionofautomaticorsemiautomaticmachineslinkedtogetherbya“intrasystem〞material-handlingsystem.自動(dòng)化制造系統(tǒng)由一系列的自動(dòng)化機(jī)床或半自動(dòng)化機(jī)床，及將他們連接到一起的內(nèi)部物料傳送系統(tǒng)組成。Automatedmanufacturingsystem28ThesesystemshavebeenaroundsincebeforeHenryFordbegantomanufacturehisModelTonhismovingassemblyline.這種系統(tǒng)大約起始于HenryFord在他的移動(dòng)裝配線上開(kāi)始生產(chǎn)T型汽車的時(shí)候。Automatedmanufacturingsystem29Theseautomatedsystemshavebeenusedtoproducemachinedcomponents,assemblies,electricalcomponents,foodproducts,chemicalproducts,etc.這些自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)被用來(lái)生產(chǎn)機(jī)器零部件，總成，電器元件，食品，化工產(chǎn)品等。Automatedmanufacturingsystem30Thetotalnumberofproductsproducedonasinglesystemvaries['ve?r?z]withtheproductionmethods.However,theprincipleofdesigningtheproductionsystemsarethesameindependentlyoftheproductbeingmanufactured.單一系統(tǒng)的生產(chǎn)總量是隨這個(gè)系統(tǒng)的生產(chǎn)方法的改變而變化的。然而，不管生產(chǎn)什么產(chǎn)品，設(shè)計(jì)生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)的原那么是一樣的。Automatedmanufacturingsystem31Theworkstationsinaproductionsystemcanbemanual,semiautomaticorfullyautomatic.Theautomaticstationscanbeprogrammableorhardwired.一個(gè)生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)中的工作站可以是手工的、半自動(dòng)的或全自動(dòng)的。全自動(dòng)的工作站即可以是可編程的，也可以是硬連線的。Automatedmanufa