法律專業(yè)青少年犯罪外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)編輯

文獻(xiàn)信息文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)題：Povertyanddelinquency:AqualitativestudyonselectedjuvenileoffendersinMalaysia（貧窮與犯罪：對(duì)馬來西亞部分青少年犯的定性研究）文獻(xiàn)作者：TaiSooShong，SitiHajarAbuBakar，MRezaulIslam文獻(xiàn)出處：《InternationalSocialWork》,2018:1-15.字?jǐn)?shù)統(tǒng)計(jì)：英文3110單詞，16842字符；中文5223漢字外文文獻(xiàn)Povertyanddelinquency:AqualitativestudyonselectedjuvenileoffendersinMalaysiaAbstractThisqualitativecasestudyexploredthevoicesofjuvenileoffendersinMalaysiawhowereplaguedwithpoverty,andbroughttolighttheirplight.Thepurposeofthisstudywastoexaminetheeffectsofpovertyonthedelinquentcharacterandbehaviouraldevelopmentofthechildrenonthreemajorcrime-enhancingthemes–miserablefamilyconditions,schoolfailureandassociationwithdeviantpeers–togetabroaderviewofhowpovertycouldinfluencetheirlifetrajectory.Thepurposivemaximumvariationsamplingmethodwasusedintheselectionofsixyoungoffendersbetweentheagesof13and17yearsfromSekolahTunasBaktiSungaiBesi,KualaLumpur,Malaysia.Amultipledatacollectionmethodthatincludedobservation,in-depthcasestudyanddocumentanalysiswasusedfordatacollection.Resultsshowedthatthreemajorcrime-enhancingthemesduetopovertywerestronglyrelatedtochildren’sdelinquentcharacterandbehaviouraldevelopment.Theknowledgegainedfromthisstudywillfurthercontributetounderstandingthereal-lifeexperiencesofjuvenileoffenders,particularlythosewhoareexperiencingextremedeprivation,anditishopedthattheinsightgainedcouldhelpinthepreventionandcontrolofjuveniledelinquentbehaviourinMalaysia.Keywords:Delinquency,deviantpeers,juvenileoffenders,Malaysia,miserablefamilyconditions,poverty,schoolfailureIntroductionThedevelopmentalrisksassociatedwithpovertyandeconomicdisadvantagehavebeenwelldocumented,buttheprocessesthataccountfortherelationsbetweenpovertyandchildren’sdevelopmenthavenotbeenthoroughlyexplored(BradleyandCorwyn,2002;McLoyd,1998;NationalInstituteofChildHealthandHumanDevelopmentEarlyChildCareResearchNetwork,2005).Socio-economicstatushasalwaysbeenusedasameanstoprovideanexplanationforjuveniledelinquentbehaviour(Bjerk,2007;Leiberetal.,2009).Theliteraturehasshownthatpovertyandlowsocio-economicstatusinchildhoodarepowerfulriskfactorsthathavealwaysbeenassociatedwithsubstanceabuse,crimeanddelinquency(Bjerk,2007;D’Onofrioetal.,2009;GallowayandSkardhamar,2010).Ingeneral,onecannotdenythefactthatlackoffinancialresourcesisoneofthegreatestreasonswhysomepeopleturntoillegalmeansforthesakeofsurvival.Economichardshipoftenresultsinspiritual,emotionalandmaterialdeprivation,allofwhichcouldexacerbateantisocialbehaviouramongchildren.Agnewetal.(2008)arguedthattherelationshipbetweeneconomicproblemsanddelinquencyisnonlinear,suchthatonlytheexperienceofeconomicproblemsisassociatedwithhigherdelinquency.Theyfoundthattherelationshipbetweensocio-economicstatusandeconomicproblemsisonlymoderateinsize.Thefactthattherichgetricherandthepoorgetprison(ReimanandLeighton,2013)doeshaveitsrepercussions,asonecannotdenythepainfultruththatthemomentachildisbornintoapoorfamily,heorshemayhavetofaceableakfuture.Intheprocessofstrugglingforexistencesomemaythrivewell,butmanyofthemwillendupbeingvictimsoffateandcircumstances.Onecannotdenythefactthatriskfactorsleadingtolaterdamageoccurmorefrequentlyamongchildreninfamiliesthatarepoor,andstillmorefrequentlyamongfamiliesthatarepersistentlypoorandliveinareasofconcentratedpoverty(SchorrandSchorr,1989:29).Needlesstosay,childrenaremorelikelytofarebadlyinlifeiftheirparentshavealoweducationlevel,and/orlowoccupationalstatus,orareunemployed.However,itshouldbenotedthatpovertyisnotrestrictedtoonedimension,forexampleincome,butitmanifestsitselfinalldomainsoflife,suchashousing,education,health(DeleeckandVandenBosch,1992:3)andone’sdailyactivities.LiteraturereviewThisstudyunderpinsthreemainconcepts:poverty,delinquencyandjuvenileoffenders.Povertytranscendsthetraditionaldefinitionofashortfallinincomelevels.Inotherwords,incomelevelsarenottheonlydeterminantofpoverty.Povertyisamultidimensionalconcept(Akindola,2009).PeterTownsend,aleadingauthorityonUKpoverty,definespovertyaswhensomeone’s‘resourcesaresoseriouslybelowthosecommandedbytheaverageindividualorfamilythattheyare,ineffect,excludedfromordinarylivingpatterns,customsandactivities’(Seymour,2009:15).AccordingtoBooth(citedinFriedandElman,1971),the‘poor’arethosewhosemeansmaybeadequate,butarebarelysufficientforadecentindependentlife;the‘verypoor’arethosewhosemeansareinsufficientforthisaccordingtotheusualstandardoflifeinthiscountry.Delinquencyisanactorconductofajuvenilethatissociallyundesirable.Juveniledelinquencygenerallymeansthefailureofchildrentomeetcertainobligationsexpectedofthembysociety.Theblamecanbeplacedonfactorsrangingfromachild’sembryonicdevelopmenttodysfunctionalfamilies,dilapidatedschools,abjectpoverty,peerrelations,lowself-controloranycombinationoftheseandotherissues(Joshi,2013).Juveniledelinquentbehaviourreferstothebehaviourcommittedbysomeonebelow18yearsofagethatviolatescriminallaw(HoustonandBarton,2005).Thesedelinquentbehaviourscanrangefromlessseverebehaviourssuchasabusingtheschoolrules,absenteeism,schooltruancy,cigarettesmokingandvandalismtomoreseverecrimessuchasstealing,robbery,substanceabuse,rapeandweaponpossession(Choonetal.,2013).BasedonthelawinMalaysia,thetermjuveniledelinquentreferstoayoungpersonwhohascommittedacriminaloffenceandhasbeengivenacourtorder(Maznah,2007).TheMalaysianMinistryofEducationstatesthatdelinquencyinschoolincludesviolationofboththePenalCodeandtheschoolnorms.InMalaysia,twoformsofstatusoffencesarerecognizable,namely,beingbeyondthecontrolofparentsandbeingexposedtomoraldanger(Hussin,2007).AccordingtothePrisonAct1995,ajuvenileorayoungoffenderisdefinedas‘a(chǎn)prisonerwhoisundertheageof21years’(Kassim,2006).Studentsmaybepunishedbytheschoolauthoritiesforbehaviouralmisconductsuchasvandalism,fighting,smokingandtruancy,aswellasforminormisbehaviourincludingdisrespecttoothers,impoliteness,inappropriateormessyschoolattireorappearance,andbringingtoschoolitemsthatarebanned,suchasmobilephones(Choonetal.,2013).Sincepovertycanleadtovariouskindsofdelinquentactivities,onecannotdenythefactthatitisdirectlyrelatedtojuveniledelinquency(ProchnowandDefronzo,1997)asitnotonlyleadstostressfullivingconditions,butalsocreatessituationsthatareconducivetoantisocialactivities.Earlierstudiesoftherelationshipbetweensocio-economicstatusandjuveniledelinquencyhaveshownthatitismostlyalowsocialclassproblem.Definedas‘a(chǎn)nactbyajuvenileundertheageof18thatifcommittedbyanadultwouldconstituteacrime,adisorderlypersonoffense,apettydisorderlypersonoffense,oraviolationofanyotherpenalstatute,ordinanceorregulation’(NewJerseyJudiciary,2012),delinquencyisinextricablyrelatedtopovertyinthefourprimarysettingsaffectingchilddevelopment,namely,family,school,peergroupsandcommunities.Previousstudieshaveshownthatchildrenwholiveinpersistentorchronicpovertyhavelessfavourablecognitiveandsocialdevelopmentandpoorerphysicalandmentalhealththanthosewholiveintransitorypoverty(Costelloetal.,2003;McLeodandNonnemaker,2000).Manystudieshaveshownthatpoverty-relatedstresscanhaveseriousrepercussionsonachild’supbringinganddevelopmentduetolackoffamilyintegrationasconsequencesofinevitablelifecircumstancessuchasanxiety,depression,discriminationandhostility(Wadsworthetal.,2008).‘Familystresscausedbyproblemswiththefulfilmentofthefamilyeconomicfunction,affectsthewayparentsfulfiltheirparentalrole’(Banovcinovaetal.,2014),whichclearlyexplainsthereasonwhyparentswhoencounterseriousfinancialconstraintstendtohavedelinquentchildren.Parentswhofeelemotionallyinsecurethemselvesoftenhavedifficultycopingwiththemanyresponsibilitiesofparenthood,andthisisclearlymanifestedinthewayinwhichtheybringuptheirchildren.Familyconflict,increasedirritability,poorsupervision,harshdisciplineanderraticpunishmentarebutsomeofthemorecommonoccurrencesinfamiliesthreatenedwithfinancialcrisis(Guajardoetal.,2009).Thisclearlyexplainswhychildrenwhocomefrompoorfamiliesaremorelikelytodropoutofschool,associatewithdeviantpeersandparticipateinantisocialactivities.Giventhenegativeimpactofpovertyonchildren,thisstudyintendedtoinvestigatetheconsequencesofpovertyandhowitaffectsthebehaviouralandcharacterdevelopmentofchildren.Sincemoststudiesinthisfieldconductedbylocalresearchersarequantitativebynature–thatis,theyhavethetendencytoemphasizethestatisticalrelationshipsbetweenpovertyanddelinquency–amorein-depthanalysisthroughtheactualworldviewsofthejuvenileoffenderspertainingtothischronicsocialphenomenonisnecessary,andweaimedtofillthisgapinthepresentstudyviaaholisticqualitativeapproachasthiscouldprovideforadeeperinsightintotheirreal-lifeexperiences.ResearchobjectiveandmethodologyResearchobjectiveThepurposeofthisstudywastoexaminetheeffectsofpovertyonthecharacterandbehaviouraldevelopmentoftheMalaysianchildren.Thisstudyexploredtheseeffectsonthreemajorcrimeenhancingthemesthatwerestronglyrelatedtopoverty,namely,miserablefamilyconditions,schoolfailureandassociationwithdeviantpeers.MethodologyResearchapproachandresearchmethod.Theresearchapproachwasqualitative.Thisapproachenabledustogainadeeperinsightintothephenomenonunderinvestigationbasedontheexperiencesofthejuvenileoffendersinanaturalsetting.Italsoprovidedamorethoroughunderstandingofthephenomenonunderinvestigation,hencegettingthevoicesofthejuvenileoffendersheard.Here,wewantedtounderstandtheeffectsofpovertyonthecharacterandbehaviouraldevelopmentofthechildrenwhiletheyareexperiencingdifficultfamilyconditions,failingatschoolandassociatingwithdeviantpeers.Thisstudyfollowedacasestudymethod,wherethecasesweremultipleinnature.Ourmainobjectivesforusingthismethodwerethecontradictorybehaviours,beliefs,opinions,emotionsandrelationshipsofindividuals(Macketal.,2005),whichcontributegreatlytoabetterunderstandingofthephenomenonunderinvestigation.Samplingandrespondents’profiles.Apurposefulmaximumsamplingwasusedfortheselectionofparticipantstogeneratearichanddescriptivepictureoftheirlivedexperiencesforthisstudy.Sixparticipants(fourMalayboys,oneChineseboyandoneIndianboy)betweentheagesof13and17yearsfromSekolahTunasBaktiSungaiBesi,KualaLumpur,Malaysia,wereselectedfromapopulationof99juvenileoffenders,whowereincarceratedinajuvenileprisoninMalaysia.Thismethodofsamplingwasusedforthepurposeofheterogeneitysoastocreateamorediversepictureofthephenomenonunderinvestigation.Datacollectionmethodsandinstruments.Thisstudyusedmultiplequalitativedatacollectionmethodssuchasobservation,in-depthcaseinterviewanddocumentanalysis.Anunstructuredguidelinewasdevelopedforin-depthcasestudyofthechildren.Twoseparatesetsofchecklistswerepreparedforobservationanddocumentationsurvey.Thein-depthcaseinterviewswiththechildrenwereconductedinaninformalconversationalmannerinaquietroomintheinstitution/school.Anaudiotaperecorderwasusedtorecordallinformationandthentranscribedverbatiminfulllengthsoastocaptureeveryword(includingpausesandrepetitions)thatcamefromthemouthsoftheparticipants.Notesandreflectionwerealsojotteddownduringtheinterviewsforthepurposesofaccuracyandtranscription.ForthoseinterviewsthatareoriginallyconductedinBahasaorChinese,everyattemptwasmadebytheresearcherstotranslatethemintoEnglishwithoutlosingtheiroriginality.Thisstudyrecordedchildren’sbehavioursusingobservationguidelines.Thisstudyused‘WebofScience’and‘Scopus’searchenginesforliteraturereviewsthatincludedjournalarticles,booksandconferenceproceedings.DiscussionThisqualitativecasestudyreportedsixyoungoffenders’(betweentheagesof13and17years)delinquentcharacterandbehaviouraldevelopmentwithabroadviewofhowpovertycouldinfluencetheirlifetrajectoryinMalaysia.Thisstudyusedthreemajorcrime-enhancingthemesthatwerestronglyrelatedtopoverty:miserablefamilyconditions,schoolfailureandassociationwithdeviantpeers.Accordingtotheexperiencesofsixyoungpeople,thestudyfoundthatdifficultfamilyconditions,schoolfailureandassociationwithdeviantpeersduetothepovertyoftheirfamilieswerestronglyrelatedtothedevelopmentoftheirdelinquentbehaviours.First,ourstudyshowedthatthedifficultfamilyconditionscreatedvariousformsofdeprivationinthefamilies.Duetotheparents’lowqualificationsandskills,theydidnothavegoodjobsandweresometimesjobless.Allsixparticipantsinourstudymentionedthattheycouldnotfulfiltheirneedsduringtheirschooltime,andasaresulttheywereinvolvedinstealing.OurstudyfindingsweresimilartoacoupleofstudiessuchasthosebyBurrellandRoosa(2008)andClarke-Stewartetal.(2000).Ifpovertycanhavesuchdrasticeffectsonpoorchildrenfromintactfamilies,thenitismostlikelythatchildrenfrompoverty-strickensinglemotherfamiliesaremorelikelytofareworseinlife(BurrellandRoosa,2008).Inactualfact,itisnotjustthedivorceitselfbutratherthemother’seducationlevelandincomethataffectthewell-beingofthechildrenafteradivorce(Clarke-Stewartetal.,2000).Thisisbecausemanysinglemotherslacknecessaryqualificationsandskills,thusrenderingitdifficultforthemtosecureproperemployment.Acoupleofstudiesalsofoundthatmaternaljoblosscanhaveseriousrepercussionsonchildren’sbehaviour(Hilletal.,2011;KalilandWightman,2011)particularlyinsinglemotherfamilies.Second,ourstudyshowedthatchildren’sfailureatschoolwasdirectlyrelatedtotheirparents’poverty.Ourstudyestablishedalinkbetweenchildren’slowertestscoresanddropoutwithpoverty.Wefoundthatthedropoutchildrenlookedforworkinordertohelptheirparentsandtofulfiltheirindividualneeds.Thestressofpovertyjeopardizedchildren’seducationalattainmentsincemanypoorparentsdidnotplaceanyimportanceontheirchildren’sacademicperformanceduetothelackoftimespentmonitoringthem,norcouldtheyaffordtopayfortheirtuitionfeesandrevisionbooks.Inactualfact,someofthesepoorparentswereonlytoogladthattheirchildrenhadstoppedattendingschoolandwerehelpingtosupportthefamily.Socio-economicfactorsarethereforerelatedindirectlytochildren’sacademicachievementthroughparents’beliefsandbehaviours(Davis-Kean,2005).Studieshaveshownthatconstantparentalmonitoringandassistancewithhomeworkgreatlyenhancetheirchildren’sacademicachievement(LoweandDotterer,2013;Patalletal.,2008;VanVoorhis,2011),buttheoppositeseemstobetrueforchildrenwholackguidanceintheirstudies.Third,thisstudyprovedthatpovertypushedthechildrentoassociatewiththeirdelinquentpeers.Thisisbecausepoorerchildrenlimitedtheirpeergroupstosimilarsocio-economicclasses.Ourstudyshowedthatchildrenwereinvolvedinsomecriminalactivitiessuchasstealing,robberyandburglaryinordertofulfiltheirindividualneeds.However,badgroupassociationwasseenasafundamentalfactorinyouthcrimesincejuvenileswhoventuredintocrimewerenotentirelyalonebutweremembersofvariouspeergroups.AccordingtotheWorldYouthReport(2003),thestatisticaldatainmanycountriesshowedthatdelinquencywaslargelyagroupphenomenonandthatbetweentwo-thirdsandthree-quartersofalljuvenilecrimesoccurredingroups.Thesepeergroupsarewellknownfortheirhighlevelsofsocialcohesiveness,hierarchicalorganizationandacertaincodeofbehaviourbasedontherejectionofadultvaluesandexperience.Inthesepeergroups,influencesoftentakeplacethroughface-to-faceinteractionsbywayofanumberof‘proximalprocesses’(BronfenbrennerandMorris,1998).Throughpeerassociations,achildmaybeencouragedtoskipclasses,playtruantfromschool,visitcybercafes,smoke,takedrugsorparticipateinillegalactivities.Deviantbehaviourisnotuncommontomanyofthesepeergroupsandmayevenhaveanimportantroletoplayinsomeofthesegroupsasameansofsurvival.Whenpoorchildrencumschoolfailuresgettogether,thereisagreatlikelihoodthattheymayresorttosomekindofcriminalactivitiessuchasburglary,theftorrobberyinordertomakemoneytobuythethingsthattheirparentscannotaffordtogivethem.ConclusionDespiteanumberoflimitationssuchasasmallnumberofsampledchildren,narrowfocusandlackofgeneralizability,thestudygaveasnapshotofthefactorsofpovertythatexacerbatedchildren’sdelinquentbehaviours.Povertycanleadtoseverefinancialconstraints,familystressandhardship,strainedparent–childrelationships,familyconflict,parentaldivorce,schoolfailureandassociationwithbadcompany(KalilandWightman,2011;Oreopoulosetal.,2008),allofwhichcanhaveadverseeffectsonthechildren.Thesefactorsareclearlyexhibitedinthelivesofourrespondents.Giventhesecrime-enhancingfactors,anychildcaneasilybetemptedtocommitacrime.Ourrespondentsareonlyordinaryyoungpeoplewhoaretryingtoliveuptotheexpectationsoftheirpeers.Sincetheycannotdosothroughlegitimatemeans,theyhavetoresorttoillegitimatewaystofulfiltheirdreams.Wheneverjuvenilescommitanoffence,peopleask‘What’swrongwithoursociety?’,‘Whoistoblame?’.Althoughpreviousresearchershavelookedintotheeffectsofpovertyonjuveniledelinquency,theyhavefailedtolookintothefactthatpoorparentsnotonlylackproperparentingskills,buttheyarealsolessconcernedwiththeirchildren’swell-beingandacademicperformanceduetotheirinabilitytocopewithlife’sdemands.Assuch,theyhavecontributedagreatdealtowardstheirchildren’smisery,failureatschoolanddelinquentpathways.Inordertopreventjuveniledelinquentbehaviour,theimpactofpoverty-relatedfactorsmustbecounteractedinsomeway.Thisstudycouldenablepolicy-makerstorethinkthepresenteconomicsituationsofthepoverty-strickenMalaysianfamiliesandcomeupwithplanstotackletheissue.Sincepoorparentingcanhaveseriousrepercussionsonthechildren,theyshouldbesentforparentingskillcoursessoastoimprovetheirwaysofmanagingtheirchildren.Schoolsshouldbealsoplayaroleinthepreventionofcrimeanddelinquencythroughinterventionprogrammessuchasextracurricularactivities,inordertokeepthechildrenbusywithmeaningfulactivitiesatschoolandprotectthemfromthenegativeeffectsofoutsideinfluences.中文譯文貧窮與犯罪：對(duì)馬來西亞部分青少年犯的定性研究摘要這項(xiàng)定性案例研究探討了馬來西亞青少年犯飽受貧窮之苦的聲音，并揭示了他們的困境。本研究的目的是在三個(gè)主要的助長(zhǎng)犯罪的因素——家庭條件困難、學(xué)業(yè)失敗以及與離經(jīng)叛道的同齡人交往上，研究貧窮對(duì)兒童犯罪特征及行為發(fā)展的影響，以便更廣泛地了解貧窮如何影響他們的生活軌跡。采用有目的最大變異抽樣方法，從馬來西亞吉隆坡SekolahTunasBaktiSungaiBesi選取了6名13-17歲的少年犯。數(shù)據(jù)收集采用了包括觀察、深入案例研究和文獻(xiàn)分析在內(nèi)的多種數(shù)據(jù)收集方法。結(jié)果顯示，由于貧窮導(dǎo)致的三個(gè)主要助長(zhǎng)犯罪的因素與兒童犯罪和行為發(fā)展密切相關(guān)。從這項(xiàng)研究中獲得的知識(shí)將進(jìn)一步有助于了解青少年犯的現(xiàn)實(shí)生活經(jīng)歷，特別是那些正在遭受極度剝奪的人，并希望所獲得的洞察力有助于預(yù)防和控制馬來西亞的青少年犯罪行為。關(guān)鍵詞：青少年犯罪，離經(jīng)叛道的同齡人，少年犯，馬來西亞，家庭條件困難、貧窮、學(xué)業(yè)失敗引言與貧窮和經(jīng)濟(jì)不利有關(guān)的發(fā)展風(fēng)險(xiǎn)已有充分的記錄，但解釋貧窮與兒童發(fā)展之間關(guān)系的過程尚未被徹底探索（Bradley和Corwyn，2002；McLoyd，1998；國家兒童健康與人類發(fā)展研究所早期兒童保健研究網(wǎng)絡(luò)，2005）。社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位一直是解釋青少年犯罪行為的一種手段（Bjerk，2007；Leiber等，2009）。文獻(xiàn)表明，兒童時(shí)期的貧窮和社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位低下是一直與藥物濫用、犯罪和不法行為有關(guān)的強(qiáng)大危險(xiǎn)因素（Bjerk，2007；D'Onofrio等，2009；Galloway和Skardhamar，2010）。一般來說，我們不能否認(rèn)這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)：缺乏財(cái)政資源是一些人為了生存而求助于非法手段的最大原因之一。經(jīng)濟(jì)困難往往導(dǎo)致精神、情感和物質(zhì)上的匱乏，所有這些都可能加劇兒童的反社會(huì)行為。Agnew等人（2008）認(rèn)為，經(jīng)濟(jì)問題與違法行為之間的關(guān)系是非線性的，只有經(jīng)濟(jì)問題的經(jīng)歷才與較高的違法行為相關(guān)。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位與經(jīng)濟(jì)問題之間的關(guān)系只是中等大小。富人越來越富有，窮人卻被關(guān)進(jìn)了監(jiān)獄（Reiman和Leighton，2013），這一事實(shí)確實(shí)產(chǎn)生了影響，因?yàn)槿藗儾荒芊裾J(rèn)一個(gè)痛苦的事實(shí)，即當(dāng)一個(gè)孩子出生于一個(gè)貧窮的家庭時(shí)，他或她可能不得不面對(duì)一個(gè)黯淡的未來。在為生存而斗爭(zhēng)的過程中，有些人可能會(huì)茁壯成長(zhǎng)，但他們中的許多人最終會(huì)成為命運(yùn)和環(huán)境的犧牲品。我們不能否認(rèn)這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)：導(dǎo)致后期損害的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素在貧困家庭的兒童中更為常見，長(zhǎng)期貧困并生活在貧困集中地區(qū)的家庭中更為頻繁（Schorr和Schorr，1989：29）。毋庸置疑，如果父母的教育水平低和/或職業(yè)地位低，或者失業(yè)，孩子更有可能生活得不好。然而，應(yīng)該指出的是，貧窮不僅限于一個(gè)方面，如收入，而是體現(xiàn)在生活的所有領(lǐng)域，如住房、教育、健康（Deleeck和VandenBosch，1992：3）以及日?；顒?dòng)。文獻(xiàn)綜述這項(xiàng)研究支持三個(gè)主要概念：貧窮、犯罪和少年犯。貧窮超越了收入水平不足的傳統(tǒng)定義。換句話說，收入水平不是貧窮的唯一決定因素。貧窮是一個(gè)多維度概念（Akindola，2009）。英國貧窮問題的主要權(quán)威人士PeterTownsend將貧窮定義為，當(dāng)某人的資源嚴(yán)重低于平均個(gè)人或家庭所支配的資源時(shí)，他們實(shí)際上被排除在普通的生活模式、習(xí)俗和活動(dòng)之外（Seymour，2009：15）。根據(jù)Booth的說法（引自Fried和Elman，1971），“窮人”指的是那些經(jīng)濟(jì)能力可能足夠，但幾乎不足以過上體面的獨(dú)立生活的人；“非常貧窮”指的是那些按照這個(gè)國家通常的生活標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況不足以滿足這一要求的人。犯罪是青少年在社會(huì)上不受歡迎的行為或舉止。青少年犯罪一般是指兒童不能履行社會(huì)要求他們承擔(dān)的某些義務(wù)。這可以歸咎于各種因素，從兒童的胚胎發(fā)育到功能失調(diào)的家庭、破敗的學(xué)校、赤貧、同伴關(guān)系、自我控制能力低下或這些問題和其他問題的任何組合（Joshi，2013）。青少年犯罪行為是指18歲以下的人違反刑法的行為（Houston和Barton，2005）。這些違法行為從不太嚴(yán)重的行為，如濫用校規(guī)、曠課、逃學(xué)、吸煙和破壞他人財(cái)產(chǎn)，到更嚴(yán)重的犯罪，如偷竊、搶劫、濫用藥物、強(qiáng)奸和持有武器（Choon等，2013）。根據(jù)馬來西亞的法律，“少年犯”一詞是指犯了刑事罪行并被法院判令的年輕人（Maznah，2007）。馬來西亞教育部指出，學(xué)校中的違法行為包括違反刑法和學(xué)校規(guī)范。在馬來西亞，兩種形式的身份犯罪是可以識(shí)別的，即父母無法控制和面臨道德危險(xiǎn)（Hussin，2007）。根據(jù)1995年的《監(jiān)獄法》，青少年或少年罪犯被界定為“21歲以下的囚犯”（Kassim，2006）。學(xué)校當(dāng)局可能會(huì)對(duì)學(xué)生的不端行為（如故意破壞、打架、吸煙和曠課），以及輕微的不當(dāng)行為（包括對(duì)他人的不尊重、不禮貌、不適當(dāng)或凌亂的學(xué)校服裝或外表），以及攜帶禁止帶到學(xué)校的物品（如手機(jī)）進(jìn)行處罰（Choon等，2013）。由于貧窮可能導(dǎo)致各種犯罪活動(dòng)，人們不能否認(rèn)這一事實(shí)，即貧窮與青少年犯罪直接相關(guān)（Prochnow和Defronzo，1997），因?yàn)樨毟F不僅導(dǎo)致緊張的生活條件，而且還造成有利于反社會(huì)活動(dòng)的情況。早期對(duì)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位與青少年犯罪關(guān)系的研究表明，這主要是一個(gè)低社會(huì)階層的問題。定義為“未滿18歲的青少年的行為，如果由成年人實(shí)施，將構(gòu)成犯罪、擾亂治安罪、輕微的擾亂治安罪或違反任何其他刑事法規(guī)、法令或條例”（新澤西司法部，2012），在影響兒童發(fā)展的四個(gè)主要環(huán)境中，即家庭、學(xué)校、同齡群體和社區(qū)，犯罪與貧窮密不可分。以前的研究表明，與生活在暫時(shí)貧困中的兒童相比，生活在持續(xù)或長(zhǎng)期貧困中的兒童的認(rèn)知和社會(huì)發(fā)展更加不利，身心健康也較差（Costello等，2003；McLeod和Nonnemaker，2000）。許多研究表明，由于焦慮、抑郁、歧視和敵意等不可避免的生活環(huán)境而缺乏家庭融合，與貧窮有關(guān)的壓力會(huì)對(duì)兒童的成長(zhǎng)和發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了嚴(yán)重的影響（Wadsworth等，2008）。“因家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)功能的履行問題導(dǎo)致的家庭壓力，影響了父母履行其職責(zé)的方式”（Banovcinova等，2014），這清楚地解釋了為什么遇到嚴(yán)重經(jīng)濟(jì)困難的父母往往會(huì)有違法的孩子。在情感上缺乏安全感的父母往往難以承擔(dān)為人父母的許多責(zé)任，這一點(diǎn)在他們養(yǎng)育子女的方式上表現(xiàn)得很明顯。家庭沖突、煩躁不安、監(jiān)管不力、管教粗暴和懲罰不當(dāng)，是受金融危機(jī)威脅的家庭中的一些常見現(xiàn)象（Guajardo等，2009）。這就清楚地解釋了為什么來自貧窮家庭的孩子更有可能輟學(xué)，與離經(jīng)叛道的同齡人交往，并參與反社會(huì)活動(dòng)。鑒于貧窮對(duì)兒童的負(fù)面影響，本研究旨在調(diào)查貧窮的后果以及貧窮如何影響兒童的行為和性格發(fā)展。由于當(dāng)?shù)匮芯咳藛T在這一領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行的大多數(shù)研究本質(zhì)上是定量的，也就是說，他們傾向于強(qiáng)調(diào)貧窮與犯罪之間的統(tǒng)計(jì)關(guān)系，因此有必要通過對(duì)與這一慢性社會(huì)現(xiàn)象有關(guān)的青少年犯罪者的實(shí)際世界觀進(jìn)行更深入的分析，我們的目的是通過一種全面的定性方法來填補(bǔ)目前研究中的這一空白，這有助于深入了解他們的真實(shí)生活經(jīng)歷。研究目標(biāo)和方法研究目標(biāo)本研究的目標(biāo)是研究貧窮對(duì)馬來西亞兒童的性格和行為發(fā)展的影響。本研究探討了與貧窮密切相關(guān)的三大助長(zhǎng)犯罪的因素的影響，即家庭條件困難、學(xué)業(yè)失敗以及與離經(jīng)叛道的同齡人交往。方法研究方法和研究方式。研究方法是定性的。這種方法使我們能夠根據(jù)青少年罪犯在自然環(huán)境中的經(jīng)歷，對(duì)調(diào)查中的現(xiàn)象有更深入的了解。它還使人們對(duì)調(diào)查中的現(xiàn)象有了更透徹的了解，從而使少年犯的聲音得到傾聽。在這里，我們想要了解貧窮對(duì)兒童的性格和行為發(fā)展的影響，同時(shí)他們正在經(jīng)歷家庭條件困難、學(xué)業(yè)失敗以及與離經(jīng)叛道的同齡人交往。本研究采用了案例研究方法，案例具有多重性質(zhì)。我們使用這種方法的主要目標(biāo)是個(gè)體的矛盾行為、信仰、觀點(diǎn)、情感和