中學英語語法(介詞)課件

MiddleschoolEnglishgrammarprepositioncourseware目錄OverviewandclassificationofpositionsThepositionandfunctionofpositionsinsensesTheuseofpositionsinspecificcontexts目錄ThefixedsettlementandidiomaticusageofpositionsComparisonandAnalysisofPositionsTheproblemsolvingskillsofpositionsinvariousquestiontypes01OverviewandclassificationofpositionsDefinitionPositionsarewordsthatexpressrelationshipsofspace,time,orotherabstractrelationshipsbetweenanounorpronounandotherwordsinasenseFunctionPositionsservetoconnectnouns,pronouns,orphasestootherpartsofthepresence,providinginformationabouttherelationshipbetweentheseelementsThedefinitionandfunctionofpositionsClassificationPositionscanbeclassifiedintoseveralcategoriesbasedontheirfunctionsandmeanings,suchasspatialpositions,temporarypositions,andpositionsofagencyorinstrumentationCharacteristicsPositionsstylishlyhaveafixedpositioninapresenceandcannotbeseparatedfromtheirobjectsTheyalsotoooftencollocatewithceriumverbs,objections,ornounstoformfixedphrasesorexpressionsTheclassificationandcharacteristicsofpositionsCommonpreparationsSomecommonlyusedpreparationsinclude"in,""on,""at,""by,""with,""for,""of,""from,""to,"and"about."UsageEachpositionhasitsownuniqueusageandmeaningForexample,"in"isusedtoindicatelocationwithinaspace,"on"isusedtoindicatelocationonasurface,and"at"isusedtoindicateaspecificpointintimeorspaceItisimportanttounderstandthespecificmeansandusesofeachpositiontousethemcorrectlyinintentionsCommonpositionsandtheirusage02ThepositionandfunctionofpositionsinsensesAtthebeginningofasentencePreliminaryphrasescanbeplacedatthebeginningofasentencetointroducethetime,place,orperiodsofthemainactionForexample,"Inthemorning,wewentforawalk."InthemiddleofapresencePreliminaryphrasescanalsobeinsertedinthemiddleofapresencetoprovideadditionalinformationaboutthesubjectorverbForinstance,"Shelookedbeautifulinherreddress."AttheendofasenseSometimes,preliminaryphrasesareplacedattheendofasenseforemphasisortoconsiderasenseofcompletionForexample,"Wefinallyarrivedatourdestinationafteralongjournal."ThepositionofpreliminaryphrasesinsentimentsIntroducingadvisoryclausesPositionscanbeusedtointroduceadvisoryclausesthatmodifythemainclausebyprovidingadditionalinformationabouttime,place,cause,orconditionForinstance,"Becauseoftheheavyrain,wedecidedtostayindoors."LinkingnounclausesPositionscanalsolinknounclauses,whichfunctionasthesubjectorobjectofaverbForexample,"Ihavenoideaaboutwhatshesaid."ConnectingadvisoryclausesPositionscanconnectadvisoryclausesthatmodifynounsorpronounsForinstance,"Thebookthatisonthetableismine."ThefunctionofpositionsguidingclausesThesettlementofpositionswithotherpartsofspeechPositions+nouns:PositionsareoftenfollowedbynounstoformpositionalphrasesForexample,"Sheputthebookonthetable."Proposals+proposals:ProposalscanalsobeusedafterproposalstoreferbacktopreviouslymentionedproposalsForinstance,"Hegaveittome."(where"it"refersbacktoapreviouslymentionedobject)Positions+verbs:SomepositionsarefollowedbyverbstoformphrasalverbswithspecificmeaningsForexample,"Shelookedupthewordinthedictionary."(where"lookedup"means"searchedforinformationabout")Proposals+objections/advisors:ProposalscanalsobefollowedbyadvisorsoradvisorstomodifythemeaningoftheproposalForinstance,"Heisverygoodatplayingtennis."(where"goodat"means"skilledin")03TheuseofpositionsinspecificcontextsAt,in,on:Thesepreparationsarecommonlyusedtoindicatetime"At"isusedforspecifictimes(e.g.,"at3O'clock"),"in"isusedforlongerperiods(e.g.,"inthemorning")ormonths/years/seasons(e.g.,"in2023"),and"on"isusedfordaysordates(e.g.,"onMonday")TimepositionsandtheirusageBefore,afterThesepositionsindicateasequenceofeventsBeforereferringtosomethingthathappensearlier,whileafterreferringtosomethingthathappenslaterSince,for"Since"isusedtoindicateastartingpointintimefromwhichsomethinghascontinueduptothepresentation(e.g.,"Ihavelivedheresince2010")"For"isusedtoindicatethedurationofanactionorstate(e.g.,"IhavestudiedEnglishfortwoyears")TimepositionsandtheirusagePlacepositionsandtheirusageOn,over,under:Thesepreparationsdescribethepositionofoneobjectrelativetoanother"On"indicatorsthatsomethingispositionedontopofsomethingelse(e.g.,"thebookisonthetable")"Over"suggestionssomethingisaboveandacrossfromsomethingelse(e.g.,"theplaneflyoverthecity")"Under"indicatessomethingisbelowsomethingelse(e.g.,"thecatisunderthebed")In,inside,within:Thesepositionsareusedtoindicatethatsomethingisenclosedorsurroundedbysomethingelse"In"and"inside"areofteninterchangeable(e.g.,"sheisin/insidethehouse"),while"within"suggestionsamorespecificlocationwithinalargerarea(e.g.,"theparkiswithinthecitylimits")Near,by,beside:Thesepositionsdescribeproximityorcloseness"Near"suggestionssomethingisnotfaraway(e.g.,"theschoolisnearmyhouse")"By"canmeaneithernexttoorcloseto(e.g.,"sitbyme")"Ontheside"indicatessomethingispositionedalongthesideelse(e.g.,"thelampisonthesideoftheSofa")Thesepositionshavemultipleusesbutoftenrefertoapproximationorgeneral"About"canmeanapproximateorconcerned(e.g.,"itcostsabout$10,"or"Iheardabouttheaccident")"Around"canrefertoageneralareaoranapproximatetime(e.g.,"let'smeetaround3o'clock")About,aroundThesepreparationsexpresscontrastorexception"Without"indicatespresenceorlack(e.g.,"Ican'tgowithoutmykeys")"Despit"suggestionscontrastorposition(e.g.,"Despittherain,wewetforawalk")Without,describeModalpositionsandtheirusage04ThefixedsettlementandidiomaticusageofpositionsUnderthebedDescribessomethingthatislocatedwithinabedOnthetableUsedtoindicatethatsomethingisplacedonthesurfaceofatableIntheboxReferstotheinsideofacontainerorboxOverthefenceIndicatorssomethingthatisontheothersideofafenceorwallBythewindowUsedtospecifyalocationnearoradjacenttoawindowThefixedsettlementofcommonpositionsUnderstandingandApplyingIdioms01Ideasarewordsthathaveafigurativemeaningthatisdifferentfromtheliteralinterpretationofthewords02Example:"outoftheblue"meansunexpectedorsudden,notrelatedtothecolorblue03Tounderstandidioms,studentsneedtofamiliarizethemselveswithcommonidiomaticexpressionsandtheirmeanings04Practiceusingperiodsincontexttoimprovelanguagefluencyandnaturalness輸入標題02010403NotesandMiscellaneousTipsPositionsoftenhavemultiplemeansanduses,soit'simportanttolearnthemincontextBemindfulofregionaldifferencesinpositionusage,assomepositionsmaybeuseddifferentlyindifferentpartsoftheworldAvoidingoverlappingdecadepositions,asthiscanmakelanguagesoundunnaturalPayattentiontothedifferencebetweenpositionsthatarefollowedbyanounandthatarefollowedbyaverb05ComparisonandAnalysisofPositionsSynonymouspreparationsrefertopreparationsthathavesimilaroridenticalmeaningsForexample,"in","on","at"canallindicatelocation,buttheyhavedifferentusesdependingonthecontextItisimportanttodifferentiatebetweensynonymouspositionsbecausetheycanchangethemeaningofapresencewhenusedincorrectlyForinstance,"inthehospital"meanssomeoneisapatient,while"atthehospital"impliestheyarevisitingTocorrectlyusesynonymouspositions,studentsshouldfamiliarizethemselveswiththenuancesofeachpositionandpracticeusingthemincontextThedistinctionanduseofsynonymouspositionsToavoidfusion,studentsshouldcarefullyanalyzethecontextandmeaningofeachpositionandpracticeusingthemcorrectlyinpresenceSomepositionsareeasilyfusedbecausetheyhavesimilarmeansorareusedinsimilarcontextsForexample,"for"and"since"canbothindicateduration,but"for"isusedwithaperiodoftime,while"since"isusedwithapointintimeOthereasilyfusedpositionsinclude"above"and"over,"whichbothindicatepositionsbuthavedifferentannotations"Aboveimpliesahigherposition,while'over'canmean'aboveandcovering."AnalysisandexamplesofeasilyfusedpositionsOnewaytoimprovepreparationaccuracyisthroughextensivereadingandwritingpracticeThishelpsstudentsfamiliarizethemselveswiththecorrectusageofpositionsindiffer