英語語法之現(xiàn)在完成時

PresentPerfectTenseofEnglishGrammar目錄BasicconceptsofpresentperfecttenseDetailedexplanationoftheusageofthepresentperfecttenseDifferencesandconnectionswithothertensions目錄CommonerrorsandcorrectionmethodsPracticequestionsandansweranalysisSummary,Review,andExtension01BasicconceptsofpresentperfecttenseDefinitionThePresentPerfectTenseisaverbtenseusedtoshowanactionthatstartedinthepastandcontinuedtothepresentation,oranactionthathasbeencompletedrecentlyCompositionItisformedwiththepresenttenseoftheverb"tohave"(has/have)plusthepastparticleofthemainverbForexample,"Ihavefinishedmyhome."DefinitionandCompositionTensemarkerwordsEvery,neverE.G."HaveyoueverbeentoParis?"Forexperiencesorstates…Just,already,yetE.G.,"Ihavejusteaten."ForactionsintherecentpastFor,sinceE.G.,"Ihavelivedhereforfiveyears."ForactionscontinuingfromthepasttothepresentVerbvariationrulesRegularVerbs:MostVerbsformtheirpastparticlebyadding"-ed"or"-d"tothebaseform.E.g.,play->playedIrregularVerbs:SomeVerbshaveirregularpastparticleformsthatmustbelearnedindividuallyE.G.,go->goneBeVerbs:Theverb"tobe"hasauniquepastparticleformforeachpersonandnumberE.G.,Iam->Ihavebeen,theyare->theyhavebeenModalVerbs:ModalVerbssuchascan,may,mustbenotfollowedbythepastparticleinthepresentperfecttenseInstant,theyareusedwiththebaseformofthemainverbE.G.,"Ihavebeenabletofinishmywork."02DetailedexplanationoftheusageofthepresentperfecttenseThepresentperfecttenseisusedtoshowthatapastactionhashadaneffectonthepresentmomentForexample,"Ihavefinishedmyhome"indicatesthattheactionoffinishinghomewascompletedinthepast,butithasrelevancetothepresentationbecauseitaffectswhatthespeakercandonowThistenseisalsousedtoexpressrecenteventsthatarestillhavinganimpactonthepresentationForinstance,"Shehasjustarrived"suggestionsthatthearrivalhappenedrecentlyandisstillrelevanttothecurrentsituationIndicatorsthatpasteventshaveanimpactonthepresentationThepresentperfecttensecanbeusedtodescribeactionsorsituationsthatstartedinthepastandhavecontinueduptothepresentmomentForexample,"Ihavelivedherefortenyears"showsthattheactionoflivinginaplacewasinthepastandhasbeenongoinguntilnowItcanalsobeusedtoexpressrepeatedactionsinthepastthatarestillhappeninginthepresentationForinstance,"Theyhavevisitedusseveraltimes"indicatesthatthevisitsoccurredinthepastbutarestilloccurringIndicatorsthatthepasthasbeenonginguntilnowThepresentperfecttenseisusedtorefertoaperiodoftimethatextendsfromapointinthepastuptothepresentForexample,"Wehaveknowneachothersincechildhood"demonstratesthattherelationshiphasbeeninthepastandhascontinueduntilthepresentationItcanalsobeusedtoexpressactionsoreventsthathaveoccurredoveraperiodoftimeleadinguptothepresentationForinstance,"Hehasbeenworkingonthisprojectformonths"showsthattheworkontheprojectstartedinthepastandhasbeenongoingforseveralmonthsRepresentativesaperiodoftimefromacertaintimeinthepasttothepresentUsedforcertificatefixedpresencepatternsThereareindeedpresencepatternsinEnglishthatrequiretheuseofthepresentperfecttenseOnesuchpatternis"Itisthefirst/second/thirdtimethat+subject+has+pastparticle",whichisusedtoexpressthenumberoftimesanactionhasoccurredForexample,"ItisthefirsttimethatIhaveseenthismovie"meansthatthespeakeriswatchingthemovieforthefirsttimeAnotherpresencepatternthatusesthepresentperfecttenseis"Howlonghaveyoubeen+-ingverb",whichisusedtoaskabouttheperiodofanactionorstatethatwasinthepastandisstillcontinuingForinstance,"HowlonghaveyoubeenstudyingEnglish?"asksaboutthelengthoftimesomeonehasbeenstudyingEnglishupuntilnow03DifferencesandconnectionswithothertensionsTimeframeThepresentperfecttensereferstoanactionorstatethatstartedinthepastandcontinuedtothepresentorhasrelevancetothepresent,whereasthesimplepasttensereferstoacompletedactioninthepastwithnoconnectiontothepresentUsageWeusethepresentperfecttensetotalkaboutexperiences,changes,oractionsthathavehappenedrecentlyoratanunspecifiedtimeinthepastOntheotherhand,thesimplepasttenseisusedtotalkaboutspecificeventsthatoccurredatadefinedtimeinthepastDifferentfromthesimplepasttenseDifferencefrompresentcontinuoustenseThepresentperfecttenseemphasizesthecompletionofanactionorstatethatwasalreadyinthepastandcontinuestothepresent,whereasthepresentcontinuoustensefocusesonanactionorstatethatisongoingorhappeningnowAspectWeusethepresentperfecttensetotalkaboutactionsorstatesthathavearesultorimpactonthepresentmomentIncontrast,thepresentcontinuoustenseisusedtodescribeactionsorstatesthataretemporarilyinterruptingoroverlappingwiththemainactivityUsageTimeframeThepresentperfecttenseisusedtotalkaboutactionsorstatesthatwereinthepastandcontinuetothepresentorhaverelevancetothepresentThepastcontinuoustense,ontheotherhand,referstoactionsorstatesthatwereongingorhappeningataspecifictimeinthepast要點一要點二UsageWeusethepresentperfecttensetoemphasizetheconnectionbetweenthepastandthepresent,whereasthepastcontinuoustenseisusedtodescribeasceneorbackgroundactivitythatwashappeninginthepastDifferencefromthepastcontinuoustense04CommonerrorsandcorrectionmethodsUsingthewrongverbformThepresentperfecttenserequirestheuseoftheverb"have"or"has"followedbythepastparticleofthemainverbCommonerrorsincludeusingthesimplepasttenseorthepresentperfectcontinuoustenseinstrumentIncorrectverbagreementTheverb"have"isusedwithI,you,we,andthey,while"has"isusedwithhim,she,andit.Errorsoccurwhenthewrongformof"have"or"has"isusedwiththesubjectImproveuseofverbformsThepresentperfecttenseisusedtodescribeactionsthatstartedinthepastandcontinuedtothepresentoractionsthathaverecentlybeencompletedErrorsoccurringwhenthistenseismixedwithothertensions,soasthesimplepastorpresentcontinuous,whichhasdifferenttimeframesMissingtimeframesWithoutacleartimereference,itcanbecomplicatedtodeterminewherethepresentperfecttenseisappropriateForexample,"Ihaveeaten"isambiguouslywithoutaspecifictimeframe,suchas"Ihaveeatendinner"or"Ihaveeateninthepasthour."UncleartimereferenceTemporaryfusionclearIgnoringthecontextThepresentperfecttenseisoftenusedinspecificcontexts,suchaswithcertificatetimeexpressionsorinresponsetocertificatequestionsErrorsoccurwhenthiscontextisignored,andthepresentperfecttenseisusedinappropriatelyFailingtoconsidertheoverallmeaningThepresentperfecttenseattributestotheoverallmeaningofapresenceorparagraphErrorsoccurringwhenthistenseisusedwithoutconsideringhowitfitsintothelargercontextofthetextNeglectingcontextandcontext05PracticequestionsandansweranalysisQuestion:IAlready(See)thefilmtwoMultiplechoicequestionsandansweranalysishaveseenAnswerThepresentperfecttenseisusedtoexpressanactionthatstartedinthepastandcontinuedinthepresentorhasjustfinishedInthiscase,"haveseen"isthecorrectformasitindicatesthattheactionofseeingthefilmhappenedtwiceinthepastandiscompletedAnalysisMultiplechoicequestionsandansweranalysisQuestion:TheyJust(finish)theirhomeworkMultiplechoicequestionsandansweranalysishavefinishedAnswerTheuseof"havefinished"indicatorsthattheactionoffinishingtheirhomehasbeencompletedrecentlyThepresentperfecttenseisappropriatehereasitemphasizestherecentcompletionoftheactionAnalysisMultiplechoicequestionsandansweranalysisQuestion:She___(visit)HergrandparentslastweekFillintheblankquestionsandansweranalysisAnswerhasvisitedAnalysisThepresentperfecttenseisusedtoshowthatanactionhastakenplaceinthepastandhassomeconnectiontothepresentInthiscase,"hasvisited"indicatesthatshevisitedhergrandparentslastweekandthatthisactionisrelevanttothepresentmomentFillintheblankquestionsandansweranalysisQuestion:WeNever(go)tothatrestaurantbeforeFillintheblankquestionsandansweranalysisFillintheblankquestionsandansweranalysishavegoneAnswerTheuseof"havegone"suggestionsthattheactionofgoingtotherestauranthappenedinthepastandisnotrepeatedThepresentationperfecttenseissuitablehereasitemphasizesthecompletionoftheactioninthepastwithnorelevancetothepresentationAnalysisIatebreakfastalreadyIhavealreadyeatenbreakfastTherewrittenpresenceusesthepresentperfecttense"haveeaten"toindicatethattheactionofeatingbreakfasthasbeencompletedinthepastandisrelevanttothepresentmoment