新教材高中北師大版英語選擇性必修1學(xué)案Unit2PartⅥ單元語法專題（1）動詞-ing形式（動名詞）作主語表語和賓語（2）冠詞

PartⅥ單元語法專題——(1)動詞ing形式(動名詞)作主語、表語和賓語(2)冠詞語法精講Ⅰ.動詞的ing形式1．動詞ing形式(動名詞)作主語動名詞(短語)具有名詞的基本性質(zhì)，因此動名詞(短語)可以在句子中充當(dāng)主語。單個動名詞(短語)作主語時，句子的謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)。(1)動名詞(短語)在句首直接作主語動名詞(短語)作主語常表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動作，通常放在句首。?Readingaloudisveryimportantforustolearnaforeignlanguage.大聲朗讀對我們學(xué)外語來說很重要。(2)it作形式主語，動名詞(短語)作真正的主語動名詞(短語)作主語的句子有時可以用it作形式主語，動名詞(短語)作真正主語。常見結(jié)構(gòu)有：It'sawasteoftimedoingsth.做某事浪費(fèi)時間。It'suseless/worthwhiledoingsth.做某事是沒用的/值得的。It'snouse/nogood/noneeddoingsth.做某事是沒用的/沒好處的/沒必要的。?Itwasawasteoftimereadingthatbook.讀那本書就是在浪費(fèi)時間。(此句中It為形式主語，真正的主語為readingthatbook)(3)Thereis/was＋no＋動名詞(短語)?Therewasnoknowingwhathecoulddo.不知道他能做什么。?Thereisnodenyingthatonlyifwedealwithandoverelargenumbersofdifficultiesinacorrectwaywillweachieveourdreams.不可否認(rèn)，我們只有用正確的方式處理和克服大量的困難，我們才能實(shí)現(xiàn)我們的夢想。[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空①________(learn)alanguagerequirestimeandeffort.②It'sawasteoftime________(persuade)suchapersontojoinus.③________(save)moneynowseemsimpossible.④Itisworthwhile________(read)morebooks.⑤It'suseless________(ask)himanymorequestionsaboutthatbecausehewon'tanswer.⑥Therewasno________(tell)whenshewouldbeback.2．動詞的ing形式(動名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞)作表語(1)動名詞(短語)作表語動名詞(短語)作表語表示一般性、習(xí)慣性的動作或抽象的動作，大多數(shù)情況下可以與主語互換。?Herjobiscleaningoffices.她的工作是打掃辦公室。(作表語)?Cleaningofficesisherjob.打掃辦公室是她的工作。(作主語)?Herhobbyispainting.她的業(yè)余愛好是畫畫。?MyfirstjobwasworkingattheUkiahLibrarywhenIwas16yearsold.我的第一份工作是在烏基亞圖書館，那時我16歲。(2)現(xiàn)在分詞(短語)作表語現(xiàn)在分詞(短語)作表語，表示主語具有的特征和屬性。?Hisconcernforhismotherismosttouching.他對自己母親的關(guān)愛非常感人。?Hiswordsareencouraging.他的話很鼓舞人。[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空①Whathesaidis________(convince),sowecantrusthim.②Thenewsis________(astonish);wewereall________(astonish)atit.③Theresultoftheexamwas________(disappoint)．④Ourdutyis________(serve)thepeopleheartandsoul.⑤Myfavouritesportis________(swim)．⑥Thenewssounds________(encourage)．3．動詞ing形式(動名詞)作賓語(1)動名詞跟在及物動詞后作賓語后面接動詞的ing形式作賓語的動詞(短語)匯總：mepscarfid“妹不食咖啡滴”。M：miss,mindE：escape,enjoyP：practise,putoffS：suggestC：consider,can'tstandA:avoid,admit,advise,allow,appreciateR：risk,resistF：finish,forbid,feellikeI：imagine,insistonD：dislike,delay,deny?Hemanagedtoescapesufferingfromthedisease.他設(shè)法成功避免了患上那種疾病。?Prof.Smithconsideredgivinghisstudentsareadinglistbeforetheystartedthenextchapter.史密斯教授考慮在學(xué)生們開始學(xué)習(xí)下一章之前給他們一份讀書清單。?Thesuspectdeniedturningontheputerintheofficethatnight.犯罪嫌疑人否認(rèn)自己那晚開過辦公室的電腦。特別注意need，deserve,require后的動名詞用主動形式表被動意義。Yourcarneedsfilling.你的車該加油了。Thiscitydeservesvisiting.這座城市值得游覽。Theproblemrequiresstudyingcarefully.這個問題需要仔細(xì)研究。(2)動名詞在介詞后作賓語①about，against，to，from，of，for等介詞后可用動名詞作賓語。Theyareagainstusingsomanyanimalsinexperiments.他們反對用如此多的動物去做實(shí)驗(yàn)。Thankyouforofferingmesomuchhelp.謝謝你為我提供了這么多幫助。②某些“動詞＋(名詞/形容詞/副詞)＋介詞”后常用動名詞作賓語，常見的有：apologisefor...(為……道歉)，awareof(意識到)，beafraidof(害怕)，engagein(參與)，giveup(放棄)，dependon(依靠)，havetrouble/difficulty(in)(做某事有困難)，admitto(承認(rèn))，be/get/beeusedto(習(xí)慣于)，beequalto(等于；勝任)，devote...to...(把……用于……)，getdownto(開始做)，lookforwardto(期待)，objectto(反對)，stickto(堅(jiān)持)，seeto(照料；處理)，contribute...to...(把……貢獻(xiàn)給……)，leadto(導(dǎo)致)，payattentionto(注意)等。I'mlookingforwardtoyouringnexttime.我期待著您下一次的到來。Heapologisedforinterruptingus.他因打斷了我們的談話而道歉。知識拓展①有些動詞既可跟不定式也可跟動名詞，但意思上有差別。eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(forget/rememberdoingsth.忘記/記得做過某事,forget/remembertodosth.忘記/記得去做某事))eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(regretdoingsth.對做過某事表示后悔,regrettodosth.對要做的事表示遺憾))eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(meantodosth.打算做某事,meandoingsth.意味著做某事))eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(trytodosth.盡力做某事,trydoingsth.嘗試著做某事))eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(goondoingsth.繼續(xù)做原來做的事,goontodosth.接著做別的事情))eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(stoptodosth.停下來去做某事,stopdoingsth.停止做某事))eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(can'thelptodosth.無法幫助做某事,can'thelpdoingsth.情不自禁做某事))eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(want/needtodosth.想要/需要做某事,want/needdoingsth某事需要被做主動表被動))②有些動詞接動名詞和接動詞不定式意思上沒什么大的差別。begintodo/doingsth.開始做某事starttodo/doingsth.開始做某事liketodo/doingsth.喜歡做某事hatetodo/doingsth.討厭做某事prefertodo/doingsth.寧愿做某事continuetodo/doingsth.繼續(xù)做某事taketurnstodo/doingsth.輪流做某事intendtodo/doingsth.打算做某事[即學(xué)即練](1)單句語法填空①AsIwillbeawayforatleastayear,I'dappreciate________(hear)fromyounowandthen________(tell)mehoweveryoneisgettingalong.②Youshouldnotmiss________(make)upforyourmissedlessons.③YoucanneverimaginewhatgreattroubleIhad________(help)thepoorboyandthelittledogthatwereseriouslyhurt.④Ireallyappreciate________(give)thechancetopresentmyopinionsonAIatthemeeting.⑤Exerciseisthekeyto________(improve)yourhealth.⑥D(zhuǎn)on'tforget________(post)theletterformewhenyoupassbythepostoffice.⑦Ididn'tmean________(eat)anythingbuttheicecreamlookedsogoodthatIcouldn'thelp________(try)it.⑧Idoremember________(receive)themessage,butIcannotfinditnow.Pleasesenditagainifyoudon'tmind.(2)在空白處填入括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式Iusedtoliketogotoourlocalcinema.Itwasoldandratherunfortable,butithadcharacter.Nowthey'vestopped①________(show)filmsthere.Theownerwouldliketogoon②________(run)thecinema,buthewouldneed③________(make)alotofimprovements,whichwouldmean④________(spend)tensofthousandsofpounds.Iremember⑤________(watch)thelastfilmatthecinema.Itwasamurdermystery.Itwasfiveminutesfromtheend,andweweretrying⑥________(work)outwhothemurdererwaswhensuddenlyallthelightswentoutandthefilmstopped.Wesatinthedarkforafewminutes,andthentheownerappearedwithatorch.“Iregret⑦_(dá)_______(tell)you，”hesaid,“thatourelectricityhasfailed.Idon'tmean⑧________(disappoint)you,butI'mafraidwecan'tshowyoutheendofthefilm.We'vetried⑨________(phone)theelectricitypany,buttheysaytheycan'thelp.”Hewenton⑩________(explain)totheaudiencehowthefilmended.Ididn'tunderstandthestory.ButIdon'tregret?________(go)tothecinemathatevening.Ⅱ.冠詞用法4．冠詞分為不定冠詞a/an和定冠詞the。下面主要講解它們的典型用法及零冠詞的使用情況。(1)不定冠詞的用法①不定冠詞表示類別，泛指某一類人或物，相當(dāng)于any；也可泛指某人或某物，表示不確定的概念，相當(dāng)于some或acertain。It'salmostimpossibletofindahorserunningonthecityroadnow.現(xiàn)在在城市道路上發(fā)現(xiàn)奔跑的馬匹幾乎是不可能的了。ASmithhasjustcalledyou.一個叫史密斯的人剛剛給你打。②不定冠詞表示數(shù)量“一”的概念，但其數(shù)的概念不如one強(qiáng)烈。Iwanttobuyapairofshoes.我想買雙鞋。③不定冠詞表示“每一”，相當(dāng)于every或per。Shegoestoseeherparentstwiceamonth.她每個月去看她的父母兩次。④不定冠詞用在序數(shù)詞前，表示“又一；再一”。Hedecidedtotryaseventhtime.他決定再嘗試第七次。⑤用于首次提到的，雙方不知道的人或物前。Thereisaparkonthecornerofthestreet.在這條街的拐角處有一個公園。⑥不定冠詞用在of結(jié)構(gòu)中，表示“同一性”，相當(dāng)于thesame。Theyareofanage.他們同歲。⑦不定冠詞用在一些抽象名詞前，表示具體的人或事物，即“抽象名詞具體化”。常見的詞有：surprise，success，failure等。Hisingtothepartywasarealsurpriseforme.他來參加聚會對我來說真的是個驚喜。⑧不定冠詞用在某些固定搭配中。如：akindof，inahurry，inashortwhile,aknowledgeof...，havea．..life,givesb.aride。(2)定冠詞的用法①定冠詞最基本的用法是特指上文已經(jīng)提到的人或事物，或者說話雙方都知道的人或事物。此外，還可用在被短語或定語從句修飾的名詞前，表示特指。Iboughttheputeryesterday.我昨天買的這臺電腦。It'stoocold.Closethewindowplease!太冷了。請把這扇窗戶關(guān)上！TheyoungmanisthestudentwhoItaughttenyearsago.這個年輕人是我十年前教過的學(xué)生。特別注意定冠詞the可用在“v.＋sb.＋介詞(in/on/by/...)＋the＋部位”結(jié)構(gòu)中，常常表示謂語動詞所及的身體部位或衣物。該句型中定冠詞the相當(dāng)于物主代詞，避免語義重復(fù)。Hehitmeonthehead.他打了我的頭。②定冠詞可用在單數(shù)名詞前表示類別。ThegiantpandainChinaislovedbypeopleallaroundtheworld.(注：這里說的大熊貓指的是大熊貓這一類別)中國大熊貓受到全世界人民的喜愛。③定冠詞用于表示世界上獨(dú)一無二的事物。ThePacificisthelargestoceanintheworld.太平洋是世界上最大的海洋。④定冠詞可用在序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級前以及特指“二者之中比較……的”。Thesecondgirlisthetallestofthemall.第二個女孩是他們所有人中最高的。⑤用在某些形容詞前，表示某一類人；或用在姓氏復(fù)數(shù)形式前，表示“一家人”或“夫妻二人”。Weshouldpayattentiontothedevelopmentoftheyoung.我們應(yīng)該重視年輕人的成長。TheBrownswillvisitusnextweek.布朗一家下周要來看望我們。⑥用在表示“演奏某種樂器”時，用在樂器名稱前。Tomlikesplayingtheguitar.湯姆喜歡彈吉他。⑦用在表示海洋、河流、山脈、群島及國家和黨派等的名詞前。如：theYellowRiver,theUnitedStates,theChinesemunistParty。⑧用在某些固定搭配中。如：atthemoment，atthesametime，inthemorning。⑨用于表示具體的地點(diǎn)、方位、時間或某一天的一部分等的名詞前。如：intheeast/south/west/north,ontheright/left。(3)零冠詞的用法①可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)及不可數(shù)名詞表示泛指。Monkeysarecleveranimals.猴子是聰明的動物。Milkgoesbadeasilyinsummer.牛奶在夏天很容易變質(zhì)。②在表示星期、月份、季節(jié)、節(jié)日、學(xué)科、三餐、球類和棋類等的名詞前。如：onSunday，inMarch，inspring，onChildren'sDay。但如果具體到某一年的春、夏、秋、冬，則要加定冠詞。Iwasbornintheautumnof1985.我出生于1985年秋。③某些名詞與by連用表示交通方式時。如：bybus/car/bike/train/air/plane/sea/ship.④表示人名或地名的專有名詞前一般不用冠詞，如Mike，Shanghai等。但由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞前則要加the，如theUnitedStates。⑤名詞前已有this，that，my等指示代詞、物主代詞、不定代詞或名詞所有格時，一般不加冠詞。Mypenismuchmoreexpensivethanyours.我的鋼筆比你的貴得多。⑥某些固定搭配中。如：dayandnight,hereandthere,athome,insurprise,atnoon,onfoot,atnight,onduty,atwork,ontime,forexample,onshow，inspace,inpublic。[即學(xué)即練]①WhenLindawasachild,hermotheralwaysletherhave________breakfastinbed.②Beyondthestarstheastronautsawnothingbut________space.③Tomisaddictedtoplaying________football.④AfterwatchingTV,sheplayed________violinforanhour.⑤Manypeoplearestillinthehabitofwritingsillythingsin________publicplaces.⑥Manypeopleagreethat________knowledgeofEnglishisamustintheinternationaltradetoday.⑦Thetrainisrunningfiftymiles________hour.⑧—Doyouknow________ladyinblue?—Yes.Sheisateacherofauniversity.⑨Hegrabbedmeby________armandpulledmeintothebus.⑩Ihopetheactivitywillbe________greatsuccessandeveryonecanlearnalotfromit.(2)改正下面句子中的錯誤①ArecentreportstatedthatthenumberofSpanishintheUSwouldbehigherthanthenumberofEnglishspeakersbyayear2090.________________________________________________________________________②Ifyougobyatrain,youcanhavequiteafortablejourney,butmakesureyougetafastone.________________________________________________________________________③Itisoftensaidthatteachershavetheverybusylife.________________________________________________________________________④AfterdinnerhegaveMrRichardsonridetotheCapitalAirport.________________________________________________________________________⑤Abullethitthesoliderandhewaswoundedinaleg.________________________________________________________________________⑥IknewtheJohnLennon,butnotthefamousone.________________________________________________________________________語法專練Ⅰ.用括號內(nèi)的適當(dāng)形式填空1．Youngpeoplemayrisk________(go)deafiftheyareexposedtoveryloudmusiceveryday.2．________(know)basicfirstaidtechniqueswillhelpyourespondquicklytoemergencies.3．Shortlyaftersufferingfromtheeffectsofamassiveearthquakeand________(reduce)toruins,thecitytookonanewlook.4．________(ignore)thedifferencebetweenthetworesearchfindingswillbeoneoftheworstmistakesyoumake.5．InHangzhou,borrowingbooksfromthelibrary________(be)nowassimpleandconvenientasshoppingonline:click,payandwaitfordelivery.6．________(equip)withglobalvision(視野)andthespiritofinnovationiscrucialtoChina'syoungergeneration.7．Itisagreedthat________(read)widelyisoneofthemosteffectivewaystoenlargeourvocabulary.8．Idon'tthinkitisnogood________(have)anothertalkwithhimoverthematter.9．________(she)notingbackmadeherparentsangryandsad.10．The________(president)attendingthemeetinggavethemabigsurprise.11．Fastfoodisfulloffatandsalt;by________(eat)morefastfoodpeoplewillgetmoresaltandfatthantheyneedintheirdiet.12．Mydutieswillinclude________(introduce)BritishvisitorstothepandasatChengdu.13．Andwhenyouremployeesbegin________(add)smilingemojistotheirbusinessmunication,you'llknowyouhavesucceededin________(improve)yourworkculture.14．WhatIdislikeis________(stay)uptoolate.15．After________(look)atthetoyforsometime,heturnedaroundandfoundhisparentsweremissing.16．Keepinmindthatforgivenessdoesn'tnecessarilymean________(accept)theactionsofthepersonwhoupsetsyou.17．Thespeechyoudeliveredisveryinterestingand________(encourage)．18．Iquicklylowermyself,ducking(低下頭)myheadtoavoid________(look)directlyintohiseyessohedoesn'tfeelchallenged.19．Allwhoparticipatedhavegainedapositiveoutefrom________(get)involved.20．Theteacher'sexplanationoftheproblemwasso________(confuse)thatmostofuscouldn'tunderstand.Ⅱ.用適當(dāng)?shù)墓谠~填空1．MrSmithaskedyoutorepeat________phonenumber________secondtimesothathecouldsetitdown.2．Theyoungmayneedmoresleepthan________old,butusuallyeighthoursisenoughforthehealthofgrownups.3．Thefrequentterrorismactivitiesinrecentyearsconstitute(構(gòu)成)__________enormoussecuritychallengetoallcountries.4．________numberoftheseresultsonwhythiskindofbirdcan'tflyareextremelyinteresting.5．________mostpopularShanxinoodleisdaoxiaomian.Thisnoodleisshavedfromagiantblockofdough(生面團(tuán))hoistedoverthechef'sshoulder.6．Girls,whoalwaysspendmoneyonclothes,shouldkeep________eyeopenfordiscounts.7．Idon'trememberthefirsttwooperationsverywell,butIdorecall________third.8．TheXraysyougetat________doctor'sordentist'sarenotenoughtocausecancer.9．MyparentshadmovedtoEnglandfromIndiaduring________1970s.10．WhenItaughtartat________schoolinSeattle,IusedTinkertoysasatestatthebeginningofaterm.Ⅲ.單句語法填空A1．Alunchtimeescapeallowshertokeepabossfrom________(tap)herontheshoulder.2．Bacteriaarean________(annoy)problemforastronauts.3．“Iprefertogooutandbeout.Alone,buttogether,youknow？”Bechtelsaid,________(look)upfromherbook.4．________(hand)outslicedorangestobloodthirstykidscanbeasexcitingaswatchingyourownkidscoreagoal.5．Somewherealongtheway,thesameparentendsup________(bee)aninvaluablememberoftheteam.6．Iguessthatthere'sprobablysome________(demand)workschedule,orsocialanxietyaroundsteppingtohelpforanunknownsport.7．It'sabouttwosistersEri,amodelwhoeitherwon'torcan'tstop________(sleep),andMari,ayoungstudent.8．Thekeyboardcouldofferastronglayerofsecurityby________(analyse)thingsliketheforceofauser'stypingandthetimebetweenkeypresses.9．________(learn)Englishasasecondlanguagecanbeapainfulexperience.10．Withshiningdarkeyes,heseemslikethekindofkidwhowouldenjoypublic________(speak)．B1．Whenwegotacallsayingshewasshortlisted,wethoughtitwas________joke.2．________provincialgovernmentanditspartnersoffermanyprogrammestohelpstudentsfindsummerjobs.3．Of________nineteenrecognisedpolarbearsubpopulations,threearedeclining,sixarestable,oneisincreasing,andninelackenoughdata.4．Inonestudy,DrPrinsteinexaminedthetwotypesofpopularityin235adolescents,scoring________leastliked,________mostlikedandthehighestinstatusbasedonstudentsurveys(調(diào)查)．5．ThroughtheSummerEmploymentOpportunitiesprogramme,studentsarehiredeachyearin____________varietyofsummerpositionsacrosstheProvincialPublicService,itsrelatedagenciesandmunitygroups.6．Who'seligible：Studentsaged15orolder.Somepositionsrequirestudentstobe15to24orupto29forpersonswith________disability.Ⅳ.單句寫作(注意靈活使用動詞ing形式)1．他的愛好是集郵。________________________________________________________________________2．不知道他的地址，我只好待在家里等著。________________________________________________________________________3．他25歲開始教英語。________________________________________________________________________4．散步是一種老幼皆宜的鍛煉形式。________________________________________________________________________5．我永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記聽她唱那首歌時的情景。________________________________________________________________________6．這個男孩每天練習(xí)彈鋼琴。________________________________________________________________________7．我們經(jīng)常一起去游泳。________________________________________________________________________8．我后悔沒有來早點(diǎn)。________________________________________________________________________9．他花了不少時間做那件事。________________________________________________________________________10．她擅長講故事。________________________________________________________________________PartⅥ單元語法專題——(1)動詞-ing形式(動名詞)作主語、表語和賓語(2)冠詞語法精講Ⅰ.1．①Learning②persuading③Saving④reading⑤asking⑥telling2．①convincing②astonishingastonished③disappointing④serving⑤swimming⑥encouraging3．(1)①hearingtelling句意為：因?yàn)槲覍⒁獬鲋辽僖荒?，所以我非常感激收到你的來信，信里告訴了我大家過得如何。第一空作appreciate的賓語，用動名詞；第二空的動詞和第一空是并列的，也用動名詞。②making句意為：你不應(yīng)該錯過補(bǔ)習(xí)功課。短語missdoingsth.意為“錯過做某事”，后跟動詞-ing形式，故填making。③helping句意為：你無法想象我在幫助受傷的那個可憐的男孩和小狗時遇到了多么大的麻煩。havetrouble(in)doingsth.為固定搭配，意為“做某事有困難”，故填helping。④beinggiven句意為：我非常感謝有機(jī)會在會議上提出我對AI的看法。appreciatedoingsth.為固定搭配，意為“感激做某事”。此處thechance與give之間為被動關(guān)系。⑤improving句意：鍛煉是改善你健康的關(guān)鍵。此處考查短語thekeytodoingsth.，意為“做某事的關(guān)鍵”，to是介詞，其后接動名詞。⑥topost句意：當(dāng)你通過郵局時別忘了為我投上這封信。forgettodosth.意為“忘記去做某事”，表示事情未做；forgetdoingsth.意為“忘記做過某事”，表示事情已發(fā)生，根據(jù)語境，此處是強(qiáng)調(diào)不要忘記，故填不定式。⑦toeattrying句意為：我不