新教材英語學(xué)案Unit5第一課時(shí)StartingoutUnderstandingideas

Unit5Whatanadventure！ExperiencetheThrillofAdventureSportsintheHimalayasThegreatHimalayasrunthroughtheentirenorthernpartofIndia.DerivedfromtheSanskritword“himaalaya”—whichmeans“thehomeofsnow”，ithasthelargestmountainpeaksintheworldandstretchesacrosssixcountriesinAsia:Bhutan,China,Nepal,India,PakistanandAfghanistan.Thisrangeoffersnumeroussportsactivitiesliketrekkingandcampingthatcansatisfyyouradventureenthusiasm.Besidesthis,youmayeventrywhite-waterraftinginmountainrivers.TrekkingintheHimalayascanbethemostenjoyableandchallengingexperienceofyourlife.TrekkingintheHimalayasactuallyrequiresgreatcourage.Thoughtrekkingprovidesyouwiththebestopportunitiestoviewthenaturalbeautythroughnakedeyes,youneedtobephysicallyfit.ItcanbeoneofyourmostmemorablevacationsintheHimalayasandalsoreasonablylessexpensive.CampingintheHimalayascanbethebestwaytoenjoynaturephotographyandexplorethisheavenonearth.AllyourequireistosurrenderyoursoultotheMotherNatureandfeelitshiddenbeautyanddimensions.CampingintheHimalayaswillletyouunderstandwhythislandhasalwaysattractedtheheartsofmountaineers,explorersandtravellersforoveracentury.Today,peoplefromallacrosstheworldetotheHimalayasfordifferentpurposes.Therearesomewhoetoviewnatureandsomeforvacation.Whateverthereasonis,theHimalayasfoothillsarejustperfecttoexperienceadventureactivities.開啟快樂學(xué)習(xí)之旅喜馬拉雅山脈(梵語：himaalaya，意為“雪域”)，藏語意為“雪的故鄉(xiāng)”，是世界最雄偉高大的山脈，也是體驗(yàn)冒險(xiǎn)活動(dòng)的完美之地，那么，趕快踏上你的探險(xiǎn)旅程吧。[知識(shí)點(diǎn)擊]1．runthrough貫穿2．derivev.源自3．Sanskritn.梵語4．stretchv.延伸5．trekv.徒步旅行6．providesb.withsth.提供某人某物7．surrenderv.交給8．dimensionn.規(guī)模9．a(chǎn)ttractv.吸引模塊核心素養(yǎng)導(dǎo)航第一課時(shí)Startingout&UnderstandingideasⅠ.詞匯初探1．initialadj.最初的；開始的→initiallyadv.最初；起初2．thusadv.因此3．oxygenn.氧氣4．bordern.邊界；國界；邊沿v.與……接壤；接近5．confirmv.證實(shí)，確認(rèn)→confirmedadj.成習(xí)慣的，根深蒂固的→confirmationn.證實(shí)，確認(rèn)書6．crowdedadj.擁擠的→crowdn.人群；觀眾v.擠滿；擁擠7．a(chǎn)ttemptn．&v.努力；嘗試→attemptedadj.未遂的8．failuren.失敗(者)→failvi.失敗→successn.成功；成功者9．thrilln.驚險(xiǎn)；刺激vt.使激動(dòng)；使膽戰(zhàn)心驚→thrilledadj.非常激動(dòng)的→thrillingadj.令人激動(dòng)的Ⅱ.短語互譯1．尋找in_search_of2．開辟open_up3．經(jīng)，由，通過by_way_of4．和……相似be_similar_to5．使……成為焦點(diǎn)ofocus6．turnaround轉(zhuǎn)過身來7．focuson集中注意力于8．figureout弄清楚；弄明白；理解9．resultin導(dǎo)致10．referto談?wù)?；涉及?經(jīng)典句式1．Forthesepeople,climbingQomolangmaisanexperiencelikenoother,makingsomefeelweakandothers,powerful.(P50)對(duì)這些人來說，攀登珠穆朗瑪峰是一種前所未有的體驗(yàn)，讓一些人感到虛弱，而另一些人則感到強(qiáng)大。2．Thatiswhatlifemeansandwhatlifeisfor.(P51)這就是生活的意義和生活的目的。3．Sadly,Mallorywoulddieonthemountainin1924,althoughhisbodywouldnotbefounduntilmanyyearslater.(P51)不幸的是，馬洛里將于1924年在山上死去，盡管他的尸體直到很多年后才被發(fā)現(xiàn)。4．WiththemajorityofattemptstoclimbQomolangmaresultingeitherintotalsuccessorfailure,istherealsoascientificreasonbehindthisrisk-taking？(P51)大多數(shù)攀登珠穆朗瑪峰的嘗試都是成功或失敗的，這種冒險(xiǎn)行為背后是否也有科學(xué)原因？Ⅳ.語篇理解StepⅠ.ReadthetextonPage50—51andchoosethebestanswers.1．AccordingtoParagraph1，whatcausedpeopleclimbingQomolangmasick?A．Tiredness.B．Lackofconfidence.C．Theextremecoldandlowairpressure.D．Beingcrowded.答案：C2．WhichoffollowingistrueaccordingtoGeorgeMallory?A．Welivetoeat.B．Welivetomakemoney.C．Welivetobesuccessful.D．Weeatandmakemoneytoenjoylife.答案：D3．WhohasthesameopinionasMalloryaboutthemotivationofrisk-taking?A．XuXiake. B．AlanArnette.C．ChristopherColumbus. D．FrankFarley.答案：B4．Howmanyscientificreasonsarementionedforrisk-taking?A．One. B．Two.C．Three. D．Four.答案：C5．Fromthepassagewecaninfertheauthor'sattitudetowardrisk-takingis________.A．objective B．negativeC．supportive D．positive答案：AStepⅡ.Fillintheblanksaccordingtothetext.Lastyear,hundredsofpeoplespentgoodmoney__1__(climb)Qomolangma.Forthesepeople，itis__2__experiencemakingsomefeelweakandothers__3__(power)．BritishmountainclimberGeorgeMallorythoughtthatpeopleeatandmakemoneytobeabletoenjoylife.__4__(sad),hediedonthemountainin1924.Itisunknown__5__hesucceededinreachingthetopofQomolangmabeforehis__6__(die)．AccordingtoAlanArnette，eachpersonhasauniquereasonforclimbingamountain.Itforcespeopletolookdeepinside__7__(them).__8__(succeed),peoplemusthavethephysicalandmentaltoughnesstopush__9__theywanttostop.Recentstudiesindicatethatrisk-takingmaybepartofhumannature.Peoplewhoaremorelikelytotakeriskshave“TypeT”personalities.Researchalsosuggeststhatourdesiretoseekriskscanbeconnectedtohowmuchweexpecttobenefit__10__theresult.1．climbing2.an3.powerful4.Sadly5.if/whether6．death7.themselves8.To_succeed9.when10.fromeq\o(\s\up7(1),\s\do5())eq\a\vs4\al(confirmvt.尤指通過提供證據(jù)證實(shí)；證明；確定，確認(rèn))[教材原句]Whowerethefirstpeopleconfirmedtohavereachedthetopofthemountain？(P50)誰是第一批被證實(shí)到達(dá)山頂?shù)娜?？①Theexperimentconfirmedhistheory.這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)了他的理論。[歸納拓展]confirmsb.insth.使某人確信某事confirmacontract批準(zhǔn)合同confirmsth./that/whether...證實(shí)……Ithasbeenconfirmedthat...已經(jīng)確定……[即時(shí)鞏固]完成句子/單句語法填空②It_has_been_confirmed_thatthemeetingwilltakeplacenextweek.已經(jīng)確定會(huì)議將于下個(gè)星期召開。③Theleavesfelloffthetrees,confirming(confirm)thatautumnwasing.2eq\a\vs4\al(crowdn.人群；觀眾vi.擠滿；使擁擠)[教材原句]Lastyear,hundredsofpeoplespentgoodmoneyonanexperiencethattheyknewwouldincludecrowds,disfortanddanger.(P50)去年，成百上千的人花了很多錢在一次他們知道會(huì)有擁擠、不適和危險(xiǎn)的經(jīng)歷上。①CrowdsofpeopleweredoingtheirChristmasshopping.成群的人們?cè)谶M(jìn)行圣誕節(jié)購物。[歸納拓展](1)crowdin(想法、問題等)涌上心頭；涌入腦海becrowdedwith...擠滿了……crowdinto/outof擠進(jìn)/擠出crowdaround聚集在……的周圍(2)acrowdof一群；一伙；一堆crowdsof成群的……；許多[即時(shí)鞏固]單句語法填空/完成句子②Thestreetwascrowded(crowd)andIcouldn'tgetthrough.③Lookingatthetrain,passengerscrowded(crowd)in.④Whentheambulancearrived,a_crowd_of_peoplehadgatheredthere.救護(hù)車趕到時(shí)，很多人已經(jīng)聚集在那里。3eq\a\vs4\al(succeedvi.成功；繼承vt.接替；繼任)[教材原句]ItisstillnotknownifhesucceededinreachingthetopofQomolangmabeforeittookhislife.(P51)現(xiàn)在還不知道他是否在被珠穆朗瑪峰奪去生命之前成功登上了頂峰。[歸納拓展](1)succeedindoingsth.(＝managetodosth.)成功做某事succeedtosth.繼承某事succeedsb.as/tobe...接替某人成為……(2)successn.[U]成功；[C]成功的人或事successfuladj.成功的besuccessfulin(doing)sth.(做)某事取得成功successfullyadv.成功地[即時(shí)鞏固]單句語法填空/完成句子①Theyfinallysucceededinfinding(find)thesolutiontotheproblem.②Whyaresomepeoplehappyandsuccessful(success)whileothersaren't?③Parentsarrangeeverythingfortheirchildrenandsparenoefforttopavethewayfortheirsuccess(succeed)．④Hesucceededhisfatheraspresidentofthepany.他接替他的父親成為了公司的總裁。4eq\a\vs4\al(attemptn.努力；嘗試；企圖vt.嘗試；企圖)[教材原句]WiththemajorityofattemptstoclimbQomolangmaresultingeitherintotalsuccessorfailure，istherealsoascientificreasonbehindthisrisk-taking？(P51)大多數(shù)攀登珠穆朗瑪峰的嘗試都是成功或失敗的，這種冒險(xiǎn)行為背后是否也有科學(xué)原因？①Allattemptsbytheexpertstocurehimfailed.專家們?yōu)橹斡龅囊磺信Χ际×?。[歸納拓展](1)makeanattempttodo/atdoing...嘗試做……atone'sfirstattempt第一次嘗試inan/one'sattempttodosth.試圖做某事(2)attempt＋n./pron.嘗試……attempttodo/atdoingsth.嘗試(試圖)做某事(3)attemptedadj.未遂的attemptedmurder謀殺未遂[即時(shí)鞏固]完成句子/單句語法填空②Shemade_every_attempttoleave，butfailed.她千方百計(jì)想離開，但沒成功。③Ifyoufailat_the_first_attempt,_thereisnoneedtocareaboutthat.如果你第一次嘗試失敗的話，也沒必要擔(dān)心。④Iwillattemptto_answer(answer)allyourquestions.5eq\a\vs4\al(failuren.失??；失敗的人或事)[教材原句]WiththemajorityofattemptstoclimbQomolangmaresultingeitherintotalsuccessorfailure,istherealsoascientificreasonbehindthisrisk-taking？(P51)大多數(shù)攀登珠穆朗瑪峰的嘗試都是成功或失敗的，這種冒險(xiǎn)行為背后是否也有科學(xué)原因？①Harry'sambitiousplansendedinfailure.哈里雄心勃勃的計(jì)劃以失敗而告終。[歸納拓展]failvi.失?。徊患案駀ailtodosth.未能夠做成某事failinsth.在……失敗[即時(shí)鞏固]單句語法填空②Thewholethingwasatotalfailurefromstarttoend.③Hisfailure(fail)wasduetohiscarelessness.④Idon'tloseheartwhenIfailto_do(do)somethingwell.6eq\a\vs4\al(indicatevt.指出；標(biāo)示；表明；暗示)[教材原句]Recentstudiesindicatethatrisk-takingmaybepartofhumannature,withsomeofusmorelikelytotakerisksthanothers.(P51)最近的研究表明，冒險(xiǎn)可能是人性的一部分，我們中的一些人比其他人更可能去冒險(xiǎn)。[歸納拓展](1)indicatesth.tosb.向某人指出/暗示某物indicatethat...示意；表明；暗示；說明(2)indicationn.暗示；表示；預(yù)兆indicationofdoingsth.做某事的跡象[即時(shí)鞏固]單句語法填空/完成句子①WithanodofhisheadheindicatedtomewhereIshouldsit.②Thereisanindication(indicate)thathewillrecoverfromthedisease.③Snowindicates(indicate)theingofwinter.④Asis_indicatedinthesurvey,moreandmorepeoplechoosetotravelabroad.調(diào)查顯示，越來越多的人選擇出國旅游。7eq\a\vs4\al(worthadj.值……錢的，值得……的n.價(jià)值)[教材原句]Withthisinmind,arethebenefitsofclimbingQomolangmaworththerisks？(P51)有鑒于此，攀登珠穆朗瑪峰的好處值得冒險(xiǎn)嗎？[歸納拓展](1)beworth＋somemoney值多少錢be(well)worthdoing……(非常)值得做(2)worthyadj.值得的beworthyeq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(ofbeingdone,tobedone,of＋n.))值得……(3)worthwhileadj.值得花時(shí)間/金錢/精力的It'sworthwhileeq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(todosth.,doingsth.))做某事是值得的(4)worthlessadj.無價(jià)值的[即時(shí)鞏固](1)單句語法填空①Thereferencebookisworthbuying(buy),becauseitisofgreathelpforyourstudy.②Itisworthwhile(worth)tolearnthepoemswrittenintheTangDynastywithyou.③Ifeelthatsuchgatheringsareworthless(worth),soIwon'tattendit.(2)一句多譯這家工廠值得參觀。①The_factory_is_worth_visiting/a_visit.(worth)②The_factory_is_worthy_of_a_visit.(worthyof＋n.)③The_factory_is_worthy_of_being_visited.(worthyofbeingdone)④The_factory_is_worthy_to_be_visited.(worthytobedone)⑤It's_worthwhile_to_visit/visiting_the_factory.(worthwhile)eq\o(\s\up7(8),\s\do5())eq\a\vs4\al(thrilln.興奮；激動(dòng)；令人激動(dòng)的事vt.使激動(dòng)；使膽戰(zhàn)心驚)[教材原句]Hereferstothepersonalitiesofthesepeopleas“TypeT”，withthe“T”standingfor“thrill”．(P51)他把這些人的性格稱為“T型”，其中“T”代表“激動(dòng)”。①ItgavemeathrilltoknowIhadpassedtheexamination.我得知考試通過后很興奮。[歸納拓展](1)thrilledadj.感到激動(dòng)的；興奮的bethrilledat/withsth.對(duì)某事感到興奮(2)thrillingadj.令人激動(dòng)的；令人毛骨悚然的[即時(shí)鞏固]單句語法填空/完成句子②SeeingaBengaltigerisquiteathrilling(thrill)experience.③Thefilmmademethrilledwithexcitement.那部電影使我興奮至極。④WhenhefirstsawtheGreatWallhewasthrilled.他第一次看到長城時(shí)感到欣喜若狂。1focuson...集中于……[教材原句]Youreallyhavetofocusontheonereasonthat'smostimportantanduniquetoyou.(P51)你真的必須專注于一個(gè)對(duì)你來說最重要、最獨(dú)特的原因。①Thediscussionfocusedonthreemainproblems.討論集中在三個(gè)主要問題上。[歸納拓展](1)focusone'sattentionon...集中注意力于……(2)ofocus使……成為焦點(diǎn)thefocusofattention/concern注意力/關(guān)注的重點(diǎn)[即時(shí)鞏固]單句語法填空/完成句子②Withsomanypeoplefocusing(focus)theireyesonhim，hefeltverynervous.③Healthandenvironmentalproblemshavebeeincreasinglythe_focus_of_attention/concern.健康和環(huán)境問題日益成為人們關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)。④Theincidentbroughttheproblemofviolenceinschoolsintosharpfocus.這次事件使校園暴力成為焦點(diǎn)問題。2eq\a\vs4\al(turnaround轉(zhuǎn)向；回轉(zhuǎn))[教材原句]Thereareathousandreasonstoturnaroundandonlyonetokeepgoing.(P51)有上千個(gè)理由可以改變，只有一個(gè)理由可以繼續(xù)。①Turnaroundandletmelookatyourback.轉(zhuǎn)過身去讓我看看你的背。[歸納拓展]turnagainst背叛；和……敵對(duì)turnaway把……拒之門外turnto求助于……；翻到；轉(zhuǎn)到turnover考慮；思索；翻過來turnup把聲音開大；出來；來臨；露面turnout生產(chǎn)；結(jié)果是；證明是[即時(shí)鞏固]單句語法填空②Turningaroundhefoundhereyesfixeduponhisfacewithaneagerexpression.③Heturnedagainsthisfriendinthefaceofdanger.④Whynotturntoyourneighbourforhelp?3eq\a\vs4\al(takerisksarisk冒險(xiǎn))[教材原句]Recentstudiesindicatethatrisk-takingmaybepartofhumannature，withsomeofusmorelikelytotakerisksthanothers.(P51)最近的研究表明，冒險(xiǎn)可能是人性的一部分，我們中的一些人比其他人更可能去冒險(xiǎn)。①Hefelthehadtomakeuphismindoneverystepinsteadoftakingrisks.他覺得每一步都得做出決定而不是冒險(xiǎn)。[歸納拓展](1)atrisk處于危險(xiǎn)之中atallrisks＝atanyrisk無論冒什么險(xiǎn)；無論如何attheriskofdoingsth.冒著做某事的危險(xiǎn)run/taketheriskofdoingsth.冒著做某事的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(2)riskone'slifetodosth.冒著生命危險(xiǎn)去做某事riskdoingsth.冒險(xiǎn)做某事(3)riskyadj.危險(xiǎn)的；冒險(xiǎn)的[即時(shí)鞏固]單句語法填空②Hegotwell-preparedforthejobinterview,forhecouldn'trisklosing(lose)thegoodopportunity.③Theyoungmanriskedhislifeto_save(save)thedrowningchild.④Hewasdeterminedtogetthereevenattheriskofhislife.4eq\a\vs4\al(referto提到；說到；參考；查閱；涉及；指的是)[教材原句]Hereferstothepersonalitiesofthesepeopleas“TypeT”，withthe“T”standingfor“thrill”．(P51)他把這些人的性格稱為“T型”，其中“T”代表“激動(dòng)”。[歸納拓展](1)referto...as...把……稱作……refer...to...把……提交給……(以求獲得幫助)(2)referencen.涉及；提及；參考；查閱in/withreferenceto關(guān)于[即時(shí)鞏固](1)寫出下列句中referto的含義①Don'trefertothatproblemagain,please.提到②Ifyoudon'tknowtheexactmeaningoftheword，youmayrefertothedictionary.查閱③Whengivingthelecture,hereferredtohisnotefromtimetotime.參考④Thenewlawdoesnotrefertolandusedforfarming.涉及(2)完成句子/單句語法填空①Peoplewhoworkinofficesareusuallyreferred_to_as“whitecollarworkers”．在辦公室工作的人通常被稱作“白領(lǐng)”。②Thetextbooksanddictionariescanbeusedasreference(refer)bookswhilethemagazinesserveasreadingmaterials.5eq\a\vs4\al(standfor代表；象征；表示；主張；支持；容忍)[教材原句]Hereferstothepersonalitiesofthesepeopleas“TypeT”，withthe“T”standingfor“thrill”．(P51)他把這些人的性格稱為“T型”，其中“T”代表“激動(dòng)”。①WhatdothefiveringsontheOlympicflagstandfor?奧運(yùn)旗幟上的五環(huán)代表什么？[歸納拓展]standout突出；顯眼standaside靠邊站standby袖手旁觀；站在……一邊；支持……standonone'sfeet自立；自主[即時(shí)鞏固]完成句子②InChina,theseknotsstand_forfriendship,loveandgoodluck.在中國，這些中國結(jié)代表友誼、愛情和好運(yùn)。③Herbigeyesmakeherstand_outinacrowd,soyouwillrecognizeherimmediately.她的大眼睛使她在人群中很顯眼，因此你會(huì)立刻認(rèn)出她。④Childrenshouldlearntostand_on_their_own_feetratherthanjustdependontheirparents.孩子要學(xué)會(huì)自立而不是只去依靠父母。eq\o(\s\up7(6),\s\do5())upto直到；達(dá)到；到……為止；高達(dá)程度；忙于；由……決定；勝任eq\a\vs4\al()[教材原句]It'stotallyuptoyou.(P51)完全取決于你。[歸納拓展]beupto...打算做/正做(不好的事)；勝任……Itisuptosb.todosth.做某事是某人的責(zé)任；應(yīng)由某人做某事upanddown上上下下；前前后后It'suptoyou.由你做主。/取決于你。What'sup?怎么了？[即時(shí)鞏固](1)寫出下列句子中upto的含義①Uptonow,wehavefinishedone-thirdofthework.到……為止②Thechildrenareveryquiet.Iwonderwhattheyareupto.忙于③Ifyouadvertiseyourgoodsinadishonestway,youwillbefinedupto50,000yuan.多達(dá)，高達(dá)④Weallthinkheisuptothework.勝任⑤It'suptoyoutodecidewheretogotomorrow.由……決定(2)完成句子Lifejustgivesustimeandspace.It'sup_to_ustofillit.生活只給我們時(shí)間和空間，如何去填充它由我們決定。eq\o(\s\up7(1),\s\do5())Forthesepeople，climbingQomolangmaisanexperiencelikenoother，makingsomefeelweakandothers，powerful.P50對(duì)這些人來說，攀登珠穆朗瑪峰是一種前所未有的體驗(yàn)，讓一些人感到虛弱，而另一些人則感到強(qiáng)大。eq\a\vs4\al()[句式分析]makingsomefeelweakandothers,powerful為現(xiàn)在分詞短語作結(jié)果狀語。[歸納拓展]現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語常表示“意料、情理之中”，而不定式作結(jié)果狀語常表出乎意料的結(jié)果。[即時(shí)鞏固]單句語法填空①Thefirecausedbytheexplosionlastednearlyaweek,leaving(leave)nothingvaluable.②Thechildfell,striking(strike)hisheadagainstthedoor.③Hehurriedtothebusstop,onlyto_find(find)thebushadleft.④Herfatherdisappeared,neverto_be_heard(hear)fromagain.eq\o(\s\up7(2),\s\do5())Sadly,Mallorywoulddieonthemountainin1924,althoughhisbodywouldnotbefounduntilmanyyearslater.(P51)不幸的是，馬洛里將于1924年在山上死去，盡管他的尸體直到很多年后才被發(fā)現(xiàn)。[句式分析]not...until表示“直到……才……”，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句。①Ididn'tgotosleepuntilmidnight.直到半夜我才睡覺。[歸納拓展](1)notuntil置于句首時(shí)，主句用部分倒裝，即將助動(dòng)詞/系動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞放在主語的前面。但如果notuntil連接的是含狀語從句的復(fù)合句時(shí)，只倒裝主句部分，從句部分(即until后面的從句)不倒裝。(2)在含有not...until的句型中，在對(duì)until引導(dǎo)的從句進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，要將notuntil放在一起加以強(qiáng)調(diào)，構(gòu)成“Itis/wasnotuntil...that”句式。[即時(shí)鞏固]單句語法填空/完成句子②IwasnotawarethatIforgotmyticketuntilIgottothestation.③ItwasnotuntilIhadreadyourletterthatIknewthetruth.④Ididn'tknowtherealhappinessuntilImetyou.→Itwasnot_untilImetyouthatIknewtherealhappiness.→NotuntilImetyoudid_I_knowtherealhappiness.直到遇到你，我才真正體會(huì)到幸福。eq\o(\s\up7(3),\s\do5())WiththemajorityofattemptstoclimbQomolangmaresultingeitherintotalsuccessorfailure，istherealsoascientificreasonbehindthisrisk-taking？P51大多數(shù)攀登珠穆朗瑪峰的嘗試都是成功或失敗的，這種冒險(xiǎn)行為背后是否也有科學(xué)原因？eq\a\vs4\al()[句式分析]either...or意為“(對(duì)兩事物的選擇)要么……要么，不是……就是，或者……或者”；常用來連接兩個(gè)平行成分。[歸納拓展]