現(xiàn)代大學(xué)英語（第三版）精讀3 課件 B3U4

ContentsUnit4Lead-inWarm-upquestions:What’stheimageofaphilosopherinyourmind?Whataboutthatofakingwhoreignsoveralargeterritory?Thequestionsbelowwillhelpyoudevelopageneralideaofthem.1.WhatdoyouknowaboutthefamousphilosophersandtheirteachingsinancientGreece?2.WhatwasChinalikeataboutthesametime?CanyounamesomeofthegreatChinesephilosophers?3.WhatcharacteristicsdoyouthinkthesefamousphilosophersofancientGreeceandancientChinahadincommon?4.Hasyourwayofthinkingbeeninfluencedbythesephilosophers?Howdotheychangethewayyouthink?Lead-inWarm-upquestions:What’stheimageofaphilosopherinyourmind?Whataboutthatofakingwhoreignsoveralargeterritory?Thequestionsbelowwillhelpyoudevelopageneralideaofthem.5.Howdoyouthinkakingshouldlooklike?6.Whatqualitiesdoyouthinkakingshouldhave?7.Whodoyouthinkisthegreatestkinginhistory?Why?8.Whatdoyouthinkwouldbethesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenphilosophersandkings?Lead-inWarm-upquestions:Thefollowingquotescomefromsomegreatphilosophers.Canyouunderstandwhattheymean?Donotvaluemoneymoreorlessthanitisworth:itisagoodservantandabadmaster.(AlexandreDumas)Povertydoesn’tcomebecauseofthedecreaseofwealthbutbecauseoftheincreaseofdesires.(Plato)Thesecretofhappinessisnotfoundinseekingmore,butindevelopingthecapacitytoenjoyless.

(Socrates)Theperfectmanignoresself;thedivinemanignoresachievement;thetrueSageignoresreputation.(Zhuangzi)

至人無己，神人無功，圣人無名。——莊子Lead-inMorequestionsaboutthetext:1.WhatdoestheauthortellusaboutDiogenes?Whowashe?Whatwashisphilosophy?Whatdidhethinkwastheproblemwithpeople?Howdidheintendtohelpthem?Whatwerethekeyvalueshepromoted?Whatwashisattitudetowardwealthandpower?How,inhisopinion,canpeoplefindtruehappiness?2.WhatdoyouthinkofDiogenes’philosophy?Washetalkingsenseornonsense?Arepeoplesufferingfromtoomuchofeverythingortoolittletoday?Arewealth,power,fame,andconventionsallevil?Shouldwetakehisdoctrinemoreseriouslyormustwedismissitastoonegativeandunpractical?3.InwhatwaywasDiogenesdifferentfromtheothergreatphilosophersofthetimesuchasPlatoandAristotle?Didhehavethesamenumberoffollowersastheotherphilosophers?4.WhatdoestheauthortellusaboutAlexander?Howdoeshecomparethetwo?Lead-inMorequestionsaboutthetext:5.WhydidAlexanderdecidetovisitDiogenes?HowdidDiogenesreacttothecomingvisitbyAlexander?DoyouthinkDiogeneswasgladtoseetheking?Whyorwhynot?6.Howdoyouunderstandtheirdramaticmeetingandbriefdialog?WhatdidDiogenesmeanwhenhesaidthatAlexanderwas“blockingthesunlight”?DidAlexanderfeelinsulted?WhydidhesaythatifhewerenotAlexander,heshouldbeDiogenes?7.Alexanderthoughtthat“ofallmenthenaliveintheworldonlyAlexandertheconquerorandDiogenesthebeggarwerefree.”Howdoyouunderstandthat?Inwhatsenseweretheybothfree?8.Wehavethesayinginourcountry:“MakethepastservethepresentandforeignthingsserveChina.”Whatlessonscanwelearnfromthepastandforeignthingsinthisessay?Text1.Abouttheauthor2.Background

3.Structure4.GotothetextDiogenesandAlexanderGilbertHighetText1.AbouttheauthorGilbertHighet(1906—1978)wasaScottish-Americanclassicist,academicwriter,intellectualcritic,andliteraryhistorian.BorninGlasgowandeducatedatSt.John’sCollege,OxfordUniversity,GilbertHighetwassaidtoembody“thebestoftheScottishandOxfordtraditions”inclassicallearning,whichheimpartedtogenerationsofColumbiaCollegestudents.Highet’sbooks,TheArtofTeaching(1950)andTheImmortalProfession(1976),bothonteaching,areliteraryclassics.NoclassicalscholarinAmericabuthimcouldhavewrittenTheClassicalTradition(1949).ThesameshouldbesaidofPoetsinaLandscape(1957).TextText2.Background

BothDiogenesandAlexanderlivedinancientGreecemorethan2,000yearsago,andtheirstories,especiallytheirdramaticencounter,havebeentoldandretoldtothisday.ThefirstherointhisstoryisDiogenes,adramaticphilosopherwhopossessesnothingandwantsnothing.HisphilosophyisknownasCynicism,whichmeans“Doggism”inancientGreekbecausehelivesandbehavesdeliberatelylikeadog.Hismainideaisthatpeopleshouldallliveasimplelifeandasimplelifemeansanaturallife,andanaturallifemeansalifewithoutworldlypossessionsandoldconventions,whichhebelieveshavenotruevalueandtendtotakeawayourfreedomandhappinessandturnusintoslaves.TextDiogenes,forunderstandablereasons,neverhadalargefollowing.However,atatimelikethis,whenwedesperatelyneedsomeeffectiveantidotes,somethingthatcanhelptorestoreourbalance,wecanperhapsunderstandandappreciateDiogenesbetter.

Alexanderontheotherhandisnodoubttheperfectmodelofasuperman.HeiseverythingDiogenesisnot,exceptforthefactthatbotharephilosophers.ButAlexanderisyoung,handsome,beautifullydressed,physicallystrong,braveasawarrior,themostpowerfulmanin

theworldatthetime,theperfectmodelofPlato’s“PhilosopherKing.”ThereforehisencounterwithDiogenescannotbutbeoneofthemostdramaticscenesinhistory.Whathappensduringtheirencounterisfamiliartousall.Buttheexactmeaningofthisencounterisstillopentodiscussion.Greatliteratureneverdies.Ithaseternalcharm.Itisthesamewithmanyhistoricalfiguresdiscussedinhistory.Manyofthem,thoughbornandbroughtuphundredsoreventhousandsofyearsago,stillhavedirectbearingontoday’srealities.Theyhaveeternalimportance.Infactastimegoesontheirrelevanceandimportancemayevenincrease.Theynevergetoutofdate.Theybecomepartofthehumanheritagewealltreasure.Text3.StructureThisessayisanexcellentexampleofcontrast,thecontrastoftwolegendaryfigures.Itcanbedividedneatlyintotwobigparts:thefirstpartdescribesDiogenesthebeggar;thesecondpartdescribesAlexandertheconqueror,insharpcontrasttothebeggar,andtheirdramaticencounter.Inaddition,therearecontrastswithinthismajorcontrast:thecontrastbetweenDiogenesandordinarybeggars,betweenhimandordinarypeople,betweenhimandtheotherphilosophersofhistime,betweenhimandallthosepeoplewhoarebusypreparingforwar,aswellasbetweenhimandallthosewhoarereadytokissthebootsofAlexander.ThereisalsothecontrastbetweenAlexanderandotherMacedonians.Itislargelyduetoallthesedramaticcontraststhatweareleftwithsuchadeepimpressionofthesetwocharacters.Text

DiogenesandAlexanderGilbertHighet1

Lyingonthebareearth,shoeless,bearded,half-naked,helookedlikeabeggaroralunatic.

Hewasone,butnottheother.Hehadopenedhiseyeswiththesunatdawn,scratched,donehisbusinesslikeadogattheroadside,washedatthepublicfountain,beggedapieceofbreakfastbreadandafewolives,eatenthemsquattingontheground,andwashedthemdownwithafewhandfulsofwaterscoopedfromthespring.(Longagohehadownedaroughwooden

cup,buthethrewitawaywhenhesawaboydrinkingoutofhishollowedhands.)Text

Havingnoworktogotoandnofamilytoprovidefor,hewasfree.Asthemarketplacefilledupwithshoppersandmerchantsandslavesandforeigners,hehadstrolledthroughitforanhourortwo.Everybodyknewhim,orknewofhim.Theywouldthrowsharpquestionsathimand

getsharperanswers.Sometimestheythrewbitsoffood,andgotscantthanks;sometimesamischievouspebble,andgotashowerofstonesandabuse.Theywerenotquitesurewhetherhewasmadornot.Heknewtheyweremad,eachinadifferentway;theyamusedhim.Nowhewasbackathishome.Text2

Itwasnotahouse,notevenasquatter’shut.Hethoughteverybodylivedfartooelaborately,expensively,anxiously.Whatgoodisahouse?Nooneneedsprivacy;naturalactsarenotshameful;wealldothesamethings,andneednothidethem.Nooneneedsbedsandchairsandsuchfurniture:Theanimalslivehealthylivesandsleepontheground.Allwerequire,sincenaturedidnotdressusproperly,isonegarmenttokeepuswarm,andsomeshelterfromrainandwind.Sohehadoneblanket—todresshiminthedaytimeandcoverhimatnight—andhesleptinacask.HisnamewasDiogenes.HewasthefounderofthecreedcalledCynicism(doggishness);hespentmuchofhislifeintherich,lazy,corruptGreekcityofCorinth,mockingandsatirizingitspeople,andoccasionallyconvertingoneofthem.3

Hishomewasnotabarrelmadeofwood;tooexpensive.Itwasastoragejarmadeofearthenware,nodoubtdiscardedbecauseabreakhadmadeituseless.Hewasnotthefirsttoinhabitsuchathing.Buthewasthefirstwhoeverdidsobychoice,outofprinciple.Text4

Diogeneswasnotalunatic.Hewasaphilosopherwhowroteplaysandpoemsandessaysexpoundinghisdoctrine;hetalkedtothosewhocaredtolisten;hehadpupilswhoadmiredhim.Buthetaughtchieflybyexample.Allshouldlivenaturally,hesaid,forwhatisnaturalisnormalandcannotpossiblybeevilorshameful.Livewithoutconventions,whichareartificialandfalse;escapecomplexitiesandextravagances:Onlysocanyouliveafreelife.Therichmanbelieveshepossesseshisbighousewithitsmanyroomsanditselaboratefurniture,hisexpensiveclothes,hishorsesandservantsandhisbankaccounts.Hedoesnot.Hedependsonthem,heworriesaboutthem,hespendsmostofhislife’senergylookingafterthem;thethoughtoflosingthemmakeshimsickwithanxiety.Theypossesshim.Heistheirslave.Inordertoprocureaquantityoffalse,perishablegoodshehassoldtheonlytrue,lastinggood,hisownindependence.Text5

Therehavebeenmanymenwhogrewtiredofhumansocietywithitscomplications,andwentawaytolivesimply—onasmallfarm,inaquietvillage,orinahermit’scave.NotsoDiogenes.Hewasamissionary.Hislife’saimwascleartohim:Itwas“torestampthecurrency”:totakethecleanmetalofhumanlife,toerasetheoldfalseconventionalmarkings,andtoimprintitwithitstruevalues.6TheothergreatphilosophersofthefourthcenturyB.C.,suchasPlatoandAristotle,taughtmainlytheirownprivatepupils.ButforDiogenes,laboratoriesandspecimensandlecturehallsandpupilswerealltobefoundinacrowdofordinarypeople.Therefore,hechosetoliveinAthensorCorinth,wheretravelersfromallovertheMediterraneanworldconstantlycameandwent.And,bydesign,hepubliclybehavedinsuchwaysastoshowpeoplewhatreallifewas.Text7

Hethoughtmostpeoplewereonlyhalf-alive,mostmenonlyhalf-men.Atbrightnoondayhewalkedthroughthemarketplacecarryingalightedlampandinspectingthefaceofeveryonehemet.Theyaskedhimwhy.Diogenesanswered“I’mtryingtofindaman.”8Toagentlemanwhoseservantwasputtingonhisshoesforhim,Diogenessaid,“Youwon’tbereallyhappyuntilhewipesyournoseforyou:Thatwillcomeafteryoulosetheuseofyourhands.”9

Oncetherewasawarscaresoseriousthatitstirredeventhelazy,profit-happyCorinthians.Theybegantodrill,cleantheirweapons,andrebuildtheirneglectedfortifications.Diogenestookhisoldcaskandbegantorollitupanddown.“Whenyouareallsobusy,”hesaid,“IfeelIoughttodosomething!”Text10

Andsohelived—likeadog,somesaid,becausehecarednothingfortheconventionsofsociety,andbecauseheshowedhisteethandbarkedatthosehedisliked.Nowhewaslyinginthesunlight,contentedandhappy,happier(hehimselfusedtoboast)thantheShahofPersia.Althoughheknewhewasgoingtohaveanimportantvisitor,hewouldnotmove.11Thelittlesquarebegantofillwithpeople—pageboys,soldiers,secretaries,officers,diplomats;theyallgraduallyformedacirclearoundDiogenes.Helookedthemover,asasobermanlooksatacrowdoftotteringdrunks,andshookhishead.Heknewwhotheywere.TheyweretheservantsofAlexander,theconquerorofGreece,theMacedonianking,whowasvisitinghisnewrealm.Text12

Onlytwenty,Alexanderwasfarolderandwiserthanhisyears.LikeallMacedoniansheloveddrinking,buthecouldusuallyhandleit;andtowardwomen,hewasnoblyrestrainedandchivalrous.LikeallMacedonianshelovedfighting;hewasamagnificentcommander,buthewasnotmerelyamilitaryautomaton.Hecouldthink.Atthirteen,hehadbecomeapupilofthegreatestmindinGreece,Aristotle,whogavehimthebestofGreekculture.HetaughtAlexanderpoetry:TheyoungprincesleptwiththeIliadunderhispillowandlongedtoemulateAchilles,whobroughtthemightypowerofAsiatoruin.Hetaughthimphilosophy,inparticulartheshapesandusesofpoliticalpower.Andhetaughthimtheprinciplesofscientificresearch:DuringhisinvasionofPersia,Alexandertookwithhimalargecorpsofscientists,andshippedhundredsofzoologicalspecimensbacktoGreeceforstudy.Indeed,itwasfromAristotlethatAlexanderlearnedtoseekouteverythingstrangewhichmightbeinstructive.Text13

NowAlexanderwasinCorinthtotakecommandoftheLeagueofGreekStates,whichhisfatherPhiliphadcreated.Hewaswelcomedandhonoredandflattered.Hewasthemanofthehour,ofthecentury;hewasunanimouslyappointedcommander-in-chiefofanewexpeditionagainstold,rich,corruptAsia.NearlyeveryonecrowdedtoCorinthinordertocongratulatehim,toseekemploymentwithhim,evensimplytoseehim.OnlyDiogenes,althoughhelivedinCorinth,didnotvisitthenewmonarch.WiththatgenerositywhichAristotlehadtaughthim,AlexanderdeterminedtocalluponDiogenes.Text14

Withhishandsomeface,hisfieryglance,hisstrongbody,hispurpleandgoldcloak,andhisairofdestiny,hemovedthroughthepartingcrowdtowardtheDog’skennel.Whenakingapproaches,allriseinrespect.Diogenesmerelysatupononeelbow.Whenamonarchentersaplace,allgreethimwithaboworanacclamation.Diogenessaidnothing.15Therewasasilence.Alexanderspokefirst,withakindlygreeting.Lookingatthepoorbrokencask,thesingleraggedgarment,andtheroughfigurelyingontheground,hesaid:“IsthereanythingIcandoforyou,Diogenes?”16

“Yes,”saidtheDog.“Standtooneside.You’reblockingthesunlight.”Text17

Therewasanamazedsilence.Slowly,Alexanderturnedaway.AtitterbrokeoutfromtheelegantGreeks.TheMacedonianofficers,afterdecidingthatDiogeneswasnotworththetroubleofkicking,werestartingtoguffawandnudgeoneanother.Alexanderwasstillsilent.Tothosenearesthimhesaidquietly,“IfIwerenotAlexander,IshouldbeDiogenes.”Theytookitasaparadox.ButAlexandermeantit.HeunderstoodCynicismastheotherscouldnot.HewaswhatDiogenescalledhimself,a“citizenoftheworld.”LikeDiogenes,headmiredtheheroicfigureofHercules,wholaboredtohelpmankindwhileallotherstoiledandsweatedonlyforthemselves.HeknewthatofallmenthenaliveintheworldonlyAlexandertheconquerorandDiogenesthebeggarwerefree.(1,520words)Text第歐根尼與亞歷山大吉爾伯特·海特1

他躺在光禿禿的地上，光著腳，留著長須，半裸著身體，看上去像個乞丐或是瘋子。他是一個乞丐，但卻不是瘋子。他在日出時醒來，抓抓癢，像狗一樣在路邊方便，在公共噴泉里洗把臉，然后討一片面包和幾顆橄欖當早餐，蹲在地上吃了，再用手捧幾捧泉水把東西都送進肚里。（很久以前他有一個粗糙的木頭杯子，但當他看到一個男孩用雙手捧水喝的時候就把它扔掉了。）Text

由于他不用工作，也不用養(yǎng)家糊口，所以他是自由的。等到集市上逐漸擠滿了購物者、商人、奴隸和外國人時，他已經(jīng)在這里來回游蕩一兩個小時了。這里人人都認識他，或者聽說過他。他們會問他一些尖銳的問題，得到的是更為尖銳的回答。有時他們會扔給他一些食物，但他很少表示感謝。有時也有人惡作劇地向他扔石子，他則會報之以雨點般的石頭和辱罵。他們不知道他是否瘋了。但他知道這些人都是瘋子，各種各樣的瘋子。這些人叫他感到可笑?，F(xiàn)在他回到家了。Text2

他的家不是什么房屋，甚至都算不上是臨時占用或建造的簡陋小窩棚。他覺得每個人都生活得太復(fù)雜、太豪華、太煩心了。要房子做什么？沒有人需要什么隱私，自然的生理行為并不可恥；我們都做同樣的事情，根本不需要遮遮掩掩。誰也用不著床、椅子這一類的家具；動物們睡在地上都照樣很健康。我們所需要的就是一件衣服，用來保暖，因為大自然沒有給我們適當?shù)闹b；還有就是能擋擋風雨的棲身處。所以他有一條毯子——白天當衣服穿，晚上當被子蓋。他睡在一個大桶里。他的名字叫第歐根尼。他是人們稱之為“犬儒主義”哲學(xué)的創(chuàng)始人。他一生中大部分時間都生活在富饒、懶散、墮落的希臘城市科林斯，嘲笑、譏諷城里的人，偶然說服某個人相信他的理論。

3

他不是住在木桶里，那太昂貴了。他的家是一個陶土做的貯物桶，顯然是別人丟掉的，因為那桶破了，毫無用處了。他不是第一個住這種“房子”的人。但他是第一個出于原則，自己選擇這么做的人。Text4

第歐根尼不是瘋子。他是一位哲學(xué)家，寫過劇本、詩歌和散文來闡述自己的理論；他與樂意聽他講話的人交談；他有欽佩他的學(xué)生，但他主要是通過身體力行，親身實踐來講授他的理論。他說所有人都應(yīng)當自然地生活，因為一切自然的東西都是正常的，不可能是邪惡或者可恥的。生活不該拘泥于刻板的社會習(xí)俗，因為那些東西是人造的、虛假的；人們應(yīng)該擺脫復(fù)雜和奢華的一切，只有如此才能過上自由的生活。富豪以為他擁有一座有很多房間、很多高級家具的大廈，擁有昂貴的華服、馬匹、仆人和銀行存折。但他并不是擁有這些東西，而是依賴它們，為它們擔驚受怕，并用畢生的精力照料它們。他害怕會丟失這些東西，這個念頭讓他坐立不安。這些東西控制了他。他是它們的奴隸。為了獲得這些虛妄的、很快就會消失的東西，他出賣了他唯一真實的、持久的無價之寶：他的獨立與自由。

TextText5

世上有許多人因為厭倦了人世間的復(fù)雜，而選擇避世，到小農(nóng)場、小村莊里過簡單的生活，或是隱居于山洞內(nèi)。但第歐根尼不是這樣的人。他是一位傳道者。他有著清晰的生活目標：“改變錢幣上所印的價值”。他要把印在人類生命這塊干凈的金屬上的陳舊、虛假的傳統(tǒng)價值符號都擦去，然后印上生命真正的價值。

6

其他公元前4世紀的偉大哲學(xué)家，如柏拉圖和亞里士多德，主要是教授自己門下的學(xué)生。但對第歐根尼而言，教學(xué)所需的實驗室、標本、講堂和學(xué)生就在普通人群當中。所以他選擇居住在雅典或者科林斯，因為那里有來來往往的，來自地中海周邊各處的旅行者。而且他故意在公眾場合這般舉止，以此告訴人們什么是真正的生活。Text7

他認為大多數(shù)人都是半生半死，大多數(shù)人只算得上半個人。在陽光燦爛的正午，他提著一盞明燈從集市里穿過，端詳遇到的每個人的面孔。人們問他為何要這樣做。他回答說，“我在尋找一個真正的人?！?

看到一個仆人為他的主人穿鞋子，第歐根尼說，“你非要他為你擦鼻子，你才會真正高興，等你雙手沒用時，那一天就到了?！?

有一次，有風聲說一場戰(zhàn)爭即將爆發(fā)。這消息驚動了懶惰成性、一心撈錢的科林斯人。他們開始軍事操練，擦亮武器，重建他們荒廢已久的防御工事。第歐根尼拿起他棲身的破桶，來回滾動。“在你們?nèi)绱嗣β档臅r候，”他說，“我感覺我也應(yīng)該做點事情！”Text10

第歐根尼就這樣生活——有人說，就像一條狗，因為他毫不在意社會的各種規(guī)矩和習(xí)俗，也因為他常常向他討厭的人露出牙齒、像狗一樣大聲吼叫?，F(xiàn)在他滿足并快樂地躺在陽光下，甚至比波斯國王（他常常這樣吹噓說）還要開心。盡管他知道一位重要人物要來訪問他，他也不肯動一動身。

11

小廣場上漸漸擠滿了人，那些男侍者、武士、秘書、軍官和外交官們漸漸在第歐根尼身邊圍成一個圈。他一個個望了望他們，仿佛一個清醒的人看著一幫蹣跚的醉鬼，搖了搖頭。他知道這些人是誰。他們是亞歷山大的仆人——這個征服了希臘的馬其頓國王正在巡視他的新領(lǐng)地。12

雖然只有20歲，亞歷山大看起來比他的實際年齡要成熟、睿智得多。像所有馬其頓人一樣，他喜歡喝酒，但他能把握好自己；對待女人，他一副騎士氣度，彬彬有禮，十分克制。像所有馬其頓人一樣，他喜歡打仗；他是一位極為英明的指揮官，但他不僅僅是一個打仗機器，他能夠思考。他13歲時就成為希臘最偉大的思想家亞里士多德的學(xué)生，從他那里學(xué)到了希臘文化的精髓。亞里士多德教他詩歌，而這位年輕的王子睡覺的時候都將《伊利亞特》放在枕頭下，夢想著有朝一日能超越那個把亞洲強國變成一片廢墟的阿喀琉斯。亞里士多德也教他哲學(xué)，尤其是政治權(quán)力的形態(tài)和用途，還教他科學(xué)研究的原理。亞歷山大攻打波斯時帶去了一大批科學(xué)家，并將幾百種動物標本運回希臘，用以做研究。的確，正是從亞里士多德那里，他學(xué)會了如何找到一切可能會有價值的新事物。

Text13

現(xiàn)在，亞歷山大來到了科林斯，來接管他父親菲利普創(chuàng)建的希臘城邦。在這里，他受到人們的歡迎、尊重和奉承。他是此時此刻、甚至這個世紀最偉大的人；他被一致推舉為討伐古老、富饒又奢靡的亞洲的一支新遠征軍的最高統(tǒng)帥。幾乎所有人都涌到科林斯來祝賀他，或是指望得到一官半職，或是甚至就為了見他一面。只有第歐根尼沒有前去拜訪這位新即位的君主，盡管他就住在科林斯。于是，出于亞里士多德教給他的寬宏大量，亞歷山大決定親自拜訪第歐根尼。

TextText14

亞歷山大穿著紫色與金色相間的斗篷，他面貌英俊，目光銳利，身強力壯，渾身散發(fā)出決定未來的氣勢。人群中讓出一條路來，他慢慢向這位犬儒派哲學(xué)家的“狗窩”走去。通常當君主走近時，所有人都會起身表示敬意。但第歐根尼只是支起胳膊斜躺著。當一個國王走進某個地方時，人們都要對他鞠躬或是歡呼。第歐根尼卻一言不發(fā)。15

人群安靜片刻，亞歷山大首先打破了沉默，和藹地向第歐根尼問好。他看看那個破舊的木桶、那件破爛的單衣和那個躺在地上樣貌粗魯?shù)娜?，問道，“我能為你做些什么嗎，第歐根尼？”16

“是的，”這位犬儒主義哲學(xué)家說，“請你靠邊站。你擋住我的陽光了?！?7

人們十分吃驚，一時鴉雀無聲。亞歷山大慢慢轉(zhuǎn)過身去。這時，在那些高雅的希臘人中發(fā)出了竊笑聲。那些馬其頓的軍官們想了想，認為不值得為此去踢第歐根尼，也開始互相用肘輕推著呵呵笑了起來。亞歷山大仍然不語。過了一會兒，他對身邊的人悄聲說，“如果我不是亞歷山大，我就要成為第歐根尼?！彼麄冇X得這是一個矛盾的說法。但亞歷山大卻真的是這樣認為。別人不理解犬儒主義，但是他理解。第歐根尼稱自己為“世界公民”，亞歷山大認為他自己也是。就如第歐根尼一樣，亞歷山大也敬仰英雄赫拉克勒斯，因為他是為造福全人類而不辭辛勞，但其他人卻只是為自己吃苦流汗。亞歷山大明白，世上所有活著的人當中，只有他這位征服者和第歐根尼這個乞丐是真正自由的。

Text

Diogenes:Diogenes(c.412B.C.—324B.C.)wasaGreekcynicphilosopher,whowascalled“theDog”byhiscontemporariesforhisself-denialandhispublicbehaviorindisregardofsocialconventions.HeisoftenreferredtoasthefounderofthecreedcalledCynicism(doggishness),butitisnotquiteaccurate.Hewasnotthefirsttodevelopthisphilosophyalthoughhewasundoubtedlythemanwhomadeitwellknown.TextAnalysis

Hehad...scratched,donehisbusinesslikeadogattheroadside,washedatthepublicfountain…Hehademptiedhisbowelsorpassedwaterlikeadogattheroadside.Itisinterestingtoobservehoweuphemismswork.TaketheequivalentoftheChineseword“大便”forexample.ItcouldbetranslatedintoEnglishinmanyways,whichareconsideredlessoffensive.(Thetechnicaltermsare“excretion”and“feces”whereasthecommonwordusedis“shit.”)Moreexamples:1)

ThedoctorsaysthatIneedtohaveastooltest.2)ThedoctoraskedmeifIhadhadanymovement.3)Theydonotyethavethedrainagesystemtodisposeofhumanwaste.4)Chinesepeasantsusedtodependonnight-soilforfertilizer.TextAnalysis

handfulHere“-ful”isusedasanounsuffixe.g.1)afewmouthfuls

幾口2)aspoonfulofhoney

一勺蜂蜜3)aglassfulofbeer

一杯啤酒TextAnalysis

…aboydrinkingoutofhishollowedhands.

...aboydrinkingfromhishandswhichjointogethertoformahollow.TextAnalysis

Everybodyknewhim,orknewofhim.“Toknowsomebody”meansbeingquitefamiliarwiththepersonwhereas“toknowofsomebody”meanshavingread,heardorbeentoldaboutthisperson.Note:Whenthesetwoexpressionsarecontrasted,“of”in“knowof”shouldbestressed.TextAnalysisTextAnalysis

Sometimestheythrewbitsoffood,andgotscantthanks;sometimesamischievouspebble,andgotashowerofstonesandabuse.Noticetheparallelstructureofthissentence.amischievouspebble:apebblefromamischievousperson

Heknewtheyweremad,eachinadifferentway...Someweremadaboutmoney;someweremadaboutpower;someweremadaboutsex...

TextAnalysis

Hethoughteverybodylivedfartooelaborately,expensively,anxiously.Hethoughtthatourlifeistoocomplicated,toocostly,andgivesustoomuchpressure.Hearguedthatweshouldsimplifyourlife.TextAnalysis

...Theanimalslivehealthylivesandsleepontheground.Diogenes’answertothehumanproblemsistogobacktonature,andhedoesnotseewhywecan’tdosobecausehebelievesnaturallivesareveryhealthy.TextAnalysis

HewasthefounderofthecreedcalledCynicism(doggishness)...DiogeneswasacynicphilosopherinancientGreece,butitisnotclearwhetherhewasthefounderofthephilosophy.TextAnalysis

...hespentmuchofhislifeintherich,lazy,corruptGreekcityofCorinth,mockingandsatirizingitspeople,andoccasionallyconvertingoneofthem.Corinth:Locatedinsouth-centralGreece,Corinthwasanimportantcity-stateinancientGreek.Duringthe8thand7thcenturiesB.C.,itwasaprosperousmaritimepower,knownforship-buildingandpottery-making,aswellasamajorintellectualcenter.It’sinterestingtonoticethathewasonlyabletoconvert“oneofthem”occasionally.TextAnalysis

Hewasnotthefirsttoinhabitsuchathing.Buthewasthefirstwhoeverdidsobychoice,outofprinciple.Hewasnotthefirsttoliveinacask.Buthewasthefirstwhoeverdidsobecausehewantedto,notbynecessity,notbeingforcedto.Hebaseditonaprinciple.Moreexamplesoftheuseof“bychoice”:1.Ididnotbecomeateacherbychoice.Iwasassignedtobeateacheraswasthepracticeinourtime.ButsoonIbegantolikemyjob.

我不是自愿當老師的。按照我們那個年代的慣例，我被分配去當老師。但很快我就喜歡上了我的工作。2.YueFeididnotwithdrawhistroopsbychoice.Hewasforcedtodothatbytwelvesuccessiveimperialedicts.

撤軍并不是岳飛的本意。連續(xù)十二道詔令使他不得不這么做。TextAnalysis

Hewasnotthefirsttoinhabitsuchathing.Buthewasthefirstwhoeverdidsobychoice,outofprinciple.Moreexamplesoftheuseof“outof(principle)”:1.Outofprincipleyoushouldnotgivethecontracttoyourrelative’scompany.

出于原則，你不應(yīng)該把合同給你親戚的公司。2.Iopenedtheboxoutofcuriosityandfounditfilledwithgold.

我出于好奇打開盒子，發(fā)現(xiàn)里面裝滿了金子。3.Idecidedtovisithimoutofrespect.

出于敬意，我決定去拜訪他。4.

Shebegantolearnhowtocookoutofinterest,notoutofnecessity.

她開始學(xué)習(xí)做飯是出于興趣，而不是出于生活的需要。TextAnalysis

Buthetaughtchieflybyexample.Diogenesalsotaughtbytalkingtopeople,buthemainlytaughtbysettinganexampleforotherstolearnfrom.TextAnalysis

Livewithoutconventions,whichareartificialandfalse;escapecomplexitiesandextravagances:Onlysocanyouliveafreelife.Diogenesdespisedconventions.Hebelievedthemtobeartificialandfalse.convention:behaviorandattitudesthatmostpeopleinasocietyconsidertobenormalandrighte.g.1.Youngpeoplein1960srebelledagainstsocialconventions.

20世紀60年代的年輕人反抗社會習(xí)俗。2.“WheninRome,doastheRomansdo.”Remembertorespectlocalconventionswhenyouarevisitingforeigncountries.“入鄉(xiāng)隨俗?！碑斈愕絿饴糜螘r，記住要尊重當?shù)氐牧?xí)俗。TextAnalysis

Livewithoutconventions,whichareartificialandfalse;escapecomplexitiesandextravagances:Onlysocanyouliveafreelife.Cf.1)habit:pickingone’snose;bitingone’snails;smoking;gettingupearly2)custom:usingchopsticks;wearingblackinmourning;expressinglovewithakiss3)tradition:respectingtheold;cherishingthefamily;eatingturkeyonThanksgiving;lovingpeace;alwaysreadytohelpothers4)convention:marriedwomentakingtheirhusbands’names;shakinghandswhenmeetingwithfriends;marryingwithinone’sreligion;wearingsuitandtieonformaloccasionsescapecomplexitiesandextravagances:avoidcomplexlivesandthingsthatarenotnecessary.TextAnalysis

elaborate:

carefullyworkedoutandfullofdetailse.g.elaboratefurniture/meal/plan/system/hairstyle

精心設(shè)計的家具/餐點/計劃/系統(tǒng)/發(fā)型TextAnalysis

Inordertoprocureaquantityoffalse,perishablegoodshehassoldtheonlytrue,lastinggood,hisownindependence.Inordertogetacertainamountofmaterialpropertyorworldlypossessionswhichactuallyhavenovalueandwillnotlast,hehasallowedhimselftobecontrolledbythesethingsandhasgivenawayhisownindependencewhichistheonlythingthatistrueandcanlast.Noticethattheauthorhereisdeliberatelyusingbusinesslanguagetoshowthatthegoodsdonotevenmakeanybusinesssense.TextAnalysis

Hislife’saimwascleartohim:Itwas“torestampthecurrency”:totakethecleanmetalofhumanlife,toerasetheoldfalseconventionalmarkings,andtoimprintitwithitstruevalues.Diogenesisusingtheanalogyof“torestampthecurrency”tomeanthechangeofhumanvalues.Humanlife,inhisopinion,islikecleanmetal,butmarkedwithfalsevalues,anditishisintentiontowipeoutthefalsemarkingsandprinttruevaluesonit.TextAnalysis

TheothergreatphilosophersofthefourthcenturyB.C.,