現(xiàn)代大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第三版）精讀3 課件 B3U4

ContentsUnit4Lead-inWarm-upquestions:What’stheimageofaphilosopherinyourmind?Whataboutthatofakingwhoreignsoveralargeterritory?Thequestionsbelowwillhelpyoudevelopageneralideaofthem.1.WhatdoyouknowaboutthefamousphilosophersandtheirteachingsinancientGreece?2.WhatwasChinalikeataboutthesametime?CanyounamesomeofthegreatChinesephilosophers?3.WhatcharacteristicsdoyouthinkthesefamousphilosophersofancientGreeceandancientChinahadincommon?4.Hasyourwayofthinkingbeeninfluencedbythesephilosophers?Howdotheychangethewayyouthink?Lead-inWarm-upquestions:What’stheimageofaphilosopherinyourmind?Whataboutthatofakingwhoreignsoveralargeterritory?Thequestionsbelowwillhelpyoudevelopageneralideaofthem.5.Howdoyouthinkakingshouldlooklike?6.Whatqualitiesdoyouthinkakingshouldhave?7.Whodoyouthinkisthegreatestkinginhistory?Why?8.Whatdoyouthinkwouldbethesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenphilosophersandkings?Lead-inWarm-upquestions:Thefollowingquotescomefromsomegreatphilosophers.Canyouunderstandwhattheymean?Donotvaluemoneymoreorlessthanitisworth:itisagoodservantandabadmaster.(AlexandreDumas)Povertydoesn’tcomebecauseofthedecreaseofwealthbutbecauseoftheincreaseofdesires.(Plato)Thesecretofhappinessisnotfoundinseekingmore,butindevelopingthecapacitytoenjoyless.

(Socrates)Theperfectmanignoresself;thedivinemanignoresachievement;thetrueSageignoresreputation.(Zhuangzi)

至人無(wú)己，神人無(wú)功，圣人無(wú)名?！f子Lead-inMorequestionsaboutthetext:1.WhatdoestheauthortellusaboutDiogenes?Whowashe?Whatwashisphilosophy?Whatdidhethinkwastheproblemwithpeople?Howdidheintendtohelpthem?Whatwerethekeyvalueshepromoted?Whatwashisattitudetowardwealthandpower?How,inhisopinion,canpeoplefindtruehappiness?2.WhatdoyouthinkofDiogenes’philosophy?Washetalkingsenseornonsense?Arepeoplesufferingfromtoomuchofeverythingortoolittletoday?Arewealth,power,fame,andconventionsallevil?Shouldwetakehisdoctrinemoreseriouslyormustwedismissitastoonegativeandunpractical?3.InwhatwaywasDiogenesdifferentfromtheothergreatphilosophersofthetimesuchasPlatoandAristotle?Didhehavethesamenumberoffollowersastheotherphilosophers?4.WhatdoestheauthortellusaboutAlexander?Howdoeshecomparethetwo?Lead-inMorequestionsaboutthetext:5.WhydidAlexanderdecidetovisitDiogenes?HowdidDiogenesreacttothecomingvisitbyAlexander?DoyouthinkDiogeneswasgladtoseetheking?Whyorwhynot?6.Howdoyouunderstandtheirdramaticmeetingandbriefdialog?WhatdidDiogenesmeanwhenhesaidthatAlexanderwas“blockingthesunlight”?DidAlexanderfeelinsulted?WhydidhesaythatifhewerenotAlexander,heshouldbeDiogenes?7.Alexanderthoughtthat“ofallmenthenaliveintheworldonlyAlexandertheconquerorandDiogenesthebeggarwerefree.”Howdoyouunderstandthat?Inwhatsenseweretheybothfree?8.Wehavethesayinginourcountry:“MakethepastservethepresentandforeignthingsserveChina.”Whatlessonscanwelearnfromthepastandforeignthingsinthisessay?Text1.Abouttheauthor2.Background

3.Structure4.GotothetextDiogenesandAlexanderGilbertHighetText1.AbouttheauthorGilbertHighet(1906—1978)wasaScottish-Americanclassicist,academicwriter,intellectualcritic,andliteraryhistorian.BorninGlasgowandeducatedatSt.John’sCollege,OxfordUniversity,GilbertHighetwassaidtoembody“thebestoftheScottishandOxfordtraditions”inclassicallearning,whichheimpartedtogenerationsofColumbiaCollegestudents.Highet’sbooks,TheArtofTeaching(1950)andTheImmortalProfession(1976),bothonteaching,areliteraryclassics.NoclassicalscholarinAmericabuthimcouldhavewrittenTheClassicalTradition(1949).ThesameshouldbesaidofPoetsinaLandscape(1957).TextText2.Background

BothDiogenesandAlexanderlivedinancientGreecemorethan2,000yearsago,andtheirstories,especiallytheirdramaticencounter,havebeentoldandretoldtothisday.ThefirstherointhisstoryisDiogenes,adramaticphilosopherwhopossessesnothingandwantsnothing.HisphilosophyisknownasCynicism,whichmeans“Doggism”inancientGreekbecausehelivesandbehavesdeliberatelylikeadog.Hismainideaisthatpeopleshouldallliveasimplelifeandasimplelifemeansanaturallife,andanaturallifemeansalifewithoutworldlypossessionsandoldconventions,whichhebelieveshavenotruevalueandtendtotakeawayourfreedomandhappinessandturnusintoslaves.TextDiogenes,forunderstandablereasons,neverhadalargefollowing.However,atatimelikethis,whenwedesperatelyneedsomeeffectiveantidotes,somethingthatcanhelptorestoreourbalance,wecanperhapsunderstandandappreciateDiogenesbetter.

Alexanderontheotherhandisnodoubttheperfectmodelofasuperman.HeiseverythingDiogenesisnot,exceptforthefactthatbotharephilosophers.ButAlexanderisyoung,handsome,beautifullydressed,physicallystrong,braveasawarrior,themostpowerfulmanin

theworldatthetime,theperfectmodelofPlato’s“PhilosopherKing.”ThereforehisencounterwithDiogenescannotbutbeoneofthemostdramaticscenesinhistory.Whathappensduringtheirencounterisfamiliartousall.Buttheexactmeaningofthisencounterisstillopentodiscussion.Greatliteratureneverdies.Ithaseternalcharm.Itisthesamewithmanyhistoricalfiguresdiscussedinhistory.Manyofthem,thoughbornandbroughtuphundredsoreventhousandsofyearsago,stillhavedirectbearingontoday’srealities.Theyhaveeternalimportance.Infactastimegoesontheirrelevanceandimportancemayevenincrease.Theynevergetoutofdate.Theybecomepartofthehumanheritagewealltreasure.Text3.StructureThisessayisanexcellentexampleofcontrast,thecontrastoftwolegendaryfigures.Itcanbedividedneatlyintotwobigparts:thefirstpartdescribesDiogenesthebeggar;thesecondpartdescribesAlexandertheconqueror,insharpcontrasttothebeggar,andtheirdramaticencounter.Inaddition,therearecontrastswithinthismajorcontrast:thecontrastbetweenDiogenesandordinarybeggars,betweenhimandordinarypeople,betweenhimandtheotherphilosophersofhistime,betweenhimandallthosepeoplewhoarebusypreparingforwar,aswellasbetweenhimandallthosewhoarereadytokissthebootsofAlexander.ThereisalsothecontrastbetweenAlexanderandotherMacedonians.Itislargelyduetoallthesedramaticcontraststhatweareleftwithsuchadeepimpressionofthesetwocharacters.Text

DiogenesandAlexanderGilbertHighet1

Lyingonthebareearth,shoeless,bearded,half-naked,helookedlikeabeggaroralunatic.

Hewasone,butnottheother.Hehadopenedhiseyeswiththesunatdawn,scratched,donehisbusinesslikeadogattheroadside,washedatthepublicfountain,beggedapieceofbreakfastbreadandafewolives,eatenthemsquattingontheground,andwashedthemdownwithafewhandfulsofwaterscoopedfromthespring.(Longagohehadownedaroughwooden

cup,buthethrewitawaywhenhesawaboydrinkingoutofhishollowedhands.)Text

Havingnoworktogotoandnofamilytoprovidefor,hewasfree.Asthemarketplacefilledupwithshoppersandmerchantsandslavesandforeigners,hehadstrolledthroughitforanhourortwo.Everybodyknewhim,orknewofhim.Theywouldthrowsharpquestionsathimand

getsharperanswers.Sometimestheythrewbitsoffood,andgotscantthanks;sometimesamischievouspebble,andgotashowerofstonesandabuse.Theywerenotquitesurewhetherhewasmadornot.Heknewtheyweremad,eachinadifferentway;theyamusedhim.Nowhewasbackathishome.Text2

Itwasnotahouse,notevenasquatter’shut.Hethoughteverybodylivedfartooelaborately,expensively,anxiously.Whatgoodisahouse?Nooneneedsprivacy;naturalactsarenotshameful;wealldothesamethings,andneednothidethem.Nooneneedsbedsandchairsandsuchfurniture:Theanimalslivehealthylivesandsleepontheground.Allwerequire,sincenaturedidnotdressusproperly,isonegarmenttokeepuswarm,andsomeshelterfromrainandwind.Sohehadoneblanket—todresshiminthedaytimeandcoverhimatnight—andhesleptinacask.HisnamewasDiogenes.HewasthefounderofthecreedcalledCynicism(doggishness);hespentmuchofhislifeintherich,lazy,corruptGreekcityofCorinth,mockingandsatirizingitspeople,andoccasionallyconvertingoneofthem.3

Hishomewasnotabarrelmadeofwood;tooexpensive.Itwasastoragejarmadeofearthenware,nodoubtdiscardedbecauseabreakhadmadeituseless.Hewasnotthefirsttoinhabitsuchathing.Buthewasthefirstwhoeverdidsobychoice,outofprinciple.Text4

Diogeneswasnotalunatic.Hewasaphilosopherwhowroteplaysandpoemsandessaysexpoundinghisdoctrine;hetalkedtothosewhocaredtolisten;hehadpupilswhoadmiredhim.Buthetaughtchieflybyexample.Allshouldlivenaturally,hesaid,forwhatisnaturalisnormalandcannotpossiblybeevilorshameful.Livewithoutconventions,whichareartificialandfalse;escapecomplexitiesandextravagances:Onlysocanyouliveafreelife.Therichmanbelieveshepossesseshisbighousewithitsmanyroomsanditselaboratefurniture,hisexpensiveclothes,hishorsesandservantsandhisbankaccounts.Hedoesnot.Hedependsonthem,heworriesaboutthem,hespendsmostofhislife’senergylookingafterthem;thethoughtoflosingthemmakeshimsickwithanxiety.Theypossesshim.Heistheirslave.Inordertoprocureaquantityoffalse,perishablegoodshehassoldtheonlytrue,lastinggood,hisownindependence.Text5

Therehavebeenmanymenwhogrewtiredofhumansocietywithitscomplications,andwentawaytolivesimply—onasmallfarm,inaquietvillage,orinahermit’scave.NotsoDiogenes.Hewasamissionary.Hislife’saimwascleartohim:Itwas“torestampthecurrency”:totakethecleanmetalofhumanlife,toerasetheoldfalseconventionalmarkings,andtoimprintitwithitstruevalues.6TheothergreatphilosophersofthefourthcenturyB.C.,suchasPlatoandAristotle,taughtmainlytheirownprivatepupils.ButforDiogenes,laboratoriesandspecimensandlecturehallsandpupilswerealltobefoundinacrowdofordinarypeople.Therefore,hechosetoliveinAthensorCorinth,wheretravelersfromallovertheMediterraneanworldconstantlycameandwent.And,bydesign,hepubliclybehavedinsuchwaysastoshowpeoplewhatreallifewas.Text7

Hethoughtmostpeoplewereonlyhalf-alive,mostmenonlyhalf-men.Atbrightnoondayhewalkedthroughthemarketplacecarryingalightedlampandinspectingthefaceofeveryonehemet.Theyaskedhimwhy.Diogenesanswered“I’mtryingtofindaman.”8Toagentlemanwhoseservantwasputtingonhisshoesforhim,Diogenessaid,“Youwon’tbereallyhappyuntilhewipesyournoseforyou:Thatwillcomeafteryoulosetheuseofyourhands.”9

Oncetherewasawarscaresoseriousthatitstirredeventhelazy,profit-happyCorinthians.Theybegantodrill,cleantheirweapons,andrebuildtheirneglectedfortifications.Diogenestookhisoldcaskandbegantorollitupanddown.“Whenyouareallsobusy,”hesaid,“IfeelIoughttodosomething!”Text10

Andsohelived—likeadog,somesaid,becausehecarednothingfortheconventionsofsociety,andbecauseheshowedhisteethandbarkedatthosehedisliked.Nowhewaslyinginthesunlight,contentedandhappy,happier(hehimselfusedtoboast)thantheShahofPersia.Althoughheknewhewasgoingtohaveanimportantvisitor,hewouldnotmove.11Thelittlesquarebegantofillwithpeople—pageboys,soldiers,secretaries,officers,diplomats;theyallgraduallyformedacirclearoundDiogenes.Helookedthemover,asasobermanlooksatacrowdoftotteringdrunks,andshookhishead.Heknewwhotheywere.TheyweretheservantsofAlexander,theconquerorofGreece,theMacedonianking,whowasvisitinghisnewrealm.Text12

Onlytwenty,Alexanderwasfarolderandwiserthanhisyears.LikeallMacedoniansheloveddrinking,buthecouldusuallyhandleit;andtowardwomen,hewasnoblyrestrainedandchivalrous.LikeallMacedonianshelovedfighting;hewasamagnificentcommander,buthewasnotmerelyamilitaryautomaton.Hecouldthink.Atthirteen,hehadbecomeapupilofthegreatestmindinGreece,Aristotle,whogavehimthebestofGreekculture.HetaughtAlexanderpoetry:TheyoungprincesleptwiththeIliadunderhispillowandlongedtoemulateAchilles,whobroughtthemightypowerofAsiatoruin.Hetaughthimphilosophy,inparticulartheshapesandusesofpoliticalpower.Andhetaughthimtheprinciplesofscientificresearch:DuringhisinvasionofPersia,Alexandertookwithhimalargecorpsofscientists,andshippedhundredsofzoologicalspecimensbacktoGreeceforstudy.Indeed,itwasfromAristotlethatAlexanderlearnedtoseekouteverythingstrangewhichmightbeinstructive.Text13

NowAlexanderwasinCorinthtotakecommandoftheLeagueofGreekStates,whichhisfatherPhiliphadcreated.Hewaswelcomedandhonoredandflattered.Hewasthemanofthehour,ofthecentury;hewasunanimouslyappointedcommander-in-chiefofanewexpeditionagainstold,rich,corruptAsia.NearlyeveryonecrowdedtoCorinthinordertocongratulatehim,toseekemploymentwithhim,evensimplytoseehim.OnlyDiogenes,althoughhelivedinCorinth,didnotvisitthenewmonarch.WiththatgenerositywhichAristotlehadtaughthim,AlexanderdeterminedtocalluponDiogenes.Text14

Withhishandsomeface,hisfieryglance,hisstrongbody,hispurpleandgoldcloak,andhisairofdestiny,hemovedthroughthepartingcrowdtowardtheDog’skennel.Whenakingapproaches,allriseinrespect.Diogenesmerelysatupononeelbow.Whenamonarchentersaplace,allgreethimwithaboworanacclamation.Diogenessaidnothing.15Therewasasilence.Alexanderspokefirst,withakindlygreeting.Lookingatthepoorbrokencask,thesingleraggedgarment,andtheroughfigurelyingontheground,hesaid:“IsthereanythingIcandoforyou,Diogenes?”16

“Yes,”saidtheDog.“Standtooneside.You’reblockingthesunlight.”Text17

Therewasanamazedsilence.Slowly,Alexanderturnedaway.AtitterbrokeoutfromtheelegantGreeks.TheMacedonianofficers,afterdecidingthatDiogeneswasnotworththetroubleofkicking,werestartingtoguffawandnudgeoneanother.Alexanderwasstillsilent.Tothosenearesthimhesaidquietly,“IfIwerenotAlexander,IshouldbeDiogenes.”Theytookitasaparadox.ButAlexandermeantit.HeunderstoodCynicismastheotherscouldnot.HewaswhatDiogenescalledhimself,a“citizenoftheworld.”LikeDiogenes,headmiredtheheroicfigureofHercules,wholaboredtohelpmankindwhileallotherstoiledandsweatedonlyforthemselves.HeknewthatofallmenthenaliveintheworldonlyAlexandertheconquerorandDiogenesthebeggarwerefree.(1,520words)Text第歐根尼與亞歷山大吉爾伯特·海特1

他躺在光禿禿的地上，光著腳，留著長(zhǎng)須，半裸著身體，看上去像個(gè)乞丐或是瘋子。他是一個(gè)乞丐，但卻不是瘋子。他在日出時(shí)醒來(lái)，抓抓癢，像狗一樣在路邊方便，在公共噴泉里洗把臉，然后討一片面包和幾顆橄欖當(dāng)早餐，蹲在地上吃了，再用手捧幾捧泉水把東西都送進(jìn)肚里。（很久以前他有一個(gè)粗糙的木頭杯子，但當(dāng)他看到一個(gè)男孩用雙手捧水喝的時(shí)候就把它扔掉了。）Text

由于他不用工作，也不用養(yǎng)家糊口，所以他是自由的。等到集市上逐漸擠滿了購(gòu)物者、商人、奴隸和外國(guó)人時(shí)，他已經(jīng)在這里來(lái)回游蕩一兩個(gè)小時(shí)了。這里人人都認(rèn)識(shí)他，或者聽說(shuō)過他。他們會(huì)問他一些尖銳的問題，得到的是更為尖銳的回答。有時(shí)他們會(huì)扔給他一些食物，但他很少表示感謝。有時(shí)也有人惡作劇地向他扔石子，他則會(huì)報(bào)之以雨點(diǎn)般的石頭和辱罵。他們不知道他是否瘋了。但他知道這些人都是瘋子，各種各樣的瘋子。這些人叫他感到可笑?，F(xiàn)在他回到家了。Text2

他的家不是什么房屋，甚至都算不上是臨時(shí)占用或建造的簡(jiǎn)陋小窩棚。他覺得每個(gè)人都生活得太復(fù)雜、太豪華、太煩心了。要房子做什么？沒有人需要什么隱私，自然的生理行為并不可恥；我們都做同樣的事情，根本不需要遮遮掩掩。誰(shuí)也用不著床、椅子這一類的家具；動(dòng)物們睡在地上都照樣很健康。我們所需要的就是一件衣服，用來(lái)保暖，因?yàn)榇笞匀粵]有給我們適當(dāng)?shù)闹b；還有就是能擋擋風(fēng)雨的棲身處。所以他有一條毯子——白天當(dāng)衣服穿，晚上當(dāng)被子蓋。他睡在一個(gè)大桶里。他的名字叫第歐根尼。他是人們稱之為“犬儒主義”哲學(xué)的創(chuàng)始人。他一生中大部分時(shí)間都生活在富饒、懶散、墮落的希臘城市科林斯，嘲笑、譏諷城里的人，偶然說(shuō)服某個(gè)人相信他的理論。

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他不是住在木桶里，那太昂貴了。他的家是一個(gè)陶土做的貯物桶，顯然是別人丟掉的，因?yàn)槟峭捌屏?，毫無(wú)用處了。他不是第一個(gè)住這種“房子”的人。但他是第一個(gè)出于原則，自己選擇這么做的人。Text4

第歐根尼不是瘋子。他是一位哲學(xué)家，寫過劇本、詩(shī)歌和散文來(lái)闡述自己的理論；他與樂意聽他講話的人交談；他有欽佩他的學(xué)生，但他主要是通過身體力行，親身實(shí)踐來(lái)講授他的理論。他說(shuō)所有人都應(yīng)當(dāng)自然地生活，因?yàn)橐磺凶匀坏臇|西都是正常的，不可能是邪惡或者可恥的。生活不該拘泥于刻板的社會(huì)習(xí)俗，因?yàn)槟切〇|西是人造的、虛假的；人們應(yīng)該擺脫復(fù)雜和奢華的一切，只有如此才能過上自由的生活。富豪以為他擁有一座有很多房間、很多高級(jí)家具的大廈，擁有昂貴的華服、馬匹、仆人和銀行存折。但他并不是擁有這些東西，而是依賴它們，為它們擔(dān)驚受怕，并用畢生的精力照料它們。他害怕會(huì)丟失這些東西，這個(gè)念頭讓他坐立不安。這些東西控制了他。他是它們的奴隸。為了獲得這些虛妄的、很快就會(huì)消失的東西，他出賣了他唯一真實(shí)的、持久的無(wú)價(jià)之寶：他的獨(dú)立與自由。

TextText5

世上有許多人因?yàn)閰捑肓巳耸篱g的復(fù)雜，而選擇避世，到小農(nóng)場(chǎng)、小村莊里過簡(jiǎn)單的生活，或是隱居于山洞內(nèi)。但第歐根尼不是這樣的人。他是一位傳道者。他有著清晰的生活目標(biāo)：“改變錢幣上所印的價(jià)值”。他要把印在人類生命這塊干凈的金屬上的陳舊、虛假的傳統(tǒng)價(jià)值符號(hào)都擦去，然后印上生命真正的價(jià)值。

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其他公元前4世紀(jì)的偉大哲學(xué)家，如柏拉圖和亞里士多德，主要是教授自己門下的學(xué)生。但對(duì)第歐根尼而言，教學(xué)所需的實(shí)驗(yàn)室、標(biāo)本、講堂和學(xué)生就在普通人群當(dāng)中。所以他選擇居住在雅典或者科林斯，因?yàn)槟抢镉衼?lái)來(lái)往往的，來(lái)自地中海周邊各處的旅行者。而且他故意在公眾場(chǎng)合這般舉止，以此告訴人們什么是真正的生活。Text7

他認(rèn)為大多數(shù)人都是半生半死，大多數(shù)人只算得上半個(gè)人。在陽(yáng)光燦爛的正午，他提著一盞明燈從集市里穿過，端詳遇到的每個(gè)人的面孔。人們問他為何要這樣做。他回答說(shuō)，“我在尋找一個(gè)真正的人。”8

看到一個(gè)仆人為他的主人穿鞋子，第歐根尼說(shuō)，“你非要他為你擦鼻子，你才會(huì)真正高興，等你雙手沒用時(shí)，那一天就到了?！?

有一次，有風(fēng)聲說(shuō)一場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)即將爆發(fā)。這消息驚動(dòng)了懶惰成性、一心撈錢的科林斯人。他們開始軍事操練，擦亮武器，重建他們荒廢已久的防御工事。第歐根尼拿起他棲身的破桶，來(lái)回滾動(dòng)?！霸谀銈?nèi)绱嗣β档臅r(shí)候，”他說(shuō)，“我感覺我也應(yīng)該做點(diǎn)事情！”Text10

第歐根尼就這樣生活——有人說(shuō)，就像一條狗，因?yàn)樗敛辉谝馍鐣?huì)的各種規(guī)矩和習(xí)俗，也因?yàn)樗３Ｏ蛩憛挼娜寺冻鲅例X、像狗一樣大聲吼叫?，F(xiàn)在他滿足并快樂地躺在陽(yáng)光下，甚至比波斯國(guó)王（他常常這樣吹噓說(shuō)）還要開心。盡管他知道一位重要人物要來(lái)訪問他，他也不肯動(dòng)一動(dòng)身。

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小廣場(chǎng)上漸漸擠滿了人，那些男侍者、武士、秘書、軍官和外交官們漸漸在第歐根尼身邊圍成一個(gè)圈。他一個(gè)個(gè)望了望他們，仿佛一個(gè)清醒的人看著一幫蹣跚的醉鬼，搖了搖頭。他知道這些人是誰(shuí)。他們是亞歷山大的仆人——這個(gè)征服了希臘的馬其頓國(guó)王正在巡視他的新領(lǐng)地。12

雖然只有20歲，亞歷山大看起來(lái)比他的實(shí)際年齡要成熟、睿智得多。像所有馬其頓人一樣，他喜歡喝酒，但他能把握好自己；對(duì)待女人，他一副騎士氣度，彬彬有禮，十分克制。像所有馬其頓人一樣，他喜歡打仗；他是一位極為英明的指揮官，但他不僅僅是一個(gè)打仗機(jī)器，他能夠思考。他13歲時(shí)就成為希臘最偉大的思想家亞里士多德的學(xué)生，從他那里學(xué)到了希臘文化的精髓。亞里士多德教他詩(shī)歌，而這位年輕的王子睡覺的時(shí)候都將《伊利亞特》放在枕頭下，夢(mèng)想著有朝一日能超越那個(gè)把亞洲強(qiáng)國(guó)變成一片廢墟的阿喀琉斯。亞里士多德也教他哲學(xué)，尤其是政治權(quán)力的形態(tài)和用途，還教他科學(xué)研究的原理。亞歷山大攻打波斯時(shí)帶去了一大批科學(xué)家，并將幾百種動(dòng)物標(biāo)本運(yùn)回希臘，用以做研究。的確，正是從亞里士多德那里，他學(xué)會(huì)了如何找到一切可能會(huì)有價(jià)值的新事物。

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現(xiàn)在，亞歷山大來(lái)到了科林斯，來(lái)接管他父親菲利普創(chuàng)建的希臘城邦。在這里，他受到人們的歡迎、尊重和奉承。他是此時(shí)此刻、甚至這個(gè)世紀(jì)最偉大的人；他被一致推舉為討伐古老、富饒又奢靡的亞洲的一支新遠(yuǎn)征軍的最高統(tǒng)帥。幾乎所有人都涌到科林斯來(lái)祝賀他，或是指望得到一官半職，或是甚至就為了見他一面。只有第歐根尼沒有前去拜訪這位新即位的君主，盡管他就住在科林斯。于是，出于亞里士多德教給他的寬宏大量，亞歷山大決定親自拜訪第歐根尼。

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亞歷山大穿著紫色與金色相間的斗篷，他面貌英俊，目光銳利，身強(qiáng)力壯，渾身散發(fā)出決定未來(lái)的氣勢(shì)。人群中讓出一條路來(lái)，他慢慢向這位犬儒派哲學(xué)家的“狗窩”走去。通常當(dāng)君主走近時(shí)，所有人都會(huì)起身表示敬意。但第歐根尼只是支起胳膊斜躺著。當(dāng)一個(gè)國(guó)王走進(jìn)某個(gè)地方時(shí)，人們都要對(duì)他鞠躬或是歡呼。第歐根尼卻一言不發(fā)。15

人群安靜片刻，亞歷山大首先打破了沉默，和藹地向第歐根尼問好。他看看那個(gè)破舊的木桶、那件破爛的單衣和那個(gè)躺在地上樣貌粗魯?shù)娜耍瑔柕?，“我能為你做些什么嗎，第歐根尼？”16

“是的，”這位犬儒主義哲學(xué)家說(shuō)，“請(qǐng)你靠邊站。你擋住我的陽(yáng)光了?！?7

人們十分吃驚，一時(shí)鴉雀無(wú)聲。亞歷山大慢慢轉(zhuǎn)過身去。這時(shí)，在那些高雅的希臘人中發(fā)出了竊笑聲。那些馬其頓的軍官們想了想，認(rèn)為不值得為此去踢第歐根尼，也開始互相用肘輕推著呵呵笑了起來(lái)。亞歷山大仍然不語(yǔ)。過了一會(huì)兒，他對(duì)身邊的人悄聲說(shuō)，“如果我不是亞歷山大，我就要成為第歐根尼?！彼麄冇X得這是一個(gè)矛盾的說(shuō)法。但亞歷山大卻真的是這樣認(rèn)為。別人不理解犬儒主義，但是他理解。第歐根尼稱自己為“世界公民”，亞歷山大認(rèn)為他自己也是。就如第歐根尼一樣，亞歷山大也敬仰英雄赫拉克勒斯，因?yàn)樗菫樵旄Ｈ祟惗晦o辛勞，但其他人卻只是為自己吃苦流汗。亞歷山大明白，世上所有活著的人當(dāng)中，只有他這位征服者和第歐根尼這個(gè)乞丐是真正自由的。

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Diogenes:Diogenes(c.412B.C.—324B.C.)wasaGreekcynicphilosopher,whowascalled“theDog”byhiscontemporariesforhisself-denialandhispublicbehaviorindisregardofsocialconventions.HeisoftenreferredtoasthefounderofthecreedcalledCynicism(doggishness),butitisnotquiteaccurate.Hewasnotthefirsttodevelopthisphilosophyalthoughhewasundoubtedlythemanwhomadeitwellknown.TextAnalysis

Hehad...scratched,donehisbusinesslikeadogattheroadside,washedatthepublicfountain…Hehademptiedhisbowelsorpassedwaterlikeadogattheroadside.Itisinterestingtoobservehoweuphemismswork.TaketheequivalentoftheChineseword“大便”forexample.ItcouldbetranslatedintoEnglishinmanyways,whichareconsideredlessoffensive.(Thetechnicaltermsare“excretion”and“feces”whereasthecommonwordusedis“shit.”)Moreexamples:1)

ThedoctorsaysthatIneedtohaveastooltest.2)ThedoctoraskedmeifIhadhadanymovement.3)Theydonotyethavethedrainagesystemtodisposeofhumanwaste.4)Chinesepeasantsusedtodependonnight-soilforfertilizer.TextAnalysis

handfulHere“-ful”isusedasanounsuffixe.g.1)afewmouthfuls

幾口2)aspoonfulofhoney

一勺蜂蜜3)aglassfulofbeer

一杯啤酒TextAnalysis

…aboydrinkingoutofhishollowedhands.

...aboydrinkingfromhishandswhichjointogethertoformahollow.TextAnalysis

Everybodyknewhim,orknewofhim.“Toknowsomebody”meansbeingquitefamiliarwiththepersonwhereas“toknowofsomebody”meanshavingread,heardorbeentoldaboutthisperson.Note:Whenthesetwoexpressionsarecontrasted,“of”in“knowof”shouldbestressed.TextAnalysisTextAnalysis

Sometimestheythrewbitsoffood,andgotscantthanks;sometimesamischievouspebble,andgotashowerofstonesandabuse.Noticetheparallelstructureofthissentence.amischievouspebble:apebblefromamischievousperson

Heknewtheyweremad,eachinadifferentway...Someweremadaboutmoney;someweremadaboutpower;someweremadaboutsex...

TextAnalysis

Hethoughteverybodylivedfartooelaborately,expensively,anxiously.Hethoughtthatourlifeistoocomplicated,toocostly,andgivesustoomuchpressure.Hearguedthatweshouldsimplifyourlife.TextAnalysis

...Theanimalslivehealthylivesandsleepontheground.Diogenes’answertothehumanproblemsistogobacktonature,andhedoesnotseewhywecan’tdosobecausehebelievesnaturallivesareveryhealthy.TextAnalysis

HewasthefounderofthecreedcalledCynicism(doggishness)...DiogeneswasacynicphilosopherinancientGreece,butitisnotclearwhetherhewasthefounderofthephilosophy.TextAnalysis

...hespentmuchofhislifeintherich,lazy,corruptGreekcityofCorinth,mockingandsatirizingitspeople,andoccasionallyconvertingoneofthem.Corinth:Locatedinsouth-centralGreece,Corinthwasanimportantcity-stateinancientGreek.Duringthe8thand7thcenturiesB.C.,itwasaprosperousmaritimepower,knownforship-buildingandpottery-making,aswellasamajorintellectualcenter.It’sinterestingtonoticethathewasonlyabletoconvert“oneofthem”occasionally.TextAnalysis

Hewasnotthefirsttoinhabitsuchathing.Buthewasthefirstwhoeverdidsobychoice,outofprinciple.Hewasnotthefirsttoliveinacask.Buthewasthefirstwhoeverdidsobecausehewantedto,notbynecessity,notbeingforcedto.Hebaseditonaprinciple.Moreexamplesoftheuseof“bychoice”:1.Ididnotbecomeateacherbychoice.Iwasassignedtobeateacheraswasthepracticeinourtime.ButsoonIbegantolikemyjob.

我不是自愿當(dāng)老師的。按照我們那個(gè)年代的慣例，我被分配去當(dāng)老師。但很快我就喜歡上了我的工作。2.YueFeididnotwithdrawhistroopsbychoice.Hewasforcedtodothatbytwelvesuccessiveimperialedicts.

撤軍并不是岳飛的本意。連續(xù)十二道詔令使他不得不這么做。TextAnalysis

Hewasnotthefirsttoinhabitsuchathing.Buthewasthefirstwhoeverdidsobychoice,outofprinciple.Moreexamplesoftheuseof“outof(principle)”:1.Outofprincipleyoushouldnotgivethecontracttoyourrelative’scompany.

出于原則，你不應(yīng)該把合同給你親戚的公司。2.Iopenedtheboxoutofcuriosityandfounditfilledwithgold.

我出于好奇打開盒子，發(fā)現(xiàn)里面裝滿了金子。3.Idecidedtovisithimoutofrespect.

出于敬意，我決定去拜訪他。4.

Shebegantolearnhowtocookoutofinterest,notoutofnecessity.

她開始學(xué)習(xí)做飯是出于興趣，而不是出于生活的需要。TextAnalysis

Buthetaughtchieflybyexample.Diogenesalsotaughtbytalkingtopeople,buthemainlytaughtbysettinganexampleforotherstolearnfrom.TextAnalysis

Livewithoutconventions,whichareartificialandfalse;escapecomplexitiesandextravagances:Onlysocanyouliveafreelife.Diogenesdespisedconventions.Hebelievedthemtobeartificialandfalse.convention:behaviorandattitudesthatmostpeopleinasocietyconsidertobenormalandrighte.g.1.Youngpeoplein1960srebelledagainstsocialconventions.

20世紀(jì)60年代的年輕人反抗社會(huì)習(xí)俗。2.“WheninRome,doastheRomansdo.”Remembertorespectlocalconventionswhenyouarevisitingforeigncountries.“入鄉(xiāng)隨俗?！碑?dāng)你到國(guó)外旅游時(shí)，記住要尊重當(dāng)?shù)氐牧?xí)俗。TextAnalysis

Livewithoutconventions,whichareartificialandfalse;escapecomplexitiesandextravagances:Onlysocanyouliveafreelife.Cf.1)habit:pickingone’snose;bitingone’snails;smoking;gettingupearly2)custom:usingchopsticks;wearingblackinmourning;expressinglovewithakiss3)tradition:respectingtheold;cherishingthefamily;eatingturkeyonThanksgiving;lovingpeace;alwaysreadytohelpothers4)convention:marriedwomentakingtheirhusbands’names;shakinghandswhenmeetingwithfriends;marryingwithinone’sreligion;wearingsuitandtieonformaloccasionsescapecomplexitiesandextravagances:avoidcomplexlivesandthingsthatarenotnecessary.TextAnalysis

elaborate:

carefullyworkedoutandfullofdetailse.g.elaboratefurniture/meal/plan/system/hairstyle

精心設(shè)計(jì)的家具/餐點(diǎn)/計(jì)劃/系統(tǒng)/發(fā)型TextAnalysis

Inordertoprocureaquantityoffalse,perishablegoodshehassoldtheonlytrue,lastinggood,hisownindependence.Inordertogetacertainamountofmaterialpropertyorworldlypossessionswhichactuallyhavenovalueandwillnotlast,hehasallowedhimselftobecontrolledbythesethingsandhasgivenawayhisownindependencewhichistheonlythingthatistrueandcanlast.Noticethattheauthorhereisdeliberatelyusingbusinesslanguagetoshowthatthegoodsdonotevenmakeanybusinesssense.TextAnalysis

Hislife’saimwascleartohim:Itwas“torestampthecurrency”:totakethecleanmetalofhumanlife,toerasetheoldfalseconventionalmarkings,andtoimprintitwithitstruevalues.Diogenesisusingtheanalogyof“torestampthecurrency”tomeanthechangeofhumanvalues.Humanlife,inhisopinion,islikecleanmetal,butmarkedwithfalsevalues,anditishisintentiontowipeoutthefalsemarkingsandprinttruevaluesonit.TextAnalysis

TheothergreatphilosophersofthefourthcenturyB.C.,