做題時(shí)1不要看見一個(gè)你覺得正確選項(xiàng)就直接了而去看別講稿

放置一個(gè)具有高度迷惑性的選項(xiàng)在正確選項(xiàng)前，這樣能驅(qū)使你去看每一個(gè)選項(xiàng)。CriticalReasoningBible放置一個(gè)具有高度迷惑性的選項(xiàng)在正確選項(xiàng)前，這樣能驅(qū)使你去看每一個(gè)選項(xiàng)。CriticalReasoningBibleChapter2&3BasicBasically,GMATcriticalreasoningstimulushastwotypes:anargumentorasetoffactualTodealwithstimulus,therearethreeMakeaquickanalysisofthetopicunderReadtheentirestimulusveryAnalyzethestructureoftheBasedonthesesteps,thereareseveralprimaryobjectiveswhenreadingObjective1:DeterminewhetherthestimuluscontainsanargumentoronlyasetoffactualDifference:Thelackofastrongreactionisoftenanindicationthatyouarenotreadinganargumentandareinsteadreadingjustasetoffacts.PremiseIndicators(前提標(biāo)志詞Because/since/for/forexample/forthereasonthat/asindicatedby/dueto/owingto/thiscanbeseenfrom/weknowthisby…ConclusionIndicators(結(jié)論標(biāo)志詞Thus/therefore/hence/consequently/asaresult/so/accordingly//mustbethat/showsthat/concludethat/followsthat/forthisN+.thus Nsince后面的都是前提，thuspremiseObjective2:Ifthestimuluscontainsanargument,identifytheconclusionofIfthestimuluscontainsafactsetexamineeachfact.最常見的迷惑形式：結(jié)論標(biāo)志詞，和前提標(biāo)志詞背對(duì)背Therefore,since..….,結(jié)論Thusbecause.…,Hence,dueto……..,結(jié)論Whenreading,alwaysbeawareofthepresenceofthewordslisted1一旦找到結(jié)論，必須馬上鎖1一旦找到結(jié)論，必須馬上鎖定。在確定結(jié)論之后才能看問題和選項(xiàng)如果原文中包含完整論證，找出結(jié)論；如果原文中只包含事實(shí)，仔細(xì)檢查每個(gè)事TheorganizationofanEachstimulusiscompromisedbyvariousparts:Premise,Conclusion,AdditionalPremise,Counter-Premiseandsoon.①Theconclusionisdrawnbasedonpremises(Maybeonepremiseoranumberofpremises).Soitiscrucialtorecognizewhatistheconclusionandwhatisthepremise.Theremayexistsomeconfusingformsintheargument.②AdditionalPremiseIndicators:Furthermore,Moreover,Besides,In附加前提標(biāo)志詞：Furthermore,Moreover,Besides,InSometimestheauthorwillmakeanargumentandthenforgoodmeasureaddanotherthatsupportstheconclusionbutissometimesnon-essentialtothe③Counter-PremiseIndicators:But,Yet,Ontheotherhand,Admittedly,Incontrast,Although,though,Whereas,Despite,Afterall,Thegeneralcounter-premiseconceptdiscussesanidealthatissomewaydifferentfromanotherpartoftheargument.But,byraisingcounter-premises,theauthorcanminimizetheobjectionsthatmayoccuragainsthis/herownconclusion.反對(duì)前提可以使對(duì)結(jié)論的反對(duì)意見程度變當(dāng)原文沒有只指示詞時(shí)，這時(shí)候假定一個(gè)句子是前提，另一個(gè)是結(jié)論，然后自己加上因果聯(lián)系詞，因?yàn)榍疤?，所以結(jié)論看看是否符合邏輯。如果不符合，那么就倒過來再④ComplexTheseargumentscontainmorethanoneconclusion.Intheseinstances,oneoftheconclusionsisthemainconclusion,andtheotherconclusionsaresubsidiaryconclusions.一個(gè)主結(jié)論和一個(gè)次結(jié)論，次結(jié)論作為主結(jié)論的前提，或者起到一個(gè)過渡或者推導(dǎo)的Sometimes,2opposingviewmayexistinoneargument.(SuchasConversationTheseargumentscontainwordssuchas“however,but”.Thedifferencebetweenargumentsandcounter-premiseindicatoristhefinalconclusionandthenumberof我們會(huì)在第十章看到的：一個(gè)常見 復(fù)雜論述的形式1.放置一個(gè)主結(jié)論在文章的第一句話放置一個(gè)次結(jié)在文章的最后一句話中，中間被一個(gè)結(jié)論指示詞隔開。這個(gè)形式將會(huì)誘導(dǎo)你去把第二個(gè)結(jié)論當(dāng)做主結(jié)論2發(fā)生在兩個(gè)說話人中，這樣出題人可以再問你多種多2發(fā)生在兩個(gè)說話人中，這樣出題人可以再問你多種多樣的的問題。OneImportantPrinciple:Orderofpresentationhasnoeffectonthelogicalstructureoftheargument.Theconclusioncanappearatthebeginning,themiddle,ortheendoftheObjective3:Ifthestimuluscontainsanargument,determinewhethertheargumentisorWhatiscrucialherearethehiddenassumptions.Thecontextofpremisesneverbetreatedasuntrue,butthelineofreasoningmaynotbevalid.So,thehiddenassumptionsplaycrucialroleinthelineofreasoning.Objective4:Readcloselyandknowpreciselywhattheauthorsaid.DonotPayattentiontoQuantityIndicators&ProbabilityQuantityIndicators：all,every.most,many,some,several,sole,only,notall,ProbabilityIndicators.must,will,always,notalways,probably,likely,would,necessarily,could，rarely,neverObjective5:Carefullyreadandidentifythequestionstem.Donotassumethatwordsareautomaticallyassociatedwithcertainquestion三大MUSTBE/一定為Mustbetrue/MostMainpoint/MainStrengthen/MethodofResolvetheFlawintheTwoAssumptions:Thingsthatareassumedtobetruebeforereachingtheconclusion.(Orwecansaythingsthatareassumedtobetrueinthelineofreasoning.)Inferences:Thingsthatmustbetrueonthebasisoftheargument.Thatisthingsthatcanandwillbedrawnbasedontheargumentgiven.*EvaluatetheArgumentHELPHURT第一FAMILY:MUSTBE/PROVE題正確選項(xiàng)中不得出現(xiàn)原文中沒有的新信Stimuls是被接受的，即使它含有推理的缺陷HELP*EvaluatetheArgumentHELPHURT第一FAMILY:MUSTBE/PROVE題正確選項(xiàng)中不得出現(xiàn)原文中沒有的新信Stimuls是被接受的，即使它含有推理的缺陷HELPHURTHELP**只有兩種類型的題目在原文中沒有結(jié)論：MUSTBETRUERESOLVETHE**Weaken,Mustbetrue,Assumption,Strengthen,MainPoint,MethodofReasoning,FlawintheReasoning,ParallelReasoning,EvaluatetheArgumentQuestion1.Mustbetrue/Most3.5.Resolvethe7.Methodof9.Parallel2.Main4.Strengthen/6.8.Flawinthe10.EvaluatetheAllquestiontypesarevariationsofthreemainquestion“families”,andeachfamilyiscomprisedquestiontypesthataresimilartoFamily#1:Family#2:Family#3:Type:1,2,7,8,Type:3,4,Type:AnswerChoice→AnswerChoice→Thearrowsrepresenttheflowofinformation:OnepartoftheproblemissimplyacceptedandotherpartisTheFirstTheSecondTheThird1.Youmustacceptthestimulusinformation-evenifitcontainsanerrorofreasoning-anduseittoprovethatoneoftheanswerchoicesmustbe1.Theinformationinthestimulusissuspect.Thereareoftenreasoningerrorspresent,anddependingonthequestion,youwillhelpshoreupargumentinsome1.Theinformationinthestimulussuspect.Thereareoftenreasonerrorpresent,andyouwillfurtweakentheargumentinsomeway.objective6:Prephase:Afterreadingthequestionstem,takeamomentobjective6:Prephase:Afterreadingthequestionstem,takeamomenttomentallyformulateyouranswertothequestionstem.stimulus的，而且會(huì)幫你快速排出錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)，通常情況下你預(yù)測(cè)的也是正確選項(xiàng)。Objective7:Alwaysreadeachofthefiveanswer5個(gè)選項(xiàng)都要看Objective8:SeparatetheanswerchoicesintoContendersandLosers.Aftercompletingthisprocess,reviewtheContendersanddecidewhichansweristhecorrect你迷惑的，或者有吸引里力的選項(xiàng)，分 loser。這樣可以平均每道邏輯題剩下30秒，不要小看這30秒。GMAT的一個(gè)真理是：littlethingsmakeabigdifferenceObjective9:IfallfiveanswerchoicesappeartobeLosers,returntothestimulusandre-evaluatetheargument.stimulusNoteta馬上拋之腦后，千萬不要去想，否則很容易使你分心，而且很可能會(huì)讓你做錯(cuò)下一道題，這就是GMAT的陷阱，這不僅是一個(gè)考能力的考試，還是一個(gè)考心理素質(zhì)的考試你不會(huì)的別人也不一定會(huì)，但別人不會(huì)你很可能會(huì)。永遠(yuǎn)記住這句Chapter4MustbeTrueOG:26.31,33,56,Youmustlockdowntheunderstandingrequiredofthisquestioncategory:whatdidyoureadinthestimulusandwhatdoyouknowonthebasisofthatreading?2.Anyinformationinananswerchoicethatdoesnotappeareitherdirectlyinthestimulusorasacombinationofitemsinthestimuluswillbeincorrect.2.Theanswerchoicesareacceptedasgiven,eveniftheyinclude“new”information.Yourtaskistodeterminewhichanswerchoicebestmeetsthequestionposedinthestem.2.Theanswerchoicesareacceptedgiven,eveniftheyinclude“neinformation.Yourtaskistodetermwhichanswerchoicebestattacksargumentinthestimulus.P.s.Oftenweseeinquestion“Theinformationabove,iftrue,P.s.Often,weseeinquestion“Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,…allmostmanycouldcanHighlyallmostmanycouldcanHighlyAttention:Numbers&Percentage,ProbabilityIndicators,Modifier(Differencesbetween“many,all,entirely,most,Youcannotbringininformationfromoutsidethestimulustoanswerthequestions;alloftheinformationnecessarytoanswerthequestionresidesinthestimulus.ThecorrectanswertoaMustBeTruequestioncanalwaysbeprovenbyreferringtothefactssatedintheCorrectAnswersinMustbeTrue1.ParaphrasedParaphrasedAnswersareanswersthatrestateaportionofthestimulusindifferentterms.Becausethelanguageisnotexactlythesameasinthestimulus,ParaphrasedAnswerscanbeeasytomiss.ParaphrasedAnswersaredesignedtotestyourabilitytodiscerntheauthor’sexactmeaning.Sometimestheanswercanappeartobealmosttooobvioussinceitisdrawndirectlyfromthestimulus.2.Answersthatarethesumoftwoormorestimulusstatement(CombinationAnyanswerchoicethatwouldresultfromcombiningtwoormorestatementsinthestimuluswillbecorrect.IncorrectAnswersinMustbeTrue1.CouldbeTrueorLikelytobeTrueTheseanswersareattractivebecausethereisnothingdemonstrablywrongwithinthem.Regardless,likeallincorrectanswers,theseanswersfailtheFactTest.2ExaggeratedAnswers(ExaggeratedAnswerstakeinformationfromthestimulusandthenstretchthatinformationtomakeabroadenstatementthatisnotsupportedbythestimulus.3.“New”InformationNewInformationAnswersincludeinformationnotexplicitlymentionedinthestimulus.Becarefulwiththeseanswers,becausesometimestheymaybecorrect:First,examinethescopeoftheargumenttomakesurethe“new”informationdoesnotfallwithinthesphereofatermorconceptinthestimulusThiscategoryofincorrectanswerisverybroad,andsomeofthetypesmentionedbelowwillfallunderthisgeneralideabutplaceanemphasisonaspecificaspectoftheanswers.Second,examinetheanswertomakesureitisnottheconsequenceSecond,examinetheanswertomakesureitisnottheconsequenceofcombiningstimulusstimulus4TheShellGame欺騙性選項(xiàng)Anideaorconceptisraisedinthestimulus,andthenaverysimilarideaappearsintheanswerchoice,buttheideaischangedjustenoughtobeincorrectbutstillattractive.nsrsTheOppositeAnswerprovidesananswerthatiscompletelyoppositeofthestatedfactsthe6TheReverseAnswer調(diào)換原文中的兩個(gè)詞的位置（ReverseTheReverseAnswerisattractivebecauseitcontainsfamiliarelementsfromthestimulus,butthereversedstatementisincorrectbecauseitrearrangesthoseelementstocreatenew,unsupported**factopinionSomeeconomistsclaim……stimulus，你可以排除掉那些做出一個(gè)淺薄Most，sometimesoftenmany,Chapter5MainPointOg:,ThecentraltruthofMainPointLikeallMustbeTrueQuestions,thecorrectanswermustpasstheFactTest,butwiththeadditionalcriterionthatthecorrectanswerchoicemustcapturetheauthor’spoint. Manypeoplehavesometypeofsecuritysystemintheirhomes.ReverseAnswer:Somepeoplehavemanytypesofsecuritysystemintheir1）Capturetheauthor’sconclusionwhenreading1）Capturetheauthor’sconclusionwhenreadingtheTwoincorrectanswerAnswersthataretruebutdonotencapsulatetheauthor’sAnswersthatrepeatpremisesofthe錯(cuò)誤Youmustisolatetheconclusionandthenlookforaparaphraseofthatconclusion.ManyMainPointquestionstimuliavoidusingtraditionalconclusionindicatorsandthislackofargumentindicator“guideposts”makesyourtaskmoreRemember,ifyouarestrugglingtoidentifytheconclusioninanargument,youalwaysusethemethodologyRecognizethedifferencesbetweenMainPointandMustBeTrueThemainpointoftheargumentaboveisWhichoneofthefollowingmostaccuratelyexpressestheeditor’sWhichofthefollowingbestsummarizestheconclusionoftheTheauthorhopestoprovewhichoftheTheargumentseemstoleaduptowhichoftheWhichofthefollowingistheauthor’smainMustBeTruequestionstemsappearinavarietyofformats,butoneorbothofthefeaturesdescribedbelowappearconsistently:1.Thestemoftenindicatestheinformationinthestimulusshouldbetakenastrue,PromptforMain 題干中已經(jīng)存在結(jié)論，選項(xiàng)只是重述結(jié)論 邏輯含義是，面那選項(xiàng)將很好的描述作者的觀點(diǎn)，作者的觀ConclusionIdentificationTakethestatementsunderconsiderationfortheconclusionandplacetheminanarrangementthatforcesonetobetheconclusionandtheother(s)tobethepremise(s).Usepremiseandconclusionindicatorstoachievethisend.Oncethepiecesarearranged,determineifthearrangementmakeslogicalsense.Ifso,youhavemadethecorrectidentification.Ifnot,reversethearrangementandexaminetherelationshipagain.Continueuntilyoufindanarrangementthatislogical.“Ifthestatementsabovearetrue...”“Thestatementsabove,iftrue...”“Ifthestatementsabovearetrue...”“Thestatementsabove,iftrue...”“IftheinformationaboveisThistypeofphrasehelpsindicatethatyouaredealingwithaFirstFamilyquestion2.Thestemasksyoutoidentifyasingleanswerchoicethatisprovenorsupported,as“...whichoneofthefollowingmustalsobe“...whichoneofthefollowingconclusionscanbeproperlydrawnonthebasisofit?”“...moststronglysupportwhichoneofthefollowing?”“WhichoneofthefollowingcanbeproperlyIneachcase,thequestionstemindicatesthatoneoftheanswerchoicesisprovenbytheinformationinthestimulus.原文本沒有結(jié)論，這里選項(xiàng)中有可能是事PromptforMustBe讓你自己歸納作者的觀點(diǎn)“Ifthestatementsabovearetrue,whichoneofthefollowingmustalsobetrue?”“Iftheinformationaboveiscorrect,whichoneofthefollowingconclusionscanbeproperlydrawnonthebasisofit?”“Thestatementsabove,iftrue,moststronglysupportwhichoneofthefollowing?”“Whichoneofthefollowingcanbeproperlyinferredfromthepassage?”“WhichoneofthefollowingismoststronglysupportedbytheinformationChapter6WeakenInadditiontothePrimaryObjectives,keepthefollowingrulesinmindwhenapproachingWeakenQuestions:1Thestimuluswillcontainanargumentweaken題原文中必須出現(xiàn)結(jié)論，因此判Becauseyouareaskedtoweakentheauthor’sreasoning,andreasoningrequiresaconclusion,anargumentwillalwaysbepresent.Inordertomaximizeyourchancesofsuccess,youmustidentify,isolate,andassessthepremisesandtheconclusionoftheargument.Onlybyunderstandingthestructureoftheargumentcanyougaintheperspectivenecessarytoattacktheauthor’s2Focusontheconclusion.AlmostallcorrectWeakenanswerchoicesimpacttheconclusion.Themoreyouknowaboutthespecificsoftheconclusion,thebetterarmedyouwillbetodifferentiatebetweencorrectandincorrectanswers.3Theinformationinthestimulusissuspect.Thereareoftenreasoningerrorspresent,andyoumustreadtheargumentvery也有可能是結(jié)論；不同于mainpoint，這里讓你自己歸納作者的觀點(diǎn)；邏輯含義是，下面哪個(gè)‘事實(shí)’或者‘結(jié)論’被上面的信息所支持 有可能4Weakenquestionsoftenyieldstrong4WeakenquestionsoftenyieldstrongprephraseWeaken題經(jīng)常需要用到預(yù)測(cè)Besuretoactivelyconsidertherangeofpossibleanswersbeforeproceedingtoanswer5.Theanswerchoicesareacceptedasgiven,eveniftheyinclude“newinformation.要默認(rèn)UnlikeMustbeTrueQuestions,Weakenanswerchoicescanbringintoconsiderationinformationoutsideofortangentialtothestimulus.Justbecauseafactorideaisnotmentionedinthestimulusisnotgroundsfordismissingananswerchoice.YourprimarytaskistowhichanswerchoicebestattackstheargumentintheAnswersthatweakentheargument’sconclusionwillattackassumptionsmadebytheauthor.Typically,theauthorwillfailtoconsiderotherpossibilitiesorleaveoutakeypieceofinformation.Inthissense,theauthorassumesthattheseelementsdonotexistheorshemakestheconclusion,andifyouseeagaporholeintheargument,considerthatthecorrectmightattackthisThreeincorrectanswer1.OppositeWeaken2．ShellGameweaken3.OutofScopeCommonWeakeningScenariosweakenIncompleteInformationTheauthorfailstoconsiderallofthepossibilities,orreliesuponevidencethatisincomplete.Thisflawcanbeattackedbybringingupnewpossibilitiesorinformation.ImproperComparisonFalseanalogy:Theauthorattemptstocomparetwoormoreitemsthatareessentially Theauthorqualifiesorlimitstheconclusioninsuchawayastoleavetheargumentopento**E!!4個(gè)選項(xiàng)都猶豫不決時(shí)，E**E!!4個(gè)選項(xiàng)都猶豫不決時(shí)，EWeakenFamily3:AnswerChoice→OG:1，15,23,30,35,36,40,45,60,argumentHowtoweakenan1.the2the正選的形式一般是，體現(xiàn)出結(jié)論沒有考慮到一些因素和可能性正確的weaken攻擊了原文中隱含的假設(shè)或者邏輯鏈。即一個(gè)可以攻擊的邏輯鏈必然包含了些錯(cuò)誤的假設(shè)，一些可能性沒有考慮的，找到這樣的GAP或者漏洞攻擊即可Aor1.Primary①Carefullyreadthestimulus,findtheargument,andpayattentiontothe②Focusontheconclusion(Thespecificsoftheconclusion),andusethearrowtodrawthelineofreasoning③PrephasethestimulusbyfindingtheGAP:Activelyinvolvedinevery④Accepttheanswersasthewaytheyaregiven,eveniftheyinclude“new”information.Choosetheanswerthatmayforcetheauthortomakeresponsetowardsyouranswer2.Theincorrectanswer①OppositeAnswers:Neverforgetthatyouaremeanttoweakenthe②ShellGameAnswers:PayattentiontothespecificsoftheIftheyaskyouabout“Schooldropouts”,neverchoosetheanswerconcerning“Schoolgraduates”.Likewise,iftheyaskyouabout“塑料怎么會(huì)讓動(dòng)物窒息”,neverchoosetheanswerconcerning“動(dòng)物吃了塑料會(huì)中毒”(Meetandrecitewords.)③OutofScopeAnswers:Again,③OutofScopeAnswers:Again,payattentiontothespecificsofthe3.Typesof①Premise&Conclusion(Nocause&effectreasoning)Findtheanswerchoicethatdirectlyweakenstheconclusion.(TheanswerchoicenotbeprinciplesbutSub-IncompleteInformation(LikeCause&EffectTheauthorfailstoconsiderallofthepossibilities,orreliesuponevidencethatisincomplete.Thisflawcanbeattackedbybringingupnewpossibilitiesorinformation.ImproperTheauthorattemptstocomparetwoormoreitemsthatareessentiallyC)QualifiedTheauthorqualifiesorlimitstheconclusioninsuchawayastoleavetheargumentopentoattack.②Premise→Conclusion(CauseandEffectUsethearrowtodiagramthelineofreasoning.Usetheprephasedanswertofindtheexactcorrectanswer.TypicalwaystoattackaCausalA)FindanalternatecauseforthestatedHumanbeingshavecognitivefacultiesthataresuperiortothoseofotheranimals,andoncehumansbecomeawareofthese,theycannotbemadehappybyanythingthatdoesnotinvolvegratificationofthesefaculties.Whichoneofthefollowingstatements,iftrue,mostcallsintoquestiontheviewCertainanimals-dolphinsandchimpanzees,forexample-appeartobecapableofrationalManypeoplefamiliarbothwithintellectualstimulationandwithphysicalpleasuresenjoythelatterone.SomewhoneverexperiencedclassicalmusicasachildwillusuallypreferpopularmusicasanManypeoplewhoareseriousathletesconsiderthemselvestobeManypeoplewhoareseriousathleteslovegourmetShowthatevenShowthatevenwhenthecauseoccurs,theeffectdoesnotoccurShowthatalthoughtheeffectoccurs,thecausedidnotoccurShowthatthestatedrelationshipisShowthatastatisticalproblemexistswiththedatausedtomakethecausal4.Final①Carefullyreadthestimulusandanswerchoices.Payattentiontothespecificsoftheconclusion,andclassifyanswerchoicestoContendersandLosers.②Prephaseanswer.Ifthestimuluscontainscauseandeffectreasoning,usethearrowtodrawit.③Trytofigureouttheunderlineprinciplesineveryexamplethatexistsasananswerchoice.Donotgeneralize.④BeconfidenttoyourselfandpayattentiontotimeChapter7CauseandEffect**Causeand若結(jié)論中出現(xiàn)XX導(dǎo)致了XX，即結(jié)論中出現(xiàn)因果關(guān)系，則結(jié)論一定有因XXXX出現(xiàn)在前提中，則結(jié)論可能是錯(cuò)的。假如1.Mostcausalconclusionsareflawedbecausetherecanbealternativeexplanationsthestated①Anothercausecouldaccountforthe②Athirdeventcouldhavecausedboththestatedcauseand③Thesituationmayinfactbe④Theeventsmayberelatedbutnot⑤Entireoccurrencecouldbetheresultof2.CausalityintheConclusionversusCausalityintheCasualstatementscanbefoundinthepremisesorconclusionofanargument.Ifthecausalstatementistheconclusion,thenthereasoningisflawed.Ifthecausalstatementispremise,thentheargumentmaybeflawed,butnotbecauseofthecausalThisisanargumentwithaPremise:InNorthAmerica,peopledrinkalotofPremise:ThereisahighfrequencyofcancerinNorthConclusion:Therefore,drinkingmilkcausesConclusion:Therefore,drinkingmilkcausesIfacausalclaimismadeinthepremises,however,thennocausalreasoningerrorexistsinargument.(Ofcourse,theargumentmaybeflawedinotherways.)Asmentionedpreviously,themakersoftheGMATtendtoallowpremisestogounchallengedanditisconsideredacceptableforanauthortobeginhisargumentbystatingacausalrelationshipandthencontinuingfromPremise:DrinkingmilkcausesPremise:TheresidentsofNorthAmericadrinkalotofConclusion:Therefore,inNorthAmericathereisahighfrequencyofcanceramongthe3.Situationsthatcanleadtoerrorsof①Oneeventoccursbefore②Two(ormore)eventsoccuratthesameGMAT總是認(rèn)為，這個(gè)起因是唯一的起因，4.HowtoattackaCausal①FindanalternatecauseforthestatedeffectBecausetheauthorbelievesthatthereisonlyonecause,identifyinganothercauseweakenstheconclusion.②Showthatevenwhenthecauseoccurs,theeffectdoesnotoccurThistypeofansweroftenappearsintheformofcounterexample.Becausetheauthorbelievesthatthecausealwaysproducestheeffect,anyscenariowherethecauseoccursandtheeffectdoesnotweakenstheconclusion.③Showthatalthoughtheeffectoccurs,thecausedidnotoccur表明雖然結(jié)果發(fā)生，但是原因沒有發(fā)生有果無因Thistypeofansweroftenappearsintheformofcounterexample.Becausethebelievesthattheeffectisalwaysproducedbythesamecause,anyscenariowheretheeffectoccursandthecausedoesnotweakenstheargument.④ShowthatthestatedrelationshipisreversedBecausetheauthorbelievesthatBecausetheauthorbelievesthatthecauseandeffectrelationshipiscorrectlyshowingthattherelationshipisbackwardsunderminesthe⑤Showthatastatisticalproblemexistswiththedatausedtomakethecausal補(bǔ)充:Conditional(ConditionalReasoning在LSATLogicalReasoning中提及，但沒有在GMATCritical中被提及ConditionalReasoningAsufficientconditioncanbedefinedasaneventorcircumstancewhoseoccurrenceindicatesthatanecessaryconditionmustalsooccur.Anecessaryconditioncanbedefinedasaneventorcircumstancewhoseoccurrenceisrequiredinorderforasufficientconditiontooccur.TointroduceaPeoplewhoInordertoTointroduceanecessaryOnlyifAsprovenbythediscussionofthepreviousproblem,thereisasimpleruleforweakeningaconditionalconclusion:Toweakenaconditionalconclusion,attackthenecessaryconditionbyshowingthenecessaryconditiondoesnotneedtooccurinorderforthesufficientconditiontooccur.ThiscanbeachievedbypresentingacounterexampleorbypresentinginformationthatshowsthatthesufficientconditioncanoccurwithoutthenecessaryThisleadstoanotherClassicWhenyouhaveconditionalreasoninginthestimulusandaWeakenquestion,immediatelylookforananswerthatattacksthenecessarycondition.引申Lawyer的條件型結(jié)論：結(jié)論帶條件（即為充分必要。WEAKEN的方法顯示充分條件成立，必要條件可以不成立?；蚺e反例，或提供有關(guān)信息。就是要為充分條件找到成立的另一理由，即使沒有必要條件，充分條件也可以成立。但是不要很多迷惑項(xiàng)是weaken充分條件。很多迷惑項(xiàng)是weaken充分條件。題目要weaken的是B→Aweaken了那完全不起作，Chapter8StrengthenandAssumption6,11,13,14，21,25,32,42,51,53,65,67,68,82,94,100 ,107,109,113,115,119,121InadditiontothePrimaryObjective,keepthesefundamentalrulesinmindwhenapproachingStrengthen&Assumptionquestions:1.Thestimuluswillcontainanargument.Sinceyouarebeingaskedabouttheauthor’sreasoning,andreasoningrequiresaconclusion,anargumentwillalwaysbepresent.Inordertomaximizeyourchanceofsuccess,youshouldidentify,isolate,andassessthepremisesandtheconclusionoftheargument.Onlybyunderstandingthestructureoftheargumentcanyougaintheperspectivenecessarytounderstandtheauthor’s2.Focusontheconclusion.Almostallcorrectanswerchoicesimpacttheconclusion.moreyouknowaboutthespecificsoftheconclusion,thebetterarmedyouwillbetodifferentiatethecorrectandincorrectanswers.3.Theinformationinthestimulusissuspect.Thereareoftenreasoningerrorpresent,youmustreadtheargumentverycarefullyinordertoknowhowtoshoreupthe4.Thesequestionsoftenyieldstrongprephases.Makesureyouactivelyconsidertheofpossibleanswersbeforeproceedingtotheanswer5.Theanswerchoicesareacceptasgiven,eveniftheyinclude“new”information.LikeWeakenQuestions,theanswerchoicestotheproblemsinthischaptercanbringintoconsiderationinformationoutsideofortangentialtothestimulus.JustbecauseafactorideaisnotmentionedinthestimulusisnotgroundsfordismissingananswerThedifferencebetweenStrengthen&AssumptionStrengthenQuestionsaskyoutosupporttheargumentinanywaypossible.Thistypeofanswerhasgreatrange,astheadditionalsupportprovidedbytheanswerchoicecouldberelativelyminorormajor.Speakinginnumericalterms,anyanswerchoicethatstrengthenstheargument,whetherby1%or100%,iscorrect.AssumptionQuestionsaskyoutoidentifyastatementthattheargumentassumessupposes.Anassumptionissimplyanunstatedpremise-whatmustbetrueinordertheargumenttobetrue.Anassumptioncantheargumenttobetrue.Anassumptioncanthereforebedefinedassomethingthatisnecessaryfortheargumenttobetrue.AssumptionsupportStrengthenThecorrectanswerchoicedoesnotnecessarilyjustifytheargument,noristhecorrectanswerchoicenecessarilyanassumptionoftheargument.Thecorrectanswerchoicesimplyhelpstheargumentinsomeway.Howtostrengthenan1.Identifytheconclusion:Thisiswhatyouaretryingto2Personalizethe 3Lookforweaknessesintheargument.GAP4.Argumentscontainanalogiesorusesurveysrelyuponthevalidityofthoseanalogiesandsurveys.Answerchoicesthatstrengthentheanalogyorsurvey,orestablishtheirsoundness,areusuallycorrect.Argumentargument5.Rememberthatthecorrectanswercanstrengthentheargumentjustalittleoralot.Thisvariationiswhatmakesthesequestionsdifficult.argumentThreeIncorrectAnswer1.OppositeWeakenargument因?yàn)檫@個(gè)選項(xiàng)和結(jié)論有著直接的關(guān)系，所以顯得非常誘人，預(yù)判選Ifyouseeaweaknessorflawintheargument,lookforananswerthateliminatestheweakness.Inotherwords,closeanygaporholeintheargument.ManyStrengthenquestionsrequirestudentstofindthemissinglinkbetweenapremiseandtheconclusion.Thesemissinglinksareassumptionsmadebytheauthor,andbringinganassumptiontolightstrengthenstheargumentbecauseitvalidatespartoftheauthor’sthinking.ThisideawillbediscussedfurtherintheAssumptionsectionofthechapter.Whenevaluatingananswer,askyourself,“Wouldthisanswerchoiceassisttheauthorinway?”Ifso,youhavethecorrectShellGameOutShellGameOutofScopeCausalityandStrengthenInstrengthenquestions,supportingacauseandeffectrelationshipalmostalwaysconsistsofperformingoneofthefollowingtasks:1.Eliminateanyalternatecausesforthestated排除他消除其他原因的可能性也是一種加Becausetheauthorbelievesthereisonlyonecause(thestatedcauseinargument),eliminatingotherpossiblecausesstrengthensthe2.Showthatwhenthecauseoccurs,theeffectoccurs.(Thistypeofanswercanappearintheformofanexample.)有因必有果這個(gè)類型常以一個(gè)例子的形式出Becausetheauthorbelievesthatthecausealwaysproducestheeffect,anywherethecauseoccursandtheeffectfollowslendscredibilitytotheconclusion.Thistypeofanswercanappearintheformofaexample.3.Showthatwhenthecausedoesnotoccur,theeffectdoesnot無因無果作者這個(gè)因必然會(huì)導(dǎo)致這個(gè)結(jié)果。選項(xiàng)如果這個(gè)原因不發(fā)生么結(jié)果也一定不發(fā)生。支持結(jié)論；og上蝙蝠那道題；Usingthereasoninginthepreviouspoint,anyscenariowherethecausedoesnotandtheeffectdoesnotoccursupportstheconclusion.Thistypeofansweralsocanappearintheformofanexample.4.Eliminatethepossibilitythatthestatedrelationshipis因果不顛倒。消除因果倒置的可能性Becausetheauthorbelievesthatthecauseandeffectrelationshipiscorrectlystated,eliminatingthepossibilitythattherelationshipisbackwards(theclaimedeffectisactuallythecauseoftheclaimedcause)strengthensthe5.Showthatthedatausedtomakethecausalstatementareaccurate,oreliminatethepossibleproblemswiththedata.證明（消除數(shù)據(jù)存在的問題Ifthedatausedtomakeacausalstatementisinerror,thenthevalidityoftheclaimisinquestion.Anyinformationthateliminateserrororreducesthepossibilityoferrorwillsupporttheargument.JustifytheConclusionToJustifytheConclusionTosolvethistypeofquestion,applytheJustifyFormula:Premises+Answerchoice=ConclusionMostJustifytheConclusionquestionstemstypicallycontainsomeofthefollowingthreeThestemusestheword“if”oranothersufficientconditionThestemusesthephrase“allowstheconclusiontobeproperlydrawn”or“enablestheconclusiontobeproperlydrawn.”ThestemdoesnotlessenthedegreeofBecauselogicallyprovinganargumentisadifficulttaskthatrequires100%certainty,onlycertaintypesofargumentationtendtoappearinJustifystim