中考英語(yǔ)沖刺復(fù)習(xí)：閱讀理解技巧知識(shí)講解、鞏固練習(xí)

PAGE中考英語(yǔ)沖刺復(fù)習(xí)：閱讀理解技巧考試要求1.考查學(xué)生理解短文的主旨和主題要義能力；2.理解短文具體信息（包括圖文轉(zhuǎn)換的信息）的能力；3.根據(jù)短文上下情景猜測(cè)單詞的能力；4.根據(jù)短文的內(nèi)容判斷和推理能力；5.理解作者的意圖和態(tài)度的能力?？v觀全國(guó)各地中考試卷，中考閱讀理解考試題的比例在整個(gè)試卷占了很大的比例，閱讀理解的成績(jī)直接決定學(xué)生能否在中考中取得優(yōu)秀成績(jī)。中考閱讀短文的題材除了選一些通俗易懂的文學(xué)作品和故事體裁的小短文，還經(jīng)常選用一些富有時(shí)代鮮明特征、實(shí)用性比較強(qiáng)的語(yǔ)言材料。例如：報(bào)刊雜志的文章、使用說(shuō)明書(shū)、招貼告示、廣告和各種各類(lèi)圖表。選擇這些材料不僅能夠提高測(cè)試的真實(shí)性，還能展示目標(biāo)語(yǔ)言在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的真實(shí)運(yùn)用來(lái)激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的興趣。1.閱讀理解的題型：近幾年中考試卷的閱讀理解測(cè)試題主要有選擇型測(cè)試題、判斷正誤型測(cè)試題和任務(wù)型測(cè)試題三種形式。根據(jù)閱讀理解的題干部分可以分為以下幾種測(cè)試題型：（1）理解主旨大意題：考查學(xué)生對(duì)于文章的中心思想或全文梗概的領(lǐng)會(huì)、理解和概括能力。我們可以通過(guò)“略讀－skimming”來(lái)獲取文章或者段落的主題和主旨大意。在略讀時(shí)要注意尋找主題句（topicsentence）以幫助理解文章的主題和了解文章的大意。有一些同學(xué)可能認(rèn)為沒(méi)有仔細(xì)閱讀文章的細(xì)節(jié)而感覺(jué)不太放心，其實(shí)沒(méi)有必要擔(dān)心，因?yàn)槲覀兞私獾奈恼碌拇笠庖院?，然后?duì)文章做仔細(xì)閱讀，比較難的短文理解起來(lái)就容易多了。略讀時(shí)應(yīng)該注意：主題句一般是短文第一個(gè)句子或者最后一個(gè)句子，偶爾位于段落的中間；每一段的主題句一般也是在每段的第一、二個(gè)句子或者最后一個(gè)句子。其次作者提供其寫(xiě)作意圖，如：提供信息、描述人物、事物或者事件、討論問(wèn)題、說(shuō)服某人、提出建議或者對(duì)兩種觀點(diǎn)或者事件進(jìn)行比較。而其他的句子是對(duì)主題句的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展及說(shuō)明性的例子，有時(shí)是為主題句提供時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或者原因等背景。主旨大意題常見(jiàn)的設(shè)問(wèn)方式如下：1)What’sthemainideaofthispassage?2)Whatdoesthepassagemainlytellus?3)Thewritermeanstotellusthat______.4)Fromthepassage,wecanlearn/conclude______.5)What’sthebesttitleforthepassage?（2）具體細(xì)節(jié)理解題:考查對(duì)事實(shí)或者細(xì)節(jié)的理解和辨別，即考查短文中直接或間接提到的具體信息的細(xì)節(jié)及線索。對(duì)于這種閱讀理解題，需要仔細(xì)比較所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，找出語(yǔ)言表達(dá)差別的關(guān)鍵詞來(lái)重點(diǎn)思考。做這種考試題我們一般用“掃讀Scanning”來(lái)從短文中尋找答案。掃讀是有目的地在短文中為尋找某一個(gè)具體的信息或者細(xì)節(jié)而進(jìn)行的搜索性閱讀。特別是尋找人名、地名、時(shí)間或者某一個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞。找到這個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞時(shí)要進(jìn)行局部地細(xì)心地閱讀，以保證所尋找的答案在此處。為了保證掃讀的有效性，在掃讀之前必須認(rèn)真審題，因?yàn)閷忣}的過(guò)程就是明確閱讀目的的過(guò)程。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，這種閱讀理解測(cè)試題的答案是比較好找的。只要同學(xué)們仔細(xì)閱讀，認(rèn)真比較，把握準(zhǔn)確的信息，是容易找到準(zhǔn)確答案的。（3）根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)詞義題：這種閱讀理解測(cè)試題是對(duì)短文中某一個(gè)句子中的某一個(gè)超綱的單詞或者短語(yǔ)畫(huà)線，讓考生猜其漢語(yǔ)意思或者英語(yǔ)解釋意義。短文中出現(xiàn)的超綱詞或者短語(yǔ)要求學(xué)生在讀懂短文的內(nèi)容，理解短文的大概意思的基礎(chǔ)上并且根據(jù)短文上下文的意思和情景進(jìn)行猜測(cè)和推斷。一般來(lái)說(shuō)這些詞匯是比較難或者是同學(xué)們沒(méi)有學(xué)過(guò)的。如果同學(xué)們的詞匯量比較大，那么解決這種閱讀理解測(cè)試題就有很大的優(yōu)勢(shì)。但是如果能夠理解短文的內(nèi)容和意思，通過(guò)上下句子和情景進(jìn)行合理的猜測(cè)，其正確率還是比較高的。猜測(cè)單詞的一些方法：1）首先要保持冷靜，迅速判斷。如果是對(duì)上下文理解影響不大的詞，就不要停留，繼續(xù)讀下去。如果是影響理解的詞，尤其是劃線的詞，就要運(yùn)用猜測(cè)單詞的技巧來(lái)猜測(cè)單詞的意思。2）如果是but連接前后兩個(gè)句子，那么其意思是表示轉(zhuǎn)折，后面句子的畫(huà)線單詞表示的意思可能和前面的句子的意思是相反的。3）如果是and連接前后兩個(gè)句子，那么后面句子的畫(huà)線單詞的意思可能和前面句子的意思一致。4）注意下文，有時(shí)后面的句子或在下文中可能解釋這個(gè)單詞的意義。5）有時(shí)即使猜測(cè)不出來(lái)單詞的具體意思也不要緊，只需要了解這個(gè)單詞是表示積極的還是消極的意思。通過(guò)辨認(rèn)這個(gè)單詞的位置來(lái)確定它是動(dòng)詞、形容詞還是副詞，然后從選項(xiàng)中選擇。實(shí)例說(shuō)明：TheSydneyOperaHouseisaveryfamousbuildingintheworld.IthasbecomeSydney'sbest-knownlandmarkandinternationalsymbol.TheOperaHousewitha“sailingroof”wasdesignedbyafamousDanisharchitect(丹麥建筑師),Utzon.Thebaseforthebuildingwasstartedin1959,yearsbeforethedesignswerefinished.UtzonspentfouryearsdesigningtheOperaHouse.In1962,thedesignswerefinalized(定稿)andtheconstructionbegan.In1967,theystartedthedecorationinside.Ittook14yearsintotaltobuildtheOperaHouse.QueenElizabethIIofficiallyopeneditonOctober20th,1973.TheSydneyOperaHousecostaround＄100millionandwaspaidforbythepublic.6,225squaremetersofglasswasusedtobuildit.TheOperaHouseincludes1,000rooms.Itis185meterslongand120meterswide.Thebuilding’sroofsectionsweighabout15tons.Eachyear,thisfantasticbuildingattracts200,000touriststocomeforavisitorenjoyeventsinit.TheOperaHousereachesoutintotheharbour(港灣).Itisamazingandunforgettable,offeringpeopleastrongsenseofbeauty.1.ThedesigneroftheSydneyOperaHousewasfrom_________.A.AmericaB.AustraliaC.EnglandD.Denmark2.BuildingtheSydneyOperaHouselasted__________.A.from1959to1973B.from1962to1973C.from1959to1967D.from1962to19673.Theunderlinedword"construction"means__________inChinese.A.創(chuàng)立B.設(shè)計(jì)C.施工D.竣工4.__________paidforthecostofthebuildingoftheSydneyOperaHouse.A.UtzonB.ThepublicC.QueenElizabethIID.Thegovernment5.Whichisthebesttitleforthepassage?A.SailingRoofB.TravellinginSydneyC.TheSydneyOperaHouseD.TheOpeningoftheOperaHouse【解析】1．D。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“TheOperaHousewitha‘sailingroof’wasdesignedbyafamousDanisharchitect(丹麥建筑師),Utzon”可知，悉尼歌劇院是一個(gè)丹麥的建筑師設(shè)計(jì)的。所以，悉尼歌劇院的設(shè)計(jì)得來(lái)自丹麥。故選D。2．A。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Thebaseforthebuildingwasstartedin1959”以及“Ittook14yearsintotaltobuildtheOperaHouse…October20th,1973.”可知，悉尼歌劇院的建設(shè)從1959年持續(xù)到1973年。故選A。3．C。詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)上文可知，設(shè)計(jì)已經(jīng)定稿，因此下一步必然是施工，由此“construction”在此處具有“施工”的含義。故選C。4．B。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“TheSydneyOperaHousecostaround＄100millionandwaspaidforbythepublic.”可知，悉尼歌劇院的建設(shè)費(fèi)用完全來(lái)自于公共開(kāi)支。5．D。主旨大意題。本文主要介紹了悉尼歌劇院的設(shè)計(jì)、規(guī)模等，都是圍繞悉尼歌劇院而寫(xiě)的。因此“TheSydneyOperaHouse”是最好的標(biāo)題。（4）簡(jiǎn)單的推理判斷題：考查學(xué)生根據(jù)短文的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的判斷或推理的能力。中考閱讀理解不僅要讀懂一個(gè)個(gè)的句子，而且要理解這些句子之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系。如果上下文之間存在未充分表達(dá)的內(nèi)容，學(xué)生就應(yīng)該充分激活頭腦中的知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，根據(jù)字面意思和句子的意思，通過(guò)語(yǔ)篇邏輯關(guān)系來(lái)研究細(xì)節(jié)的暗示、推敲作者的態(tài)度、理解文章的寓意。這就是我們平時(shí)所說(shuō)的深層理解。深層理解是一種創(chuàng)造性的思維活動(dòng)。它必須忠于原文，要以文章提供的事實(shí)和線索為依據(jù)，立足已知的知識(shí)來(lái)推斷未知的知識(shí)，不能憑空想象、隨意推測(cè)；它要求考生對(duì)文章的表面信息進(jìn)行分析、挖掘和邏輯推理，不能就事論事，以偏概全。只有吃透文章的字面意思，才能有推理的前提和基礎(chǔ)。判斷推理題常見(jiàn)的設(shè)問(wèn)方式：1)Itcanbeinferred/concludedthat＿＿＿.2)Whichofthefollowingconclusionscanwedrawaccordingtothepassage?3Thewritersuggeststhat＿＿＿.4Thewriterprobablyfeelsthat＿＿＿.5Fromthepassage,wecansee＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.實(shí)例說(shuō)明：TakeaclassatDulangkouSchool,andyou’llseelotsofthingsdifferentfromotherschools.Youcanseethedesksarenotinrowsandstudentssitingroups.Theyputtheirdeskstogethersothey’refacingeachother.Howcantheyseetheblackboard?Therearethreeblackboardsonthethreewallsoftheclassroom!Theschoolcallsthenewwayoflearning“Tuantuanzuo”,meaningsittingingroups.WeiLiying,aJuniorteacher,saiditwastogivestudentsmorechancetocommunicate.Eachgrouphasfiveorsixstudents,accordingtoWei,andtheyplaydifferentroles(角色).Thereisateamleaderwhotakescareofthewholegroup.Thereisa“studyleader”whomakessurethateveryonefinishestheirhomework.Andthereisadiscipline(紀(jì)律)leaderwhomakessurethatnobodychatsinclass.WangLinisateamleader.The15-year-oldsaidthathavingtodealwithsomanythingswastiring.“Ijustlookedaftermyownbusinessbefore,”saidWang.“ButnowIhavetothinkaboutmyfivegroupmembers.”ButWanghasgotusedtoitandcanseethebenefits(好處)now.“Iusedtospeaktoolittle.Butbeingateamleadermeansyouhavetotalkalot.Youcouldevencallmeanexcellentspeakertoday.”ZhangQi,16,wasweakinEnglish.Sheusedtogetabout70inEnglishtests.Butinarecenttest,Zhanggotagradeofmorethan80.“Irarely（很少）askedotherswhenIhadproblemswithmyEnglish.ButnowIcanasktheteamleaderorstudyleader.Theyarereallyhelpful.”Wecantellfromthestorythatsomestudents__________thisnewwayoflearning.A.getbenefitsfromB.aretiredofC.cannotgetusedtoD.hate【解析】：A。寫(xiě)作意圖推斷題。從短文的作者寫(xiě)作意圖可以判斷作者是告訴人們杜朗口中學(xué)的學(xué)生從這種新的教學(xué)方法中得到益處。所以選擇A。2.閱讀理解的解題技巧：（1）事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題的方法和技巧：1）詳讀細(xì)節(jié)，理順?biāo)悸放c文章脈絡(luò)。文章絕不是互不相干的句子雜亂無(wú)章的堆砌。作者為文，有脈可循。如記敘文多以人物為中心，以時(shí)間或空間為線索，按事件的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、結(jié)局展開(kāi)故事；論述題則包含論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)、結(jié)論三大要素，通過(guò)解釋、舉例來(lái)闡述觀點(diǎn)?？筛鶕?jù)文章的特點(diǎn)，詳讀細(xì)節(jié)，以動(dòng)詞、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、事件、因果等為線索，找出關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)，運(yùn)用“畫(huà)圖列表法”，勾畫(huà)出一幅完整清晰的文章主題和細(xì)節(jié)的認(rèn)知圖。2）抓住文章的脈絡(luò)和每一段中心，后面都是圍繞這個(gè)中心展開(kāi)分析，把握了文章的脈絡(luò)后，相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)定位就比較方便，解答細(xì)節(jié)題和主旨題就很方便了。3）學(xué)會(huì)瞻前顧后和左顧右盼方法來(lái)理解細(xì)節(jié)題目，也就是從短文的上下聯(lián)系來(lái)找到解決問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵細(xì)節(jié)。4）注意引出細(xì)節(jié)的信息詞，如：forexample,anexampleof,themostimportantexample,first,second,next,then,last,finally,tobeginwith,also,besides等。（2）推理判斷題的方法和技巧：閱讀理解題中難度最大且出現(xiàn)頻率很高的是推理判斷題，這種題要求考生根據(jù)文章中出現(xiàn)的暗示，抓住內(nèi)含語(yǔ)義，用邏輯思維的方法加以整理，然后做出合理的判斷。推理的方法大致可分為：簡(jiǎn)單推理和復(fù)雜推理。1）簡(jiǎn)單推理所謂簡(jiǎn)單推理就是以表面文字為前提，以具體事實(shí)為依據(jù)進(jìn)行推理，做出判斷。這種推理方式比較直接，只要弄清事實(shí)，即可結(jié)合常識(shí)推斷出合理的結(jié)論。2）復(fù)雜推理復(fù)雜推理不但要以文字為依據(jù)，而且還要以文章的語(yǔ)境、內(nèi)涵為前提。這是一種間接而復(fù)雜的邏輯推理方式?？忌茢喑鑫恼聸](méi)有表明但又合乎邏輯的推理，就必須由表及里地歸納或演繹。下面是幾種復(fù)雜的推理方法：★推測(cè)作者的寫(xiě)作目的和意圖，此類(lèi)的設(shè)題形式有：Thepurposeinwritingthistextisto.Theauthorinthispassageintendsto.★推測(cè)作者的寫(xiě)作目的,必須要先了解文章的主題,然后分析作者的論述方法、論述的重點(diǎn)和材料的安排?！锿茰y(cè)文章的觀點(diǎn)或結(jié)論，此類(lèi)設(shè)題形式有:Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat.Fromthepassagewecanconcludethat.這類(lèi)問(wèn)題問(wèn)的不一定是全文的中心思想或作者的全部觀點(diǎn)，可能只是文章中的某一觀點(diǎn)。但要推測(cè)出文中的某一觀點(diǎn)，仍離不開(kāi)對(duì)全文主要觀點(diǎn)或中心思想的把握。3）推斷文章的出處，設(shè)題形式有:Thepassageismostlikelytobetakenfrom.Thepassageismostlikelyapartof.這類(lèi)問(wèn)題應(yīng)從文章的內(nèi)容或結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)判斷其出處：報(bào)紙：前面會(huì)出現(xiàn)日期、地點(diǎn)或通訊社名稱(chēng)；廣告：因其格式和語(yǔ)言特殊，容易辨認(rèn)；產(chǎn)品說(shuō)明：器皿、設(shè)備的使用說(shuō)明會(huì)有產(chǎn)品名稱(chēng)或操作方式，而藥品的服用說(shuō)明會(huì)告知服用時(shí)間、次數(shù)、藥量等。（3）單詞猜測(cè)詞義的方法和技巧：根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)詞意2）根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法猜測(cè)詞意在閱讀文章時(shí)，總會(huì)遇上一些新詞匯，有時(shí)很難根據(jù)上下文來(lái)推斷其詞意，而它們對(duì)文章的理解又有著舉足輕重的作用，此時(shí)，如掌握了一些常用的詞根、前綴、后綴等語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，這些問(wèn)題便不難解決了。例如：前綴un-表反義詞，如happy、unhappy，fair、unfair，important、unimportant等。后綴-ment表名詞，如develop、development，state、statement，argue、argument等。后綴-er、-or或-ist表同源名詞，如calculate/calculator;visit/visitor;law/lawyer;wait/waiter;science/scientist;art/artist等。3）通過(guò)因果關(guān)系猜詞。首先是找出生詞與上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系，然后猜詞。有時(shí)文章借助關(guān)聯(lián)詞(如because，as，since，for，so，thus，asaresult，ofcourse，therefore等等)表示前因后果。4）通過(guò)句法功能來(lái)推測(cè)詞義。例如：Bananas，oranges，pineapples，coconutsandsomeotherkindoffruitgrowinwarmareas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生詞，我們可以從這兩個(gè)詞在句中所處的位置來(lái)判斷它們大致的意思。從句中不難看出pineapples，coconuts和bananas，oranges是同類(lèi)關(guān)系，同屬fruit類(lèi)，因此它們是兩樣水果，準(zhǔn)確地說(shuō)，是菠蘿和椰子。5）通過(guò)描述猜詞。描述即作者為幫助讀者更深更感性地了解某人或某物而對(duì)該人或該物做出的外在相貌或內(nèi)在特征的描寫(xiě)。例如：ThepenguinisakindofseabirdlivingintheSouthPole.Itisfatandwalksinafunnyway.Althoughitcannotfly，itcanswimintheicywatertocatchthefish.從例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一種生活在南極的鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)。后面更詳盡地描述了該鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)的生活習(xí)性。（4）主旨大意題的方法和技巧：在做主旨大意題時(shí),不管是哪一種題型,關(guān)鍵的一步是要找出主題句或和主題有關(guān)的關(guān)鍵詞,從而把握文章的主旨(mainidea)。1）議論、說(shuō)明體裁的文章在議論文和說(shuō)明文中,文章的主題通常出現(xiàn)在首段或末段。第一段的作用通常是給出作者的觀點(diǎn)或引出將要介紹的事物,而末段的作用通常是總結(jié)全文、重申論點(diǎn)。例如：Ourneighborhoodhasreallychanged.WhenIlastvisitedthere,abouthalfofthehouseshadbeentorndown(拆除)tomakewayforahighway.Therestofthebuildingswerecoveredwithbillboards(宣傳板)andsurroundedbytrafficsignsandgarbage.Nowthewholeneighborhoodhasbecomedirty,noisyandfullofcars.【分析】本段第一句話(huà)的概括性最強(qiáng),指出環(huán)境發(fā)生了巨大變化。其他幾句話(huà)分別具體說(shuō)明都發(fā)生了哪些變化,以及現(xiàn)在的樣子。因此,第一句為本段的主題句。2）記敘體裁的文章記敘文通常按時(shí)間先后或事情發(fā)展的順序來(lái)敘述。尋找這類(lèi)文章的主題時(shí)也要特別留意首段和末段,因?yàn)樽髡哂袝r(shí)會(huì)在敘述事件之前或之后流露出自己對(duì)它的看法和情感,而這正是解題的關(guān)鍵。還有些情況下,文中沒(méi)有明確的主題句,即主題隱含在行文之中。必須根據(jù)文章中所提供的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行全面考慮,綜合分析。這時(shí)要注意表示時(shí)間和順序的詞語(yǔ),以把握事情發(fā)展的脈絡(luò)。還要特別留意那些概括情節(jié)和中心的動(dòng)詞,或者反映人物特點(diǎn)的形容詞等,這樣才能猜測(cè)出作者在用詞、語(yǔ)氣之中流露出的隱含信息。例如：Everyyearonmybirthday,fromthetimeIturned12,awhitegardenia(梔子花)wasdeliveredtomyhouse.Nocardevercamewithit.Callstotheflower-shopwerenothelpfulatall.AfterawhileIstoppedtryingtofindoutthesender’snameandwasjustpleasedwiththebeautifulwhiteflower,insoftpinkpaper.Ineverstoppedimagining(想像)whothegivermightbe,though.Someofmyhappiestmomentswerespentdaydreamingaboutthesender.Mymotherencouragedthesedaydreams.She’daskmeifIhadbeenespeciallykindtosomeone.Perhapsitwastheoldmanacrossthestreet.I’ddeliveredhismailduringthewinter.Asagirl,though,IhadmorefunimaginingthatitmightbeaboythatIhadmet.Onemonthbeforemygraduation,myfatherdied.IwassosadthatIbecamecompletelyuninterestedinmyupcominggraduationdance,andIdidn’tcarewhetherIhadanewdressornot.Mymother,inherownsadness,however,wouldnotletmemissanyofthosethings.Shewantedherchildrentofeelloved.Infact,mymotherwantedherchildrentoseethemselvesmuchlikethegardenia:lovely,strongandperfect,withperhapsabitofmystery(神秘).MymotherdiedtendaysafterIwasmarried.Iwas22.Thatwastheyearthegardeniasstoppedcoming.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.AChildhoodDreamB.AMother’sLoveC.AGraduationPartyD.ASpecialBirthday【分析】本文寫(xiě)的是一位母親在自己女兒成長(zhǎng)的過(guò)程中以一種獨(dú)特的方式——每年在女兒生日那天，不署名送女兒梔子花來(lái)表達(dá)對(duì)女兒的愛(ài)。本篇文章是圍繞愛(ài)展開(kāi),開(kāi)頭寫(xiě)暗送女兒梔子花,并鼓勵(lì)女兒去想象美好。當(dāng)女兒遇到挫折時(shí),母親鼓勵(lì)女兒要勇敢地面對(duì)困難。盡管文章中并沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)主題句,但是以上這些關(guān)鍵信息充分說(shuō)明了B項(xiàng)“AMother’sLove”是正確項(xiàng)?？傊鲋髦即笠忸}要注意下面技巧：1.快速有重點(diǎn)地瀏覽(skimming)全文。從整體上把握文章的結(jié)構(gòu)、邏輯關(guān)系、問(wèn)題的指向等。在快速瀏覽時(shí)，不糾纏文章中與主旨無(wú)關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)(如某些數(shù)字或?qū)Ｓ忻~等)，以保持閱讀的連貫性，把注意力集中于主題句的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)上，必要時(shí)在重要詞句下面畫(huà)線標(biāo)注。2.選擇文章標(biāo)題時(shí)，既要排除過(guò)于具體或斷章取義、以偏概全的標(biāo)題，又要排除范圍太大、空洞、不著邊際的標(biāo)題，還要警惕以事實(shí)、細(xì)節(jié)替代抽象、概括的大意的情況。3.推斷作者寫(xiě)作目的時(shí)，要站在作者的立場(chǎng)想問(wèn)題，切忌將自己的觀點(diǎn)強(qiáng)加于作者。當(dāng)文中出現(xiàn)兩種或兩種以上的不同觀點(diǎn)時(shí)，務(wù)必牢記作者的觀點(diǎn)才是體現(xiàn)全文中心的。此時(shí)，要注意一些轉(zhuǎn)折詞，如：but,yet,however,although等。當(dāng)文章中表示相反的觀點(diǎn)時(shí)，往往用到這些詞。答題時(shí)要弄清哪個(gè)是作者的觀點(diǎn)，排除迷惑性信息。4.必須看清題目，要求回答的是“全文主旨”還是“段落主旨”；推斷的是“作者的觀點(diǎn)、意圖”還是“別人的觀點(diǎn)、意圖”。3.閱讀正誤判斷和任務(wù)型閱讀以上涉及到的都是在中考題中出現(xiàn)最多的選擇型閱讀測(cè)試題的做題技巧。除此之外，還有閱讀正誤判斷題和任務(wù)型閱讀題兩種考查形式。閱讀正誤判斷題，難度逐漸降低，一般試題在短文中可以直接找到答案，也可以用上述的方法來(lái)做題。任務(wù)型閱讀是近年來(lái)推出的新題型，命題靈活，題型多樣，可能是問(wèn)答題，也可能是翻譯句子，填寫(xiě)表格信息等，能夠很好地考查學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)綜合能力。但是只要我們注意養(yǎng)成良好的閱讀心理，提高閱讀速度，就能做好這種題。解題時(shí)注意：（1）瀏覽試題，明確要求。帶著問(wèn)題去讀短文，有的放矢。（2）瀏覽全文，捕捉有用信息。閱讀時(shí)，注意有關(guān)的人物、事件、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、起因及一些定義、數(shù)據(jù)和一些關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)，可以做出標(biāo)記，有目的地把文后題目和短文中相關(guān)信息加以比較，從而找到正確答案。（3）復(fù)讀全文，抓住細(xì)節(jié)。答題時(shí)有問(wèn)題，要重新在短文中尋找答案，注意短文的首尾句或每一段的首尾句，那往往是事件的結(jié)果或作者的態(tài)度、意圖等。（4）再讀全文，核對(duì)答案。要用全文的主題大意重新審核各題答案，看前后是否一致，是否符合短文的主旨大意，細(xì)節(jié)方面是否和短文一致，是否有拼寫(xiě)和語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤等?！纠}精講】閱讀理解1MoststudentshavebiologyclassesintheclassroomsorthelabsinChina.Butseveraldaysago，IhadabiologyclassoutsideinmyAmericanschool.Mybiologyteacher,Mr.Kwak,dividedusintothreegroupsandaskedustoplayagameaboutnaturalselection(選擇)andhowbirdsfindfood.Hegavethefirstgrouponespoonperperson.Thesecondgroupforksandmygroup"knives".Ithoughtweweregoinghunting,soknivesmightworkbetter.Surprisingly,hetoldustopickupthebeansonthegrasswithourtools.Whenthegamestartedallofusrantothegrassarea.Wesquatted(蹲)downandlookedforbeans.Itwashardtopickupsomethingthatsmall,especiallyfromthegrass.WhenIalmostliftedabean,itdroppedbacktotheground.WhenIfinallypickedupseveralbeans,oneofmyfriendsranintome.Icouldn’tkeepmybalanceandfellover.Allmybeansdroppedtotheground!Justatthatmoment，Mr.Kwakcalledusback.IhadtoleavethegameandofcourseIgotabadresult.Icouldn’thelpthinkingthatifIwereabirdlivingonGalapagosIsland，Iwouldbedeadsoon.Thefungamemademerealizethatnaturalselectionisreallycompetitive(競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的).Everyoneistryinghisorherbestto—survive.1.Whatdidthewriter’sgroupusetopickupthebeans?A.Spoons.B.Forks.C.Knives.D.Hands.2.Howmanybeansdidthewritergetatlast?A.None.B.One.C.Several.D.Many.3.WhichofthefollowingisTRUE?A.Thewriterdidagoodjobinthebiologyclass.B.Thewriterhadabiologyclassoutsidetheirschoo1.C.Thewriterfoundthatpickingupthebeansfromthegrasswashard.D.Thewriterdidn’tfindenoughfoodforthebirdsonGalapagosIsland.4.What’sthemeaningoftheunderlinedword“survive’’inthelastparagraph?A.Findfood.B.Remainalive.C.Belovely.D.Keepbalanced.5.WhatwastheaimofMr.Kwak’sclass?A.Toplayaninterestinggame.B.Topickupthebeans.C.Toknowdifferentkindsofbirds.D.Tolearnnaturalselection.閱讀理解2根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容判斷正誤。(注意：正確的涂“A”，錯(cuò)誤的涂“B”)Longago,therewasaqueenwholivedinapalace．Shefeltboredandsaidtoheradvisor(顧問(wèn))，“Allthethingsaroundmearetooboring．Ineedadifferentkindofbeauty．LeteveryoneknowthatIwillholdacompetitionforthemostbeautifulthingintheworld．Andtheprizewillbethiscrown(王冠).”Severaldayslater,lotsofpeoplecametothecompetitionandshowedtheirthings．Thequeenwasnotsatisfiedwithwhatshesaw．Theadvisorsuggested，“Whatyouarelookingforcannotbebroughttoyou．Youmustlookforitbyyourself．Whataboutajourney?”Thequeenwasinterestedintheidea,soshestartedimmediately．Asshewasontopofthehillnearherpalace,shelookeddownandsuddenlysomethingcriedinherheart．“WhyhaveIneverfoundmypalacesobeautiful?”Thequeenspentoneyeartravelling．Shesawbeautyonthefarm,intheforestandeveninthestarstwinkling(閃爍)atnightonherjourney．Butwhatwasthemostbeautifulthing?Shethoughtitover．Suddenly，sheunderstoodbeautywaseverywhere．Sheshouldlearntoenjoytheworld．Sheleftthepiecesofhercrownatdifferentplacesthatshehadseen．Astimewentby,thequeen’scrowngotsmallerandsmalleruntilnothingwasleft.Shefoundthemostbeautifulthingatlast．Itwastheworld!1．Thequeenwantedtoholdacompetitionforthemostbeautifulthingintheworld.2．Lotsofpeoplecametothecompetitionandbroughtthethingsthatmadethequeensatisfied.3．Ontopofthehillnearherpalace,thequeensuddenlyfoundherpalacesobeautiful.4．Thequeensawbeautyonthefarm,intheriverandeveninthenightskyonherjourney.5．Thepassagetellsusthatbeautyiseverywhereifwelearntoenjoytheworld.【答案與解析】閱讀理解11.C。本題意思是：作者一組用什么撿豆子？由第三段的第二句話(huà)Thesecondgroupforksandmygroup“knives”.可知答案選C。2.A。由倒數(shù)第二段的第三句話(huà)Icouldn’tkeepmybalanceandfellover.Allmybeansdroppedtotheground!我不能保持平衡，摔倒了。所有的豆子都掉到了地上！可知答案選A。作者這一組最后一個(gè)豆子也沒(méi)有得到。3.C。由第四段的最后一句話(huà)Itwashardtopickupsomethingthatsmall，especiallyfromthegrass.可知答案選C，從草叢中撿起小豆子真實(shí)太難了。4.B。由最后一段可知，游戲的樂(lè)趣，使我認(rèn)識(shí)到，自然選擇是真正的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。每個(gè)人都盡力讓自己最好的生存。A.Findfood.“找到食物”，B.Remainalive.“保持活著（的狀態(tài)）”；C.Belovely.“可愛(ài)”，D.Keepbalanced.“保持平衡”，故答案選B。5.D。由文中最后一段的倒數(shù)第二句話(huà)Thefungamemademerealizethatnaturalselectionisreallycompetitive(競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的)，可知Kwak先生這堂課的目的是：學(xué)習(xí)自然選擇。所以答案選D。閱讀理解21.A。由第一段第四句“LeteveryoneknowthatIwillholdacompetitionforthemostbeautifulthingintheworld.”可知，女王想舉辦一場(chǎng)尋找世界上最美麗的東西的比賽。該題干表述正確。故寫(xiě)A。2.B。由第二段第二句“Thequeenwasnotsatisfiedwithwhatshesaw.”可知，女王對(duì)人們帶來(lái)的東西不滿(mǎn)意。故該題干的表述“很多人來(lái)參加比賽，帶來(lái)了讓女王滿(mǎn)意的東西”是錯(cuò)誤的。故寫(xiě)B(tài)。3.A。由第三段第三句“‘WhyhaveIneverfoundmypalacesobeautiful?’”可知，當(dāng)女王站在宮殿附近的山頂時(shí)，她突然發(fā)現(xiàn)她的宮殿是如此漂亮。該題干表述正確。故寫(xiě)A。4.B。由第四段第二句“Shesawbeautyonthefarm，intheforest...”可知，女王從農(nóng)場(chǎng)、森林和夜晚閃爍的星星中看到了美。因此，該題干的表述“女王從農(nóng)場(chǎng)、江河和夜空中看到了美”錯(cuò)誤。故寫(xiě)B(tài)。5.A。通讀全文可知，如果我們學(xué)會(huì)欣賞世界，美無(wú)處不在。該題干表述正確。故寫(xiě)A。【鞏固練習(xí)】I.真題演練1。Ineversawmyfatherhomefromworklateorill,nordidIeverseemyfathertakea"nightoutwiththeboys".Hehadnohobbiesbutjusttookcareofhisfamily.For22years,sinceIlefthomeforcollege,myfathercalledmeeverySundayat9:00am.Hewasalwaysinterestedinmylife—howmyfamilywasdoing.ThecallsevencamewhenheandmymotherwereinAustralia,EnglandorFlorida.NineyearsagowhenIboughtmefirsthouse,myfather,67yearsold,spenteighthoursadayforthreedays,paintingmyhouse.Hewouldnotallowmetopaysomeonetohaveitdone.Allheasked,wasaglassoficedtea,andthatIholdapaintbrushforhimandtalktohim.ButIwastoobusy,forIhadalawpracticetorun,andIcouldnottakethetimetoholdthepaintbrush,ortalktomyfather.Fiveyearsago,my71-year-oldfatherspentfivehoursputtingtogetheraswingset（秋千）formydaughter.Again,allheaskedwasthatIgethimaglassoficedtea,andtalktohim,butagain,Ihadlaundrytodo,andthehousetoclean.ThemorningonSunday,January16,1996,myfathertelephonedmeasusual,thistimehehadseemedtohaveforgottensomethingswehaddiscussedtheweekbefore.Ihadtogettochurch,andIcuttheconversationshort.Thecallcameat4:40am.ThatdaymyfatherwassenttohospitalinFlorida.Igotonaplaneimmediately,andIvowed（發(fā)誓）thatwhenIarrived,Iwouldmakeupforthelosttime,andhaveanicelongtalkwithhimadreallygettoknowhim.IarrivedinFloridaat1:00am,butmyfatherhadpassedawayat9:12pm.Thistimeitwashewhodidnothavetimetotalk,ortimetowaitforme.IntheyearssincehisdeathIhavelearntmuchaboutmyfather,andevenmoreabouteverysingleday.1.Weknowfromthereadingthatthefather_____.A.likedtopainthouses B.hadnofriendsaroundhimC.wasnothealthyinhisyouth D.thoughtofhisfamilyashisall2.Whenherfatherpaintedherfirsthouse,thedaughter_____.A.couldonlyaffordaglassoficedteaB.wastoobusytotalktoherfatherC.coulddonothingbutholdapaintbrushD.spenteighthoursadayworkingwithherfather3.OnJanuary16,1996,thedaughterfeltthatherfather_____.A.seemedtobealittledifferent B.hadnotimetophoneherasusualC.becameinterestedinchurch D.hadforgottentodiscusssomethingswithher4.Inthereadingtheunderlinedphrase'gettoknowhim'mostprobablymeans_____.A.gethimtoknowher B.knowmoreabouthimC.gethimtoknowhimself D.makehimwell-known5.Whichisthebesttitleofthereading?A.PaintingHouses B.Daughter'sFamilyC.FatherandI D.Father'sphonecalls真題演練2Onschoolnights,lotsofkidshavetodotheirreadingbeforetheyareallowedtowatchTV.Prettysoon,youmightgettodobothatthesametime,intrueHarryPotterstyle.Severalcompaniesareracingtoproduceelectronicpaperandink,completewithcolorsandmovingimagines(圖像).OneideawouldbetocreateanewspaperlikeTheDailyProphetintheHarryPotterbooks.Itspageswouldholdvideoclipsofbaseballgamesinsteadofjustblack-and-whitephotos.Electronicpaperisnotanewidea.AcompanyinMassachusettscalledEink,forexample,hasbeenworkingforyearsonsuchatechnology.Littleelectricitydetermines(決定)whethereachmicrosphere(微球)looksblackorwhiteatanygiventime.Together,microspheresmakeupwordsandimagines.Thetechniqueseemspromisingforcreatingstillimagesthatcanbechangedwhenneeded,buttheprocess(進(jìn)程)istooslowforgoodvideos.ScientistsintheNetherlandsnowreportanewtypeofe-papertechnology.Byusinglayers(層)ofoil,theresearcherssaythattheycanmakeimageswhichchangefastenoughtomeetstandardvideorequirements.Theycanalsomakebrilliantcolors.Sofar,however,eachimageissmallerthanthefingernail.Fornow,readingandwatchingTVwillhavetoremaintwoseparateactivities.Keepyoureyesopen,though.Inthefuture,TVwatchingandreadingmightbepartofthesamework.1.Accordingtothepassage,kidssooncan.[A.beallowedtowatchTVB.watchTVwhiledoingtheirhomeworkC.watchHarryPotteronTVD.beallowedtoreadanewspaper2.Severalcompaniesareracingto.A.MaketheHarryPotterTVprogramB.createanewspaperlikeTheDailyProphetC.providebaseballgamesforkidsD.produceelectronicpaperwithcolorsandmovingimages3.Whatdeterminestheblackandwhitecolorofeachmicrosphere?A.ImagesB.ElectricityC.OilandinkD.Fingernail4.WhichofthefollowinginNOTtrue?A.Electronicpaperisnotanewidea.B.Microspheresmakeupwordsandimages.C.NowTVwatchingandreadingispartofthesamework.D.Scientistsuselayersofoilinanewresearch.5.Fromthelastparagraph,weknowthat.A.scientistsarestillworkingonthenewtechnologyB.kidslovetoreadwhilewatchingTVC.parentsmaybeagainstthisnewideaD.teachersmaynotteachstudentsanymoreII.閱讀綜合。ASpidermanisoneofthemostfamouscomicbookheroesofalltime.HewascreatedbyStanLeein1963andwasfirstintroducedtotheworldinthepagesofMarvelcomicbooks.Spiderman’sstoryisthestoryofPeterParker,achildwholosthisparentsandliveswithhisauntanduncle.Peterisashy,quietboywearingglassesandhasfewfriends.Oneday,onahighschoolclasstriptoasciencelab，hegetsbittenbyaspecialspider.SoonPeterrealizeshehasamazingpowers：heisasstrongandquickasaspiderandalsohasatypeofsixthsense.Henolongerneedshisglassesandhecanusehissuperpowertoflythroughthecitystreets!RememberingsomethinghisUncleBenhastoldhim,that“withgreatpower,theremustalsocomegreatresponsibility(責(zé)任),”P(pán)eterdecidestousehispowerstofightenemieswhodocruelthingstopeople.Andso,Spidermanisborn.LifeisnoteasyforPetereventhoughheisasuperhero.HeisinlovewithMaryJanebutcannottellherabouthisamazingpowers.Besides,hisbestfriendHarryhatesSpiderman!Peterisalsoshortofmoneyandtime.HehastosellphotosofSpiderman(himself)toanewspaperandhekeepslosinghisotherjobsbecausehe’ssobusysavingpeople!Yethehastofightdifferentkindsofcruelenemies.1.WhocreatedSpiderman?A.StanLee. B.Marvel. C.PeterParker. D.Superman.2.WhathappenedtoPeterParkerafterhewasbittenbythespider?A.Hecouldnotseewithhiseyes. B.Hebecameaspider.C.Hedevelopedspider-likepowers. D.Hewassick.3.Whatdoes“withgreatpower,theremustalsocomegreatresponsibility”mean?A.Powerfulpeoplecandowhatevertheylike.B.Peoplewithpowerarealwaysgood.C.Powerfulpeopleshouldhavearesponsibilitytodogood.D.Powerfulpeoplearetoblameforallthebadthingsthathappen.4.InwhatareasdoesPeterhaveproblemsthataresimilartonormalpeople?A.Money,time,studying,reading. B.Money,work,time,relationships.C.Relationships,sport,money,work. D.Money,work,time,sleep.BWhenIwassevenyearsoldmymomwasdiagnosed(診斷)withcancer.Thedoctorstoldusmymommightbesavedwithsurgery(手術(shù)).Butitcouldalsokillher.Shechosetohaveit.ThedaybeforethesurgeryIwasoffschool,andmymomplannedthebestdayofmylife,everythingIlovedatsevenandeverythingthatwouldputasmileonmyface.Thedaybeganwithherwakingmeupsaying,“Kate,Ihaveasurpriseforyou.Comeandsee.”ThesurprisewasadollIhadwantedforthelongesttime.Throughouttheday,shetoldmeeverythingthatshethoughtIwouldneedtoknowtogrowupandbeagoodperson;shetoldmetobethebestIcouldbeandthatIwouldalwaysmakeherproud.Wehadapicnicinthepark,anditwassocoldthatwemovedtothecar.Thedaywasfilledwithlaughter.ForthefirsttimeinalongtimeIcouldseeshewasreallyhappy.Iwouldneverforgethersmile,orthewayhereyesshoneasifwewerethesameage.Itwasthebestdayofmylife,andIwillneverforgettheconversationsweshared.Mymothermanagedtolivethroughthesurgery.NowwhenIlookback,IrealizethatthebestdayofmylifecouldbeherlastandthiscouldbethelastdayIwouldrememberwithher,thelastoneweshared.Ialsounderstandhowunselfishamotheris.1.Whomadethedecisiontohavethesurgeryinthestory?A.Thedoctors. B.Thepatient. C.Thewriter. D.Thepatient’sfamily.2.Whatdidthewriter’smotherdothedaybeforethesurgery?A.Shestayedathometohaveagoodrest.B.Shewenttothedoctor’sforadvice.C.Sheturnedtoherfamilyforcomfort.D.Shestayedalldaywithherchild.3.Whywasthewriter’smotherhappythatday?A.Becausesheleftherchildaspecialmemory.B.Becausesherealizedherchildhadgrownup.C.Becauseshewasproudofwhatherchildhaddone.D.Becausesheexpectedthesurgerytobesuccessful.4.Theunderlinedsentenceinthelastparagraphsuggeststhat______.A.hermotherwasillagain B.thesurgerywasunsuccessfulC.hermotherwasgettingbetter D.thesurgerywassimple5.Whichofthefollowingwordsbestdescribesthewriter’smother?A.Hardworking. B.Famous. C.Rich. D.Great.CBeauty:Forloversandfansofthearts.Beautyisanecessarymagazineinyoursparetime.Itbringsyouacademic(學(xué)術(shù)的)articleswrittenbyinternationallyfamousscholars(學(xué)者),yetwitheasy-to-understandexamples,aswellasinformationonexhibitionsandsalesallovertheworld.WorldWeekly:Itgivesyouaglobalview(視野、觀點(diǎn))witharticlesfromfouroftheworld’smostfamousnewspapers.Readthenewsfromdifferentviewsanddrawyourownconclusionsonthestoriesinfluencingourworld.Tryitforsixmonthsforjust$30.Besides,youcangetafreecopyofWorldWeekly2012.NewView:Fullofexcellentwritingandphotography,itcoversonekeysubjecteach