人教版英語(yǔ)選修8教師用書Unit5SectionⅠWarmingUpPre-readingReading

甲骨文(oraclebonescript)是中國(guó)古代的一種文字，被認(rèn)為是現(xiàn)代漢字的早期形式，有時(shí)候也被認(rèn)為是漢字的書體之一，同時(shí)也是現(xiàn)存中國(guó)最古老的一種成熟文字。甲骨文引導(dǎo)炎黃子孫走上使圖形記號(hào)表示意義而不約束其讀者的文字發(fā)展歷程，造就了延綿數(shù)千年的統(tǒng)一文化意識(shí)。OracleBoneScriptOraclebonescriptreferstotheancientChinesecharactersfoundonanimalbonesorturtleshellsusedindivination(占卜)inBronzeAgeChina.ThevastmajorityrecordisthedivinationbyfireoftheroyalhouseofthelateShangDynastyatthecapitalofYin(modernAnyang，HenanProvince)．Becauseturtleshellsaswellasboneswereused，theoraclebonescriptisalsosometimescalledshellandbonescript.AsthemajorityoforaclebonesbearingwritingdatetothelateShangDynasty，oraclebonescriptessentiallyreferstoShangscript.ItiscertainthatthewritingoftheShangDynastyexperiencedaperiodofdevelopmentbeforetheAnyangoraclebonescript;however，nosignificantquantityofclearlyidentifiablewritingbeforeorduringtheearlytomiddleShangculturalperiodhasbeendiscovered.TheoraclebonescriptofthelateShangappearspictographic(象形文字的)，asdoesitscontemporary，theShangwritingonbronzes.TheearliestoraclebonescriptappearsevenmoresothanexamplesfromlateintheperiodparingoraclebonescripttobothShangandearlyWesternZhouperiodwritingonbronzes，oraclebonescriptisclearlygreatlysimplified；thisisthoughttobeduetothedifficultyofcarvingonthehardandbonysurfaces.Themoredetailedandmorepictorial(圖片的，圖畫似的)styleofthebronzegraphsisthusthoughttobemorerepresentativeoftypicalShangwriting(aswouldhavenormallyoccurredonbamboobooks)thantheoraclebonescriptforms，anditisthistypicalstylewhichcontinuedtoevolveintotheZhouperiodwritingandthenintothesealscriptoftheQinstateinthelateZhouperiod.[閱讀障礙詞]1．BronzeAge 青銅時(shí)代2．evolvev. 演化；演變[誘思導(dǎo)讀]根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，判斷正(T)誤(F)1．TheoraclebonescriptwesaytodaymainlyreferstoShangscript. ()2．TypicalShangwritingismoredetailedandmorepictorial. ()[答案]1.T2.TⅠ.匹配下列單詞的詞性及漢語(yǔ)意思()1.assume A．n.可能的選擇 adj.供選擇的；其他的()2.analysis B．n.被子；棉被()3.alternative C．n.挨餓；餓死()4.sharpen D．n.精確；準(zhǔn)確()5.quilt E．vt.&vi.打斷 時(shí)中斷或中止()6.starvation F．vt.假定；設(shè)想()7.interrupt G．vi.&vt()8.messy H．a(chǎn)dj.足夠的；充足的；富裕的()9.accuracy I．a(chǎn)dj.凌亂的；臟的()10.ample J．n.分析[答案]1－5FJAGB6－10CEIDHⅡ.選擇下列句中詞組的漢語(yǔ)意思A．領(lǐng)……四處參觀B．關(guān)心；在意C．至多；最多D．得出結(jié)論E．由……制成F．切碎G．遭受；患病H．不管；不顧()1.Let'scutthemeatupandshareitwitheachother.()2.RalphhasetoaconclusionthatMartinwasonlyinterestedinhimself.()3.Thetablewhichismadeofwoodcanbeusedlongerthanthatmadeofglass.()4.Dadletmeshowtheguestsaroundourgarden.()5.Howlonghaveyoubeensufferingfromaheadache?()6.Regardlessofwhereweareandwhatwearedoing，ourdevotiontomotherlandwillneverchange.()7.Idon'tcareaboutthepriceaslongasthecarisingoodcondition.()8.Thetripwillonlycostyoufiftypoundsatmost.[答案]1－5FDEAG6－8HBCAVISITTOTHEZHOUKOUDIANAgroupofstudents(S)fromEnglandhasetotheZhoukoudiancavesforavisit.Anarchaeologist(考古學(xué)家)(A)isshowingthemround①.A：WeletotheZhoukoudiancaveshereinChina.ItisagreatpleasuretomeetyoustudentsfromEngland，whoareinterestedinarchaeology.Youmustbeawarethat②it'sherethatwefoundevidenceofsomeoftheearliestpeoplewholivedinthispartoftheworld.We'vebeenexcavating(挖掘)hereformanyyearsand．．．周口店洞穴參觀記一群英國(guó)學(xué)生(簡(jiǎn)稱學(xué))來(lái)到周口店洞穴參觀，有一位考古學(xué)家(簡(jiǎn)稱考)正領(lǐng)著他們參觀?？迹簹g迎到中國(guó)來(lái)參觀周口店洞穴。很高興見到你們這些來(lái)自英國(guó)并且對(duì)考古學(xué)感興趣的學(xué)生。你們想必都很清楚，正是在這個(gè)地方，我們找到了居住在世界上這個(gè)地區(qū)的最早人類的證據(jù)。我們?cè)谶@兒進(jìn)行挖掘工作已經(jīng)很多年了，而且……[助讀講解]①showsb.round帶領(lǐng)某人參觀。②be/beeawarethat．．．意識(shí)到；認(rèn)識(shí)到。S1：I'msorrytointerruptyoubuthowcouldtheylivehere？Thereareonlyrocksandtrees.A：Goodquestion.Youareanacute(敏銳的)observer.Wehavefoundhumanandanimalbonesinthosecaveshigherupthehillaswellastoolsandotherobjects.Sowethinkitisreasonabletoassumetheylivedinthesecaves，regardlessof(不顧)thecold③.S2：Howdidtheykeepwarm？Theycouldn'thavemats(墊子)，blanketsorquiltslikewedo.Itmusthavebeen④veryunfortable.A：We'vediscoveredfireplacesinthecentreofthecaveswheretheymadefires⑤.Thatwouldhavekeptthemwarm，cookedthefoodandscaredwildbeasts(野獸)awayaswell.Wehavebeenexcavatinglayersofashalmostsixmetresthick，whichsuggeststhattheymighthavekeptthefireburningallwinter.Wehaven'tfoundanydoorsbutwethinktheymighthavehunganimalskinsatthecavemouthtokeepoutthecoldduringthefreezingwinter.學(xué)1：對(duì)不起，打斷了你的講話，但他們?cè)趺磿?huì)住在這兒呢？這兒只有石頭和樹木啊?？迹?jiǎn)柕煤?。你是一個(gè)敏銳的觀察者。在高山上的那些洞穴里我們找到了人骨和獸骨，還有工具和其他物品。所以我們有理由認(rèn)為他們不顧嚴(yán)寒，就住在這些洞穴里。學(xué)2：那他們是怎樣取暖的呢？他們不可能像我們現(xiàn)在這樣有墊子、毯子和被子。想必是很不舒服的了?？迹何覀儼l(fā)現(xiàn)在洞穴中央有生火用的地爐。他們用地爐里的火來(lái)取暖、做飯，還可以用火來(lái)嚇跑野獸。我們一直在挖掘一層層的積灰，幾乎有六米厚。這意味著他們可能整個(gè)冬天都在燒火。我們還沒有找到門，但我們認(rèn)為在天寒地凍的冬季他們可能是用獸皮掛在洞口來(lái)防寒的。[助讀講解]③在itisreasonabletoassume．．．中，it是形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)是toassume．．．。④musthavedone意為“一定……，肯定……”，表示對(duì)過去情況的肯定推測(cè)。⑤makefires生火。S3：Whatwildanimalswerethereallthattimeago?A：Well，we'vebeenfindingthebonesoftigersandbearsinthecaves，andwethinktheseweretheirmostdangerousenemies.Nowwhatdoyouthinkthistellsusaboutthelifeoftheseearlypeople⑥？(showspictureofasewingneedle)S2：Gosh！That'saneedle.Goodness，doesthatmeantheyrepairedthings?A：Whatelsedoyouthinkitmighthavebeenusedfor⑦？S4：Letmelookatit.It'satmostthreecentimetreslong.Ahyes，itseemstobemadeofbone.Iwonderhowtheymadetheholeforthe．．．S2：(interrupting)Doyoumeanthattheymadetheirownclothes？Wheredidtheygetthematerial?A：Theydidn'thavemateriallikewehavetoday.Canyouguesswhattheyused?S1：Wow！Didtheywearclothesmadeentirelyofanimalskins⑧？Howdidtheypreparethem？I'msuretheywerequiteheavytocutandsewtogether.學(xué)3：在那以前有些什么野獸呢？考：嗯，我們?cè)诙蠢镪懤m(xù)發(fā)現(xiàn)老虎和熊的骨頭。我們認(rèn)為，這些野獸對(duì)他們來(lái)講是最危險(xiǎn)的敵人了?，F(xiàn)在，你們看這個(gè)東西能告訴我們有關(guān)早期人類生活的什么情況呢？(指著一張畫有針線的照片讓大家看)學(xué)2：哎呀！那是一根針。天哪，難道他們還會(huì)修補(bǔ)東西嗎？考：除此之外，你們認(rèn)為它還可能有別的什么用處嗎？學(xué)4：讓我看看。這枚針最多三厘米長(zhǎng)，噢，它看起來(lái)像是用骨頭做的。我不知道他們是怎樣做成針眼的……學(xué)2：(插話)你是不是說他們自己做衣服穿？他們又是從哪里搞到衣料的呢？考：他們沒有像我們今天穿的這種衣料。你們能猜出他們用的是什么嗎？學(xué)1：哇！他們穿的衣服全都是用獸皮做的嗎？他們那些衣服是怎么做成的？我想獸皮剪裁并縫起來(lái)一定又厚又重吧。[助讀講解]⑥．．．whatdoyouthinkthistellsusabout．．．？是復(fù)雜的特殊疑問句，其構(gòu)成形式為：wh-/how＋doyouthink＋賓語(yǔ)從句。doyouthink作插入語(yǔ)，其后賓語(yǔ)從句用陳述語(yǔ)序。除think外，可用于此句式的動(dòng)詞還有believe，suppose，imagine，expect，guess等。⑦beusedfor．．．被用來(lái)……。⑧過去分詞短語(yǔ)madeentirelyofanimalskins作后置定語(yǔ)，修飾clothes。A：Ourevidencesuggeststhattheydidwearclothesmadefromanimalskins⑨.Wecontinuediscoveringtoolsthatweresharpenersforothertools.Itseemsthattheyusedthesharpenedstonetoolstocutupanimalsandremovetheirskin.Thensmallerscrapers(刮刀)wereprobablyusedtoremovethefatandmeatfromtheskin.Afterthattheywouldrubanampleamountofsaltontotheskintomakeitsoft.Finally，theywouldcutitandsewthepiecestogether.Quiteadifficultandmessytask！Nowlookatthis.(showsanecklace)S2：Why，it'saprimitive(原始的)necklace.Didearlypeoplereallycareabout⑩theirappearancelikewedo？It'slovely!A：Yes，andsowellpreserved.Whatdoyouthinkit'smadeof?S4：Letmesee.Oh，Ithinksomeofthebeads(小珠子)aremadeofanimalbonesbutothersaremadeofshells.A：Howcleveryouare！Oneboneisactuallyananimaltoothandtheshellsarefromtheseaside.Canyouidentify(識(shí)別)?anyotherbones？考：我們有證據(jù)表明，他們的確穿的是用獸皮制作的衣服。我們不斷發(fā)現(xiàn)一些磨削其他工具用的工具?？礃幼铀麄兪怯媚ゼ獾氖鱽?lái)切割野獸并剝皮，可能再用小一些的刮子把皮上的脂肪和肉去掉。然后，他們可能在獸皮上邊擦上大量的鹽，使皮變?nèi)彳?。最后進(jìn)行剪裁，縫起來(lái)就成了。確實(shí)是既難又臟的活！現(xiàn)在來(lái)看看這個(gè)吧。(指著一串項(xiàng)鏈)學(xué)2：哎呀！這是一條原始的項(xiàng)鏈吧。早期人類也像我們現(xiàn)在一樣講究外貌嗎？太漂亮了！考：是的。還保存得很好呢。你們看看是用什么做的？學(xué)4：我看看。噢，我想有些珠子是用獸骨做的，但是其他的是用貝殼做的。考：你真聰明！有塊骨頭實(shí)際上是野獸的牙齒，貝殼是從海邊撿來(lái)的。你們認(rèn)得別的骨頭嗎？[助讀講解]⑨didwearclothesmadefromanimalskins中，did強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞wear，表示“的確穿著”，過去分詞短語(yǔ)madefromanimalskins作后置定語(yǔ)，修飾clothes。⑩careabout在乎；介意；關(guān)心，carefor照料；想要；喜歡。?identifyv．辨認(rèn)，確認(rèn)。S1：Thisonelooksverymuchlikeafishbone.Isthatreasonable?A：Yes，indeed，asthebotanical(植物學(xué)的)analyseshaveshownus?，allthefieldsaroundhereusedtobepartofalargeshallowlake.Probablytherewerefishinit.S3：Butalakeisnotthesea.Wearemilesfromthesea，sohowdidtheseashells(海貝殼)gethere?A：Perhapstherewastradebetweenearlypeoplesortheytravelledtotheseasideontheirjourneys.Weknowthattheymovedaround,followingtheherdsofanimals?.Theydidn'tgrowtheirowncrops，butpickedfruitwhenitripened(成熟)andhuntedanimals.That'swhy?theyarecalledhuntersandgatherers.Now，whydon'twegoandvisitthecaves？學(xué)1：這根很像魚骨頭，對(duì)嗎？考：很對(duì)，正如植物學(xué)的分析結(jié)果告訴我們的一樣，這四周曾經(jīng)是一個(gè)很大的淺水湖的一部分。當(dāng)時(shí)可能湖里是有魚的。學(xué)3：不過，湖并不是海呀。我們離海還遠(yuǎn)著呢。那么，貝殼又是怎么來(lái)的呢？考：早期人類之間也許有貿(mào)易來(lái)往，或者他們也可能旅行到海邊去。我們知道，他們跟著獸群四處走。他們并不種植谷物，而是在野果熟了的時(shí)候采摘它們并捕殺野獸來(lái)充饑。這就是他們被稱為獵人和采摘者的緣故。好了，咱們現(xiàn)在去參觀洞穴好嗎？[助讀講解]?as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，as指代后面整個(gè)主句的內(nèi)容。?現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)followingtheherdsofanimals作movedaround的伴隨狀語(yǔ)。?That'swhy．．．意為“這就是為什么……”，why引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，why從句表示結(jié)果，原因前面已經(jīng)說明。第一步速讀——了解文章主題和段落大意Ⅰ.速讀P38－39教材課文，匹配段落大意1．Topic1 A．Whatcanwelearnfroma necklace?2．Topic2 B．Lifeinthecave.3．Topic3 C．Whatcanwelearnfromaneedle?[答案]1－3BCAⅡ.速讀P38－39教材課文，選擇最佳答案ThemainideaofthepassageisabouttheoftheearliestpeopleintheZhoukoudiancaves.A．lifeandhabits B．foodandclothingC．homesandfishing D．farmingandhunting[答案]A第二步細(xì)讀——把控文章關(guān)鍵信息細(xì)讀P38－39教材課文，選擇最佳答案1．Wheredothecaveslie?A．Intheforest. B．Ontheseaside.C．Atthefootofthehill. D．Higherupthehill.2．OurearliestpeopleintheZhoukoudiancaveskeptthemselveswarmby．A．working B．fightingC．makingfires D．hunting3．Evidencehasshowedthattheearliestpeopleinthecavesusedtomakeclothesaccordingtotheconversation.A．leaves B．treeskinsC．a(chǎn)nimalskins D．cotton4．Whichofthefol