APS考試復(fù)習(xí)資料材料科學(xué)

朽木易折，金石可鏤。千里之行，始于足下。第頁/共頁材料科學(xué)MaterialScience你在“工程力學(xué)”這門課中都學(xué)習(xí)了哪些知識？Whatdidyoulearninthecourse“EngineeringMechanics”?Mechanicscanbedividedintostatics,kinematicsanddynamics.Themechanicsbranchrelatedwithmyprofessionismaterialmechanics.Andstaticsisthefoundationofmaterialmechanics.SoduringthiscoursewelearnaboutStaticmechanicsfirstthenlearnaboutMaterialsmechanics.關(guān)于靜力學(xué)，你都學(xué)習(xí)了哪些知識？WhatknowledgehaveyoulearnedaboutStaticmechanics?Firstly,welearnedsomebasicconceptofEngineeringMechanics.Componentsareconstituentpartsofthemachineandstructure.Whenaforceisappliedtoanobject,itmaychangethesizeanddirectionoftheobject'svelocity,whichiscalledthemotioneffect(externaleffect).Onanotherhand,itmayalsochangetheshapeofanobject,whichiscalledthedeformationeffect(internaleffect).Inthestatics,weonlyconsiderthedeformationeffectofforce.Undertheactionofexternalforce,thesizeandshapeofthecomponentshaveachange,andthatchangecallsdeformation.Deformationofcomponentscanbedividedintotwokinds.Whentheforceisremoved,somedeformationdisappear,componentscanrecoveritssizeandshape,thosedeformationcallselasticdeformation.Whentheforceisremoved,somedeformationremain,componentscannotrecoveritssizeandshape,thosedeformationcallsplasticdeformation.Thelargerexternalforceis,thelargerdeformationhappen.Whentheexternalforcegettoobig,itmaycausethehugeplasticdeformationevenfractureofthecomponent.Obviously,thismakemachineandstructurecan'twork.Theabilityofcomponenttoresistdamage(hugeplasticdeformationandfracture)underexternalforcesiscalledstrength.Ifnotableelasticdeformationoccurs,althoughitcanberestored,butbeforeitberestored,theyalsocausemachinecan'twork.Theabilityofcomponenttoresistdeformationunderexternalforcesiscalled

rigidity.Althoughnonotabledeformationoccurs,sometimesonlytheoriginalbalancebetweenthecomponentsisbroken,themachinecannotworkproperlytoo.Theabilityofcomponentstokeeptheiroriginalbalanceunderexternalforcesiscalled

stability.Wesupposethatthereisakindofmaterial,itneverchangeitsshapeunderexternalforce,thismaterialcallsrigidbody.Rigidbodyisnotexistintherealworld.Theconditioncanlimitthedisplacementoftheobject,iscalledtheconstraint.Commonconstraintsareflexiblecable,supportsurface,hinge,etc..Twoforceswithequalsizeandoppositedirectionarenotinthesameline,arecalledforcecouple.Thenwelearnedhowtoanalyzetheforceonanobject,welearnedmanymethodstoanalyzeforce,suchasforcetranslation,forcedecomposition,forcesynthesis.關(guān)于材料力學(xué)，你都學(xué)習(xí)了哪些知識？WhatknowledgehaveyoulearnedaboutMaterialsmechanics?Whenaexternalforceisappliedtoanobject,objectproduceacorrespondinginternalforcetoagainstit.Thedensityofinternalforceiscalledstress,itisusedtodescribethesizeofinternalforceonunitarea.Thecorrespondingdeformationcausedbyexternalforceiscalledstrain.Whenmaterialsinelasticregion,thestressandstrainareindirectproportion(linearrelationship)(Hooke'slaw),andtheratioofstressandstrainiscallElasticmodulus.Ifthedirectionofstressandstrainaresamewithexternalforce,theycalldirectstress(σ)anddirectstrain(ε).Ifthedirectionofstressandstrainareverticalwithexternalforce,theycalltangentialstress(τ)andtangentialstrain(γ).Welearntheinternalforce,stressandstrainofthematerialunderdifferentforces,suchasstretching,compressing,shearing,torsion,bending.ThenwelearnedalittleaboutStressanalysis,Breakingstrengththeory,Yieldstrengththeory.你在“高分子材料研究主意”這門課中都學(xué)習(xí)了哪些知識？Whatdidyoulearninthecourse“ResearchMethodsofPolymericMaterials”?Thiscurriculumexplainsseveralmethodsforresearchingpolymer’sstructure,morphology,propertiesandmolecularmotion.Researchingmethodsofpolymercanbedividedintothreetypes,theyarespectralanalysis,thermalanalysisandmicroscopicanalysis.關(guān)于波譜分析，你都學(xué)習(xí)了哪些知識？Whatknowledgehaveyoulearnedaboutspectralanalysis?Welearntwoimportantandcommonlyusedspectralanalysis,theyareinfraredspectroscopy,nuclearmagneticresonancespectroscopy.Whenthetemperatureisaboveabsolutezero,moleculesareincontinuousmotion,motioncanbedividedintotranslation,rotationandvibration.Thevibrationsofmoleculesneedtoabsorbinfraredhavethesamefrequencywiththefrequencyofvibrationtoobtainenergy.Differentgroups,havedifferentvibrationfrequencies,alsoabsorbinfraredindifferentfrequencies.Usinginfraredirradiationmaterial,itcanbefoundthattherearesomeinfraredincertainfrequencyhavebeenabsorbedbythematerial.Inthatway,wecangetwhatgroupsarethereinthatmaterial.Inastrongmagneticfield,theatomicnucleusofahydrogenatomnuclearwilloccuratransition.Thetransitionneedtoabsorbaelectromagneticwave(Hertzwave)incertainfrequencytoobtainenergy.Thehydrogenatomindifferentchemicalenvironmentabsorbelectromagneticwaveindifferentfrequency.Throughthemeasurementofthefrequencyandnumberoftheelectromagneticwaveisabsorbedbyhydrogenatom,Wecanknowhowmanydifferentkindsofhydrogenatomsarethereinthemoleculeofthatmaterial,andtheproportionofthem.關(guān)于熱分析，你都學(xué)習(xí)了哪些知識？Whatknowledgehaveyoulearnedaboutthermalanalysis?Themostcommonmethodofthermalanalysisisthermalgravimetricanalysis(TG).TGistoputthematerialonthescalethathastheheatingfunction,measuretheweightofthematerialatdifferenttemperatures.ThroughTGwecangettheheatresistanceofmaterials.Anotherimportantmethodofthermalanalysisisdifferentialthermalanalysis(DTA).DTAcanmeasurematerialisabsorbingheatorreleasingheatunderacertaintemperature.Throughthatinformation,wecananalyzethestateandbehaviorofmaterialunderthattemperature.關(guān)于顯微分析，你都學(xué)習(xí)了哪些知識？Whatknowledgehaveyoulearnedaboutmicroscopicanalysis?Teachermainlyintroduceustwokindscommonlyusedmicroscopicanalysis,theyaretransmissionelectronmicroscopy(TEM)andscanningelectronmicroscopy(SEM).你在“材料工程與工程基礎(chǔ)”這門課中都學(xué)習(xí)了哪些知識？Whatdidyoulearninthecourse“FundamentalsofMaterialsScienceandEngineering”?Materialscanbedividedintofourkinds,theyareMetallicmaterials,Inorganicnon-metallicmaterials,Polymermaterials,Compositematerials.Materials'developmentandprogressofhumancivilizationarecloselylinked."Materialsscience"conceptisproposedinthebeginningofthe1960swhentheUnitedStatesdevelopedthesatellitesandmissiles.Oneofthecoreofmaterialsscienceandengineeringisresearchingtherelationshipbetweenmaterialsorganization,structureandperformance.Ontheotherhand,materialsscienceandengineeringalsoisapracticalsubjectservingtheeconomicconstruction.MaterialsScienceandEngineeringisconnectedwithphysics,chemistry,metallurgy,computationalmathematicsandothersubjects.Materialsscientistsbelievethatmaterialsscienceandengineeringhasfiveelements,theyarecomposition,structure,preparation,propertyandusingperformance.Propertiesofmaterialscanbedividedintotwocategories,theyareprocessingperformanceandusingperformance.Thiscourseintroducessomemainperformancesincludemechanicalpropertieslike:elasticity,plasticity,strength,hardness,toughness,wearresistance,etc;andotherslike:electricalproperties,magneticproperties,thermalproperties,corrosionresistance,etc.Differentmaterialshavedifferentatomicstructureanddifferentbondsbetweenatoms,whichiswhytheyhavedifferentproperties.Thiscourseintroducesthefivemajoraspects(composition,structure,preparation,propertyandusingperformance)ofthefourcategoriesmaterials(Metallicmaterials,Inorganicnon-metallicmaterials,Polymermaterials,Compositematerials),focusonhigh-molecularmaterials.Atlast,theteacherdescribessomeresearchofnewmaterials.高等數(shù)學(xué)（AdvancedMathematics）It’snotonlytellushowtoadd,subtract,multiply,anddividewholenumbers,fractions,decimals,andpercentages,actually,Mathematicsisastudyofpatternsandrelationships;ascienceandawayofthinking;anart,characterizedbyorderandinternalconsistency;alanguage,usingcarefullydefinedtermsandsymbols大學(xué)生思想修養(yǎng)（MoralCultivationofcollegestudents）Thiscoursemainlytalkedaboutmoraleducationandvalueeducationtothecollegestudent,alotofrealitystoriesaretoldintheclasstomakeusconsciousofrightthingsandthewrong,inaword,It’saimistoteachustobegoodpeople.體育（P.E）(1,2,3)Inourschool,youcanchose1kindofsporttolearneachyear,IlearnedtennisballinmyfroshyearandIlikeditverymuch,bythemay,nadirismyfavouritesportsstars.Then,kickboxingismychoiceinthesecondyear,youknow,IwanttobemorestrongsoIcanprotectmyselfandthepeopleIcareaboutwhensomethingbadhappened,hehe.計(jì)算機(jī)文化基礎(chǔ)（SoftwareTechniqueFoundationDesign）Ilearnedsomebasicideas