地理信息系統(tǒng)-專業(yè)外語(yǔ)試卷1

英英釋義VerticallineContourLeveling詞匯漢譯英地理信息系統(tǒng)地圖學(xué)等高線大地水準(zhǔn)面高程電子測(cè)繪儀經(jīng)緯儀十字絲放樣照準(zhǔn)部水準(zhǔn)測(cè)量全站儀方位角準(zhǔn)確度衛(wèi)星測(cè)距詞匯英譯漢GeomanticGeodesyPhotogrammetryAerialphotographFieldworkHorizontalsurveyLatitudePlumblineMeansealevelTacheometryLevelstaffVerticalcircleCounterclockwiseTopographyLevelsurfaceStadiahairPrismPrecisionRandomerrorGPSreceiver句子英譯漢Itisprocessedandmanipulatedwithstate-of-the-artinformationtechnologyusingcomputersoftwareandhardware.Ithasapplicationsinalldisciplineswhichdependonspatialdata.Oncethepositionsandattributesofgeographicentities（實(shí)體）havebeendigitizedandstoredincomputermemory,theyareavailableforusebyawidevarietyofusers.Landsurveysaretheoldesttypeofsurveyandhavebeenperformedsinceearliestrecodedhistory.Constructionsurveysaremadeforpurposesoflocatingstructuresandprovidingrequiredelevationpointsduringtheirconstruction.Tojudgetheexacthorizontalline,weshouldmovetapeupanddownalongtheplumplineandwewillfindthechangesofreadinginthetape.Ifthedistanceislongerthanthelengthoftape,thenwecandividethedistanceintoseveralsegmentsandgetthetotaldistancebypluseachsegmenttogether.Sincedifferenttapeshavedifferentstartsofzeroofthetapes,itisimportanttojudgewherethezeroofthetapebegins.VerticalLineisalinethatfollowsthedirectionofgravityasindicatedbyaplumbline.Aspiritlevelisusedtofixthelineofsightofthetelescope.RandomErrorsareintroducedintoeachmeasurementmainlybecauseofhumanandinstrumentimperfectionsaswellasuncertaintiesindeterminingtheeffectsoftheenvironmentonmeasurements.Ifaquantityismeasuredseveraltimesandthevaluesobtainedareveryclosetoeachother，theprecisionissaidtobehigh.TheGPSreceiveronthegroundistheunknownpoint，andmustcomputeitspositionbasedontheinformationitreceivesfromthesatellites.Whenthetwospheresintersect，acircleisformed，soitmustbesomewhereonthatcircle.Inaddition，boththeL1andL2GPSsignalswouldbemadeavailabletocivilusersandanewcivil10.23MHZsignalwouldbeauthorized.段落英譯漢Thescienceandtechnologyofacquiring,storing,processing,managing,analyzingandpresentinggeographicallyreferredinformation(geo-spatialdata).Thisbroadtermappliesbothtoscienceandtechnology,andintegratesthefollowingmorespecificdisciplinesandtechnologiesincludingsurveyingandmapping,geodesy,satellitepositioning,photogrammetry,remotesensing,geographicinformationsystem(GIS),landmanagement,computersystems,environmentalvisualizationandcomputergraphics.Ahorizontalangleistheangleformedinahorizontalplanebytwointersectingverticalplanes,orahorizontalanglebetweentwolinesistheanglebetweentheprojectionsofthelinesontoahorizontalplane.Forexample,observationstodifferentelevationpointsBandCfromAwillgivethehorizontalangleDBACwhichistheanglebetweentheprojectionsoftwolines(ABandAC)ontothehorizontalplane.Itfollowsthat,althoughthepointsobservedareatdifferentelevations,itisalwaysthehorizontalangleandnotthespaceanglethatismeasured.Thehorizontalangleisusedprimarilytoobtainrelativedirectiontoasurveycontrolpoint,ortotopographicdetailpoints,ortopointstobesetout.ThefirststepinmeasuringthedistancebetweentheGPSreceiverandasatelliterequiresmeasuringthetimeittakesforthesignaltotravelfromthesatellitetothereceiver.Oncethereceiverknowshowmuchtimehaselapsed,thetraveltimeofthesignalmultipliesthespeedoflight(becausethesatellitesignalstravelatthespeedoflight,approximately186,000milespersecond)tocomputethedistance.Distancemeasurementstofoursatellitesarerequiretocomputea3-dimensional(latitude,longitudeandaltitude)position.擴(kuò)展試題ExplaintheprocessaboutthisquestionthathowdoestheGPSreceiverlocateditselfwithfoursatellite.答案Alinethatfollowsthedirectionofgravityasindicatedbyaplumbline;Animaginarylineonthegroundwithallpointsatthesameelevationaboveorbelowaspecifiedreferencesurface;Theprocessoffindingelevationsofpointsortheirdifferenceinelevation.Geographicinformationsystem;Cartography;Contour;Geoid;Elevation;Electronicdistancemeasurementinstrument;Theodolite/transit;Cross-hair/reticle;Setout/layoff;Upperplate;Leveling;Totalstation;Azimuth;Accuracy;Satelliteranging.測(cè)繪學(xué)，地理信息學(xué)；大地測(cè)量學(xué)；攝影測(cè)量；航片；外業(yè)；平面測(cè)量；緯度；鉛垂線；平均海水面；視距測(cè)量法；水準(zhǔn)尺；垂直度盤；逆時(shí)針；地形，地勢(shì)；水準(zhǔn)面；視距絲；棱鏡；精度；隨機(jī)誤差；GPS接收機(jī)。它使用先進(jìn)的信息技術(shù)，通過(guò)計(jì)算機(jī)軟件和硬件來(lái)處理和操作。它在所有建立在空間數(shù)據(jù)上的學(xué)科都有所應(yīng)用。一旦地理實(shí)體的位置和屬性被數(shù)字化和存儲(chǔ)在計(jì)算機(jī)內(nèi)存中,它們就可以由各種各樣的用戶使用。土地測(cè)量是最古老的測(cè)量類型并且從最早有記錄的歷史時(shí)期就有所使用。建設(shè)調(diào)查的目的是在建筑物的建設(shè)期間對(duì)它們進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)并提供所需的高程點(diǎn)。要判斷準(zhǔn)確的水平線,我們應(yīng)該沿鉛垂線上下移動(dòng)尺子,可以發(fā)現(xiàn)尺子讀數(shù)的變化。如果距離超過(guò)尺子的長(zhǎng)度,然后我們可以把距離分成幾段，把每一段的距離相加得到總距離。因?yàn)椴煌某咦拥牧闫瘘c(diǎn)不同,判斷尺子的零點(diǎn)在哪里很重要。鉛垂線就是一條沿著重力方向，也就是一個(gè)鉛垂的線的方向的一條線。水準(zhǔn)器經(jīng)常用來(lái)固定望遠(yuǎn)鏡的視線。隨機(jī)誤差引入每次測(cè)量中，主要是因?yàn)槿藶橐蛩睾蛢x器瑕疵因素，以及在測(cè)量過(guò)程中一些不確定性因素對(duì)環(huán)境的影響。如果測(cè)量了多次，獲得的這些數(shù)據(jù)彼此之間都很接近，這個(gè)精度就很高。地面上的GPS接收機(jī)是一個(gè)未知的點(diǎn)，必須根據(jù)它從衛(wèi)星所接受的信息來(lái)計(jì)算它的位置。當(dāng)兩個(gè)圓球相交時(shí)，就會(huì)形成一個(gè)圓，因此它必須在這個(gè)圓上的某一位置。而且，L1和L2GPS信號(hào)都可以用于民用，一種新型的民用10.23MHZ的信號(hào)也應(yīng)該授權(quán)。獲取、存儲(chǔ)、處理、管理、分析和上呈地理參考信息（地理空間信息）的科學(xué)和技術(shù)。這個(gè)廣泛的術(shù)語(yǔ)應(yīng)用于科學(xué)和技術(shù)，以及測(cè)繪學(xué)、大地測(cè)量學(xué)、衛(wèi)星定位、攝影測(cè)量學(xué)、遙感、地理信息系統(tǒng)、土地管理、計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)、環(huán)境可視化和計(jì)算機(jī)制圖等領(lǐng)域。水平角是指在一個(gè)水平面內(nèi)由兩相交的豎直面形成的角，或者說(shuō)，兩條線之間的水平角是這兩條線在水平面上的投影線的夾角。例如，在A點(diǎn)觀測(cè)不同高度的B和C點(diǎn)，其水平角DBAC是由AB和AC兩條線在水平面上的投影構(gòu)成的。由此得出結(jié)論，雖然被觀測(cè)的點(diǎn)在不同的高度上，測(cè)出的總是水平角而不是空間角。水平角主要用來(lái)由聯(lián)測(cè)控制點(diǎn)獲得相對(duì)方向，或者地形測(cè)量碎部點(diǎn)、或者放樣點(diǎn)。測(cè)量GPS接收機(jī)和衛(wèi)星距離的第一步，要求測(cè)出從衛(wèi)星到接收機(jī)的信號(hào)傳播時(shí)間。一旦接收機(jī)知道用了多少時(shí)間，用信號(hào)的傳播時(shí)間乘上光速（因?yàn)樾l(wèi)星信號(hào)以光速傳播，大約186,000英里每秒）來(lái)計(jì)算距離。計(jì)算一個(gè)三維（緯度、經(jīng)度和高度）位置需要4顆衛(wèi)星的距離值。TheGPSreceiver“l(fā)ockson”toonesatelliteandcalculatestherangetobe12,000miles.Thisfacthelpsnarrowthereceiverlocationdown,butitonlytellsthatthereceiveraresomewhereonaspherewhichiscenteredonthesatelliteandhasa12,000milesrad