計算機專業(yè)英語第4版-Data Processing Technology

DataProcessingTechnology4.1DatabasePrinciple4.2DataWarehouseandDataMining4.3BigData4.4CloudComputingTechnology4.5專業(yè)英語應用模塊1Adatabaseisacollectionofrelateddata.Bydata,wemeanknownfactsthatcanberecordedandthathaveimplicitmeaning.Adatabasehasthefollowingimplicitproperties:Adatabaseisalogicallycoherentofdatawithsomeinherentmeaning.Arandomassortmentofdatacannotbereferredtoasadatabase.Adatabaseisdesigned,built,andpopulatedwithdataforaspecificpurpose.Ithasanintendedgroupofusersandsomepreconceivedapplicationsinwhichtheseusersareinterested.Adatabaserepresentssomeaspectoftherealworld,sometimescalledthemini-world.Changestothemini-worldarereflectedinthedatabase.24.1DatabasePrincipleInotherwords,adatabasehassomesourcefromwhichdataarederived,somedegreeofinteractionwitheventsintherealworld,andanaudiencethatisactivelyinterestedinthecontentsofthedatabase.Thesemulti-userdatabasesaremanagedbyapieceofsoftwarecalledaDataBaseManagementSystem(DBMS).Itisthiswhichdifferentiatesadatabasefromanordinarycomputerfile.Betweenthephysicaldatabasesitself(i.e.thedataasactuallystored)andtheusersofthesystemistheDBMS.OnegeneralfunctionoftheDBMSistheshieldingofdatabaseusersfrommachinecode.3Adatabasemanagementsystemisacollectionofprogramsthatenablesuserstocreateandmaintainadatabase.4LogicalStructuresofDBMS（1）Liststructures（2）Treestructures（3）Networkstructures（4）RelationalstructuresArelationalstructureismadeupofmanytables.Thedataarestoredintheformof“relations”inthesetables.Forexample,relationtablescouldbeestablishedtolinkacollegecoursewiththeinstructorofthecourse,andwiththelocationoftheclass.5InformationSystemTheobjectiveofinformationsystemsistoprovideinformationtoalllevelsofmanagementatthemostrelevanttime,atanacceptablelevelofaccuracy,andataneconomicalcost.Individualbusinessesrequireinformationaccordingtothenatureoftheiroperations.Informationsystemsareoftencomputerizedbecauseoftheneedtorespondquicklyandflexiblytoqueries.TheformidabletaskoftheMISdesigneristodeveloptheinformationflowneededtosupportdecision-making.6appropriate 適當?shù)腶ssortment 分類，各種各樣audience 觀眾coherent 一致的，連貫的database 數(shù)據(jù)庫differentiate 區(qū)別，區(qū)分elevate 舉起，提拔extraction 抽出，取出formidable 艱難的，令人敬畏的implicit 暗示的，固有的interaction 交互作用7invoice

發(fā)票preconceive 事先認為prevailing 優(yōu)勢的，主要的purchase 購買reflect 反映resemble 類似于，像restrict 限制，限定schema

模式shielding

屏蔽，防護層surgeon 外科醫(yī)生transaction 事務，交易8[1]

Adatabaseisdesigned,built,andpopulatedwithdataforaspecificpurpose.譯文：數(shù)據(jù)庫是用于某種特定目的而設計、構(gòu)造和提供數(shù)據(jù)的。本句的謂語動詞有三個，即“designed,built,andpopulated”，用被動語態(tài)表示客觀性，“foraspecificpurpose”是賓語補足語。9[2]Eachlogicalrecordoccurrencemay,inturn,requiredatafrommorethanonephysicalrecordheldintheactualdatabase.譯文：每個邏輯記錄值可能依次需要多個保存在實際數(shù)據(jù)庫物理記錄中的數(shù)據(jù)。本句的“inturn”是插入語，“frommorethan…”是賓語補足語，進一步說明賓語“data”。10[3]Asageneralguide,thedetailcontainedinreportscontaininginformationvariesaccordingtothepositionoftherecipientinthehierarchicalmanagementstructure.譯文：作為一般性的指導，信息報告的細節(jié)隨接受者在管理階層中的位置而變化。本句中，過去分詞短語“containedinreports”作定語，修飾“detail”；現(xiàn)在分詞短語“containinginformation”同樣作定語，修飾“reports”；“accordingto…”作伴隨狀語。11[4]Theyrequireinformationrelatingtoeventsastheyoccursothatappropriateactioncanbetakentocontrolthem.譯文：他們需要與正在發(fā)生的事件相關的信息以便采取適當?shù)拇胧┛刂扑鼈?。本句中，分詞短語“relatingtoevents”作定語，修飾“information”；“astheyoccur”為伴隨狀語；“sothat…”為目的狀語從句。12[5]Generallyspeaking,muchoftheinformationneededbymanagerswhooccupydifferentlevelsandwhohavedifferentresponsibilitiesisobtainedfromacollectionofexistinginformationsystems(orsubsystems).譯文：通常，不同級別、不同職能的管理者所需的信息大多來自現(xiàn)有信息系統(tǒng)（或子系統(tǒng)）集。本句的“neededbymanagers”作定語，修飾“information”；“who…andwho…”為兩個并列的定語從句，均修飾“managers”。13IntroductiontoTypicalDatabasesMicrosoftSQLServeristhefirstscalablehigh-performancedatabasemanagementsystemdesignedtomeetthedemandingrequirementsofdistributedclient/servercomputing.Aspartofeverydatabaseserver,OracleprovidestheOracleEnterpriseManager(EM),adatabasemanagementtoolframeworkwithagraphicalinterfaceusedtomanagedatabaseusers,instances,andfeaturesthatcanprovideadditionalinformationabouttheOracleenvironment.14TheWebprovidesaccesstoavarietyofdatathatcanbemultimedia-rich.Readilyavailableinformationretrievaltechniquessuchasinvertedindices,whichallowefficientkeyword-basedaccesstotext,largelyenabledaccesstotheexponentiallygrowingWeb.Today’sDBMStechnologyfacesyetanotherchallengeasresearchersattempttomakesenseoftheimmenseamountofheterogeneous,fast-evolvingdataavailableontheWeb.Thelargenumberofcooperatingdatabasesgreatlycomplicatesautonomyandheterogeneityissuesandrequiresacarefulscalableapproach.154.2DataWarehouseandDataMiningManycompanieshaveallowedtheirdatatobestoredinmanyseparatesystemsthatareunabletoprovideaconsolidatedviewofinformationusablecompany-wide.Onewaytoaddressthisproblemistobuildadatawarehouse.Adatawarehouseisadatabasethatconsolidatesdataextractedfromvariousproductionandoperationalsystemsintoonelargedatabasethatcanbeusedformanagementreportingandanalysis.16Adatawarehouseisbecomingmoreofanecessitythananaccessoryforaprogressive,competitive,andfocusedorganization.Itprovidestherightfoundationforbuildingdecisionsupportandexecutiveinformationsystemtoolsthatareoftenbuilttomeasureandprovideafootforhowwellanorganizationisprogressingtowarditsgoals.17Theinfrastructurethatsupportsthedatawarehouseapplicationreliesonthesametechnologiesthatmostotherapplicationsaredependentupon.Thedifferenceisinthevarietyandspecializationattheproductlevelthatcangreatlyimprovethequalityofthedatawarehouseinfrastructure.Datawarehousesoftencontaincapabilitiestoremodelthedata.Arelationaldatabaseallowsviewsofdataintotwodimensions.Amultidimensionalviewofdataletsuserslookatdatainmorethantwodimensions.18Dataminingisaboutanalyzingdataandfindinghiddenpatternsusingautomaticorsemiautomaticmeans.Dataminingprovidesalotofbusinessvalueforenterprises.¨Increasingcompetition¨Customersegmentation¨Churnanalysis¨Cross-selling¨Salesforecast¨Frauddetection¨Riskmanagement19Dataminingappliesalgorithms,suchasdecisiontrees,clustering,association,timeseries,andsoon,toadatasetandanalyzesitscontents.Thisanalysisproducespatterns,whichcanbeexploredforvaluableinformation.20churn 攪拌，制造fraud 欺騙，冒牌貨granular 顆粒狀的insurance 保險，預防措施interaction 互動，交互multidimensional多維的21out-of-date 過時的，落伍的periodically 周期性地，定期地pertinent 相關的，關于……的prediction 預報，預言segmentation 分割，分段，切分voluminous 大的，容量大的22[1]Advancesincomputerandnetworkingtechnologyhaveledtotheintroductionofverypowerfulhardwareandsoftwareplatformsthatcancollect,manage,anddistributelargeamountsofpertinentdata.譯文：計算機和網(wǎng)絡技術的進步導致出現(xiàn)了功能非常強大的，能收集、管理和分發(fā)大量有關數(shù)據(jù)的硬件和軟件平臺。本句的“thatcancollect…”作定語，修飾“hardwareandsoftwareplatforms”。23[2]Adatawarehouseisadatabasethatconsolidatesdataextractedfromvariousproductionandoperationalsystemsintoonelargedatabasethatcanbeusedformanagementreportingandanalysis.譯文：數(shù)據(jù)倉庫是一種數(shù)據(jù)庫，它將從不同的生產(chǎn)和運營系統(tǒng)中調(diào)出的數(shù)據(jù)組合起來放入這種大型數(shù)據(jù)庫，對管理狀況做出報告和進行分析?！皌hatconsolidates…”作定語，修飾“database”，“thatcanbeused…”作定語，修飾“onelargedatabase”。24[3]Toprovidethistypeofinformation,organizationscaneitheruseaspecializedmultidimensionaldatabaseortoolthattakesmultidimensionalviewsofdatainrelationaldatabases.譯文：為了提供這種信息，組織可以用一種特殊化的多維數(shù)據(jù)庫，或用可以在關系數(shù)據(jù)庫中生成數(shù)據(jù)的多維視圖的工具。本句的“Toprovidethistypeofinformation”是目的狀語，“thattakesmultidimensional…”作定語，修飾“tool”。25[4]Unlessupdatesatthesourcesarereplicatedatthewarehouseviatwo-phasecommit,thewarehousewillneverbequiteuptodatewiththesources.譯文：除非對源的更新通過兩階段提交在數(shù)據(jù)倉庫中做了復制，否則數(shù)據(jù)倉庫不可能總是與源同步。本句中“unlessupdatesat…”作條件狀語從句。26[5]Two-phasecommitisusuallyfartooexpensivetobeanoption,sodatawarehousestypicallyhaveslightlyout-of-datedata.譯文：兩階段提交通常因開銷太大而不被采用，所以數(shù)據(jù)倉庫常會保留稍微有點兒過時的數(shù)據(jù)。本句中的“sodatawarehouses…”作結(jié)果狀語從句。27MultimediaTechnologyItisnecessaryforamultimediasystemtosupportavarietyofmediatypes.Thiscouldbeasmodestastextandgraphicsorasrichasanimation,audioandvideo.Amultimediasystemistheonewhichallowsenduserstoshare,communicateandprocessavarietyofformsofinformationinanintegratedmanner.28Manymultimediaapplicationsarebasedontheconversionofabooktoacomputerizedform.Thisconversiongivestheusersimmediateaccesstothetextandletsthemdisplaypop-upwindows,whichgivedefinitionsofcertainwords.Theintegrationofaudiosoundintoamultimediaapplicationcanprovidetheuserwithinformationnotpossiblethroughanyothermethodofcommunication.29Computationalimageprocessingcanbedefinedastheoperationofmathematicalfunctionsonnumericrepresentationsofpictorialscenes.Ingeneral,itispartofanoverallprocessofvisualperception,patternrecognitionandimageunderstanding.Theseformtheessentialcomponentsofcomputervision.Full-motionvideo,suchastheimagesportrayedinatelevision,canaddevenmoretoamultimediaapplication.304.3BigDataBigdatausuallyreferstodatainthepetabyteandExabyterange—inotherwords,billionstotrillionsofrecords,allfromdifferentsources.Bigdataareproducedinmuchlargerquantitiesandmuchmorerapidlythantraditionaldata.Thesedatamaybeunstructuredorsemi-structuredandthusnotsuitableforrelationaldatabaseproductsthatorganizedataintheformofcolumnsandrows.31Businessesareinterestedinbigdatabecausetheycontainmorepatternsandinterestinganomaliesthansmallerdatasets,withthepotentialtoprovidenewinsightintocustomerbehavior,weatherpatterns,financialmarketactivity,orotherphenomena.However,toderivebusinessvaluefromthesedata,organizationsneednewtechnologiesandtoolscapableofmanagingandanalyzingnontraditionaldataalongwiththeirtraditionalenterprisedata.32Theenormousgrowthofdatahascoincidedwiththedevelopmentofthe“cloud”,whichisreallyjustanewaliasfortheglobalInternet.Asdataproliferates,especiallywiththegrowthofmobiledataapplicationsusingAppleandAndroidsmartphonesandoperatingsystems,therequirementsfordatatransmissionandstoragealsogrow.33Thelargestcompaniesmakingthemostsophisticatedindustrialequipmentarenowabletogofrommerelydetectingequipmentfailurestopredictingthem.Thisallowstheequipmenttobereplacedbeforeaseriousproblemdevelops.ManybigdataapplicationswerecreatedtohelpWebcompaniesstrugglingwithunexpectedvolumesofdata.Onlythebiggestcompanieshadthedevelopmentcapacityandbudgetsforbigdata.34Butthecontinuingdeclineinthecostsofdatastorage,bandwidth,andcomputingmeansthatbigdataisquicklybecomingausefulandaffordabletoolformedium-sizedandevensomesmallcompanies.Bigdataanalyticsarealreadybecomingthebasisformanynew,highlyspecializedbusinessmodels.35affordable 付得起的anomalies 異常，反常，不規(guī)則avalanche 雪崩，山崩billion 十億，大量decline 下降，衰退drug 藥物，毒品epidemics 流行病，泛濫Exabyte 260字節(jié)innovative 創(chuàng)新的，革新的36phenomena 現(xiàn)象predict 預測，預報proliferate 激增，擴散skyrocket 飛漲，猛漲sophisticated 復雜的，精致的surveillance 監(jiān)控，監(jiān)視trillion 萬億，兆37[1]ThevolumesofdataaresolargethattraditionalDBMScannotcapture,store,andanalyzethedatainareasonabletime.譯文：由于這些數(shù)據(jù)的量過于龐大，傳統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)無法在適當?shù)臅r間內(nèi)獲得、存儲和分析它們。本句采用“so…that…”固定搭配，構(gòu)成結(jié)果狀語從句。38[2]LargeInternetcommercecompaniessuchasAmazonandTaobaousebigdataanalyticstopredictbuyeractivityaswellastounderstandwarehousingrequirementsandgeographicpositions.譯文：一些大的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)商務公司，例如亞馬遜和淘寶，使用大數(shù)據(jù)分析來預測買家活動以及了解倉儲需求和地理定位。本句中的“AmazonandTaobao”作主語的同位語，“topredictbuyer…”是目的狀語。39[3]Governmentmedicalagenciesandmedicalscientistsusebigdataforearlydiscoveryandtrackingofpotentialepidemics.譯文：政府醫(yī)療機構(gòu)和醫(yī)學科學家們使用大數(shù)據(jù)來進行早期發(fā)現(xiàn)和跟蹤潛在的流行病。本句主語較長，主語為“Governmentmedicalagenciesandmedicalscientists”，“for…”引導的是目的狀語。40SocialNetworkingSocialnetworkingisthegroupingofindividualsintospecificgroups,likesmallruralcommunitiesoraneighborhoodsubdivision.Althoughsocialnetworkingispossibleinperson,especiallyintheworkplace,universities,andhighschools,itismostpopularonline.41Socialnetworkingofteninvolvesgroupingspecificindividualsororganizationstogether.WhilethereareanumberofsocialnetworkingWebsitesthatfocusonparticularinterests,thereareothersthatdonot.Thewebsiteswithoutamainfocusareoftenreferredtoas“traditional”socialnetworkingWebsitesandusuallyhaveopenmemberships.Thismeansthatanyonecanbecomeamember,nomatterwhattheirhobbies,beliefs,orviewsare.42Asweknow,therearedangersassociatedwithsocialnetworkingincludingdatatheftandviruses,whichareontherise.Themostprevalentdangerthoughofteninvolvesonlinepredatorsorindividualswhoclaimtobesomeonethattheyarenot.434.4CloudComputingTechnologyCloudComputingThetermcloudcomputingreferstocomputinginwhichtasksareperformedbya“cloud”ofservers,typicallyviatheInternet.Thistypeofnetworkhasbeenusedforseveralyearstocreatethesupercomputer-levelpowerneededforresearchandotherpower-hungryapplications,butitwasmoretypicallyreferredtoasgToday,cloudcomputingtypicallyreferstoaccessingWeb-basedapplicationsanddatausingapersonalcomputer,mobilephone,oranyotherInternet-enableddevice.ridcomputinginthiscontext.44Cloudcomputingreliesonsharingofresourcestoachievecoherenceandeconomiesofscale,similartoautility(liketheelectricitygrid)overanetwork.Atthefoundationofcloudcomputingisthebroaderconceptofconvergedinfrastructureandsharedservices.Cloudcomputingalsofocusesonmaximizingtheeffectivenessofthesharedresources.Cloudresourcesareusuallynotonlysharedbymultipleusersbutarealsodynamicallyreallocatedperdemand.Cloudcomputingprovidersoffertheirservicesaccordingtothreefundamentalmodels:InfrastructureasaService(IaaS),PlatformasaService(PaaS)andSoftwareasaService(SaaS).45CloudServiceThegoalofcloudcomputingistoprovideeasy,scalableaccesstocomputingresourcesandITservices.Cloudservicesaretypicallymadeavailableviaaprivatecloud,communitycloud,publiccloudorhybridcloud.46Generallyspeaking,servicesprovidedbyapubliccloudareofferedovertheInternetandareownedandoperatedbyacloudprovider.Someexamplesincludeservicesaimedatthegeneralpublic,suchasonlinephotostorageservices,E-mailservices,orsocialnetworkingsites.However,servicesforenterprisescanalsobeofferedinapubliccloud.47CloudStorageCloudstorageisamodelofdatastoragewherethedigitaldataisstoredinlogicalpools,thephysicalstoragespansmultipleservers(andoftenlocations),andthephysicalenvironmentistypicallyownedandmanagedbyahostingcompany.Thesecloudstorageprovidersareresponsibleforkeepingthedataavailableandaccessible,andthephysicalenvironmentprotectedandrunning.Peopleandorganizationsbuyorleasestoragecapacityfromtheproviderstostoreuser,organization,orapplicationdata.48Cloudstorageisbasedonhighlyvirtualizedinfrastructureandislikebroadercloudcomputingintermsofaccessibleinterfaces,near-instantelasticityandscalability,multi-tenancy,andmeteredresources.Cloudstorageservicescanbeutilizedfromanoff-premisesserviceordeployedon-premises.49annum 年，歲coherence 一致性，連貫性durable 耐用的，持久的elasticity 彈性，彈力federate 組成聯(lián)邦，組成同盟license 許可證，執(zhí)照portal 門戶，入口站點50reallocate 重新分配，再分配solely 唯一地，單獨地span 跨度，范圍tenancy 租賃，租用tolerant 寬容的，容忍的51[1]Theconceptofcloudcomputingisthatappsanddataareavailableanytime,fromanywhere,andonanydevice.譯文：云計算的概念為：在任何時間、地點和任何設備上都可以使用的應用和數(shù)據(jù)。本句的主語是“concept”，“cloudcomputing”作它的定語，“thatappsanddata…”是表語從句。52[2]ThenamecloudcomputingwasinspiredbythecloudsymbolthatisoftenusedtorepresenttheInternetinflowchartsanddiagrams.譯文：采用“云計算”這個名詞的靈感來自在流程圖和示意圖中經(jīng)常用“云”這個符號表示Internet。本句由“that”引導定語從句，修飾“thecloud”。53[3]Withcloudcomputing,multipleuserscanaccessasingleservertoretrieveandupdatetheirdatawithoutpurchasinglicensesfordifferentapplications.譯文：使用云計算，多個用戶能夠訪問單個服務器來檢索和更新他們的數(shù)據(jù)，而不需要為不同應用購買多個許可證。本句中的“Withcloudcomputing”作方式狀語，“toretrieveand…”是目的狀語。54[4]Becausethispay-for-what-you-usemodelresemblesthewayelectricity,fuelandwaterareconsumed;itissometimesreferredtoasutilitycomputing.譯文：因為這種“支付你所用的”的模式很像消費電、燃料和水的方式；它有時稱為公共設施計算。本句中的“pay-for-what-you-use”可以譯為“支付你所用的”，“Becausethis…”是原因狀語從句。55[5]Becausetheserviceproviderhostsboththeapplicationandthedata,theenduserisfreetousetheservicefromanywhere.譯文：因為服務提供者既擁有應用程序又擁有數(shù)據(jù)，所以終端用戶可以自由地從任何地方使用該服務。本句由because引導原因狀語從句，“theenduser”是主語。56TopTechnologiesofComputerScienceNanotechnologyinvolvesthecreationofdevicesandmaterialatthenanometerlevel,andthereforenanoelectronicsisanaturalprogressionofmicroelectronics.Justasmicroelectronicsledtothecreationofmicrochiporintegratedcircuit,insteadofmicrochip,nanoelectronicscouldconceivablyleadtothe“nanochip”.57Component-baseddevelopment(CBD)willrevolutionizethesoftwareindustry.Unlikerecenttrendssuchasobjectsandclient/server,itisnotjustanotherfavorofdistributedcomputing,butanextensiblearchitecturetosupportalllifecyclecomputingmetaphor,includingdesign,developmentanddeployment.58UbiquitousComputinggivesustoolstomanageinformationeasily.Informationisthenewcurrencyoftheglobaleconomy.Weincreasinglyrelyontheelectroniccreation,storage,andtransmittalofpersonal,financial,andotherconfidentialinformation,anddemandthehighestsecurityfor