怎么寫論文開(kāi)題報(bào)告

Introduction（導(dǎo)言）1．提供研究課題總的背景、意義、研究的現(xiàn)狀和尚存在的問(wèn)題(Background／Setting)2．文獻(xiàn)回顧和綜述(LiteratureReview)3．突出要研究的主題或問(wèn)題(SubjectOrProblem)4．研究課題的目的(Purpose)5．研究的價(jià)值、意義或論文結(jié)構(gòu)(ValueOfStructure)導(dǎo)言長(zhǎng)短視論文的篇幅而定，各部分內(nèi)容側(cè)重點(diǎn)和比例也因論文的內(nèi)容、目的而不盡相同。在學(xué)位論文中，通常，文獻(xiàn)綜述部分會(huì)作為獨(dú)立的結(jié)構(gòu)占據(jù)一章或兩三章。有的導(dǎo)言的內(nèi)容僅介紹這五項(xiàng)內(nèi)容中的幾項(xiàng)，但大都離不開(kāi)這五個(gè)方面所形成的框架。導(dǎo)言的內(nèi)容信息從大到小，從寬泛到具體，即，從綜述研究領(lǐng)域的概況、課題的背景開(kāi)始，逐步發(fā)展到具體的研究問(wèn)題。MovesinResearchPaperIntroductionMove1Establishingaresearchterritory(Background)a.byshowingthatthegeneralresearchareaisimportant,central,interesting,problematic,orrelevantinsomeway.b.byintroducingandreviewingitemsofpreviousresearchinthearea.Move2Establishinganiche(Subjectorproblem)a.byindicatingagapinthepreviousresearch.b.byraisingaquestionaboutit.c.byextendingpreviousknowledgeinsomeway.Move3Occupyingtheniche(Purpose,findings,structure)a.byoutliningpurposesorstatingthenatureofthepresentresearch.b.byannouncingprincipalfindings.c.byindicatingthestructureoftheRP.CompatibilityAnalysisofWebServices網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)的兼容性分析Thewebservicesparadigmpromisetoenabletherich,flexible,anddynamicinteroperationamonghighlydistributedandheterogeneousweb-hostedservicesMoreandmoreenterprisesarerushingtoemploywebservicesintotheirbusiness.Performingcomplextaskstypicallyrequiresmakinganumberofwebservicesworktogether.Forexample,acompletetravelservicecomesfromthecollaborationofatravelagent,anairlineservice,ahotelserviceandabillingservice,etc.Atpresent,severalproposals,suchasBPEL4WS[1]andWSCI[2],havebeenusedtodescribetheprocessofcollaboration.Butmostofchoreographyproposalsonlyprovidenotationstodescribethemessageflowinthecollaboration,lackingofsomereasoningmechanismstoverifytheinteractionbetweenwebservices.Asaresult,apredefinedprocessislikelytobehaveabnormallyduetotheincompatibilityofwebservicesinteraction.Todealwiththisissue,itisnecessarytoprovideaformalmethodtoanalyzecompatibilityofwebservices.Traditionalcompatibilityanalysisofwebservicesfocusontheinterfacechecking,i.e.twowebservicesareexpectedsuccessfuliftheirinvokinginterfacesarecompatible.Wethinktheycaninteractsuccessfully.Butitisnotalwaystrue.Considertwowebservices,oneforonlineshoppingandtheotherforcustomers.Supposethattheyaresyntacticallycompatibleininvokinginterfaces,butnotnegotiatewellincollaborationprotocol.TheonlineshoppingwaitsforpaymentbeforesendingtheproductwhilethecustomerbelievesCash-on-Delivery.Itiscertainthatthecollaborationbetweenthemwillleadtoadeadlock,nomatterhowwelltheyarecompatibleininvokinginterfaces.Thus,thedynamicbehaviorof!webservicesmustbetakenintoaccountwhenanalyzingcompatibilityofwebservices.Inthispaper,weemployautomatatoformalizethebehaviorofwebservices.Withthisunderstanding,weproposeadefinitionofroleamongwebservicesinteractions,i.e.weverifythecompatibilitybetweenwebservicesthroughaclient/servermodel.Webelievethatsuchcompatibilityisvitaltoguaranteethesuccessfulexecutionofcollaborationofwebservices.Thepaperisorganizedasfollows.Afterthisintroduction,section2surveysrelatedwork.Then,wediscusshowtoformalizewebserviceswithautomatainsection3.Section4describeshowtoanalyzecompatibilityofwebservices,andfollowedsummaryandfuturework.研究背景指出先前研究不足突出要研究的問(wèn)題說(shuō)明結(jié)論和觀點(diǎn)篇章結(jié)構(gòu)譯文：網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)范例可保證廣泛分布的不同種類的網(wǎng)絡(luò)主機(jī)服務(wù)之間豐富的、靈活的、動(dòng)態(tài)的運(yùn)作。越來(lái)越多的企業(yè)正爭(zhēng)先恐后地把網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)應(yīng)用到其營(yíng)業(yè)中去。復(fù)雜的任務(wù)一般需要多個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)彼此協(xié)作。例如，完整的旅行服務(wù)由旅行代理人、航空服務(wù)、賓館服務(wù)以及結(jié)賬服務(wù)等協(xié)作完成。目前，如BPEL4WS和WSCI等幾個(gè)提議被用來(lái)描述這一協(xié)作的過(guò)程。但是大多數(shù)提議只提供描述這一協(xié)作中訊息流的符號(hào)，缺少用來(lái)驗(yàn)證網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)之間的交互作用的論證機(jī)制。因此，預(yù)先確定的過(guò)程有可能由于網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)之間交互的不兼容而表現(xiàn)反常。要解決這一問(wèn)題，有必要提供一個(gè)分析網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)兼容性的正式的方法。傳統(tǒng)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)的兼容性分析集中在界面檢查，也就是說(shuō)，如果兩個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)的調(diào)用界面兼容的話，他們就會(huì)成功協(xié)作。我們認(rèn)為他們就會(huì)交互成功。但是事實(shí)并非總是如此。拿兩個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)來(lái)說(shuō)，其中一個(gè)是在線購(gòu)物，另一個(gè)是針對(duì)顧客方面的。如果兩者在調(diào)用界面上語(yǔ)句構(gòu)成相互兼容，但是在協(xié)作協(xié)議方面沒(méi)有協(xié)調(diào)好，在線購(gòu)物等著顧客付款后發(fā)貨而顧客則認(rèn)為貨到付款，那么，無(wú)論他們?cè)谡{(diào)用界面上是多么兼容，他們之間的協(xié)作勢(shì)必導(dǎo)致僵局。因此，分析網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)兼容性時(shí)，必須考慮網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)的動(dòng)態(tài)行為。這篇文章中，我們應(yīng)用自動(dòng)控制使網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)行為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。帶著此種理解，我們提出網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)之間交互作用角色的概念，也就是說(shuō)，我們通過(guò)客戶／服務(wù)器模型來(lái)校驗(yàn)兩個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)之間的兼容性。我們認(rèn)為這種兼容性對(duì)保證網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)之間協(xié)作的成功執(zhí)行至關(guān)重要。論文結(jié)構(gòu)如下：導(dǎo)言之后，第二部分回顧相關(guān)的研究；接下來(lái)第三部分討論的是怎樣用自動(dòng)控制使網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)行為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化；第四部分描寫怎樣分析網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)之間交互的兼容性；隨后是概要和未來(lái)研究。Sample：TheEffectsofWaterScarcityonReciprocityandSociabilityinBoliviaReportsonthestateoffreshwaterreserveswarnthatseverelocalshortagesareimminent,andpredictthatviolentconflictswillemergeinwater-scarceregions.Tobetterunderstandhowconflictsdevelopinwater-scarceregions,researchisneededonthesocialandeconomicfactorsthatmediatecooperationandconflict(Ronnfeldt1997).Iproposetodoanin-depthstudyofVillaIsrael,abarrioofCochabamba,Bolivia,whereconflictoverwaterisanestablishedpartoflife.TheoverallobjectiveistounderstandhowseverewaterscarcityaffectsreciprocalexchangerelationshipsandsocialrelationshipsinaTheexistenceandqualityofintracommunitytieshaslongbeenrecognizedasafactorthatdetermineshowconflictsevolveoverscarceresourcesandotherthreats(Simmel1904[1955],Coser1956,Mack1965).Thedegreeofconnectednessandthepresenceoftiesthatcrosssocialsegmentsarebothelementsofsocialstructurethatinhibitconflictdevelopment(GluckmaninRoss1993,LeVineandCampbell1972).Althoughearlyconflicttheoristscalledforempiricalresearchtoinvestigatewhenandinwhatordersocialtiesarebroken(Coleman1957),suchstudieshavebeenconductedinonlyafewgeographicregionsandonafewenvironmentalscarcities.Assumingthatallhouseholdsengageinexchangeandsocialrelationships,andthattheamountofwateravailabletothehouseholdsvaries,Iproposetenhypotheses:H1.Generalizedreciprocalexchangeswilloccurmorefrequentlyinthewetseasonthaninthedryseason.H2.Socialinteractionswilloccurmorefrequentlyinthewetseasonthaninthedryseason.H3.Duringthedryseason,householdswithmorewaterwillengageinmoregeneralizedreciprocalexchangesthanwillhouseholdswithlesswater.Theresearchwillproceedintwophases.Duringthefirstphase,Iwillselecta60-householdpurposivesample,createandtestinterviewprotocols,choosekeyinformants,andtrainaresearchassistant.Thefirstphasewilllaythegroundworkforthesecond,sothatIwillbepreparedtocompleteabaselineassessmentofexchangeandsocialinteractionsbeforethedryseasonbeginsinMay.Duringthesecondphase,Iwillconductin-depthinterviewswithkeyinformantsandfourethnographicinterviewswitheachhouseholdinthesample.Attheendofthesecondphase,Iwillconductaseriesofexperimentaleconomicgamestodeterminethenormsoftrustandreciprocityinthecommunity.CochabambaisalargeBoliviancitylocatedinasemi-aridzone,madefamousin2000byprotestsandriotsoverwaterdeliverythatreceivedinternationalattention.There,arapidincreaseinwaterdemandcausedbyurbangrowth,groundwaterscarcity,andtopographythatdrainswaterawayfromthecityhaveintensifiedpressuresonthemunicipalwaterdistributionsystem(LaurieandMarvin1999).Lackingthecapitaltoextendwaterservicestoitsgrowingperiphery,Cochabambacontainsalargepopulationofmarginalurbanresidentsthatlackaccesstothemunicipalwatersystem.UsingtheUni6nCristianaEvangelicacensusofVillaIsraelasasampleframe,Iwillselectapurposivesampleof60households.Householdswillbeselectedtomaximizevariationonthefollowingvariables:numberofmembers,ethnicity,religiousaffiliation,headofhousehold'sprofession,andgeographiclocationofthehouse(distancefromwatersources).Althoughchoosingapurposivesamplerendersgeneralizationfromthestudyimpossible,thepurposivesamplewillenablemetochoosehouseholdsthatmaximizevariationontheindependentvariables(Bernard2002).Dataentryandcodinginterviewswillbetranscribedbythefieldassistantastheyareconducted.Datafromtheinterviewswillbeusedtoconstructanordinalmeasureofwateruse(H4~H6)andfourinterval-leveldependentvariables:thenumberofgeneralizedreciprocalexchangesthatoccurredinthelastweek(H1,H3),thenumberofhouseholdswithwhichtherespondentsexchangedinthelastweek(H4),thenumberofsocialvisitsthatoccurredinthelastweek(H2,H5),thenumberofhouseholdswithwhichtherespondentsvisitedinthelastweek(H6).Theamountofoffers(H7)andcounter-offers(H8)madeduringtheinvestmentgamewillberecordedinBolivianos.QuantitativedataforhouseholdswillbeentereddirectlyintoExcelspreadsheets.Iwilluset-teststocomparemeannumbersofexchangeandsocialinteractionsfor