計算機文化基礎(chǔ)（雙語）

^Introductionto

ComputerScience"

LISTBComputerDepartment

、^IntroductiontoComputerScience”]

?Class：Total36hoursf

Lecture18hours,Lab18hours

?GradingjFinalexam70%「

Others30%c

'Website:httv：〃/

-Username:S學(xué)號

-Password:123456

?Instructor:TaohongZhang

Contact:waterswordzth@163.com

c

Contents

?ChapterComputersandDigital

Basics

?ChapterComputerHardware

?ChapterComputerSoftware

?ChapterOS

?ChapterNetwork

?ChapterCompress

cChapter1Computersand°

「digitalbasics

c

Whenyouhavecompletedthischapteryoushouldbeableto:

廣、Definetheterm“computer”,“microcomputer”

knowthedigitalrevolution

(-knowthehistoryofcomputerdevelopment

C-knowthetypeofcomputerandfunctionofcomputer

/~、-Differentiatebetweendataandinformation,analogand

(digital

-Describehowdigitaldevicesrepresentnumbers,text,

x-ximages,andsound

^masternumberandcode

?storageformofinformation

?numbersystemandconversionofnumber

C

cSectionAallthingsdigitafT

f*—I

cTheDIGITALREVOLUTION

*Whatisthedigitalrevolution?

,Thedigitalrevolutionisanongoingprocessofsoci^fT^i

political,andeconomicchangebroughtbydigital

Ctechnology.

^^^?Whattechnologiesarefuelingthedigitalf~、

revolution?

?Digitalelectronics,computers,communications,networks^

theWeb,anddigitization

?Whatcausedthesuddenupswingincomputer

ownership?

,ThenetworkandtheWeb

c

SectionAallthingsdigital

^Ppncepts:

?Acomputernetworkisagroupofcomputers

clinkedbywiredorwirelesstechnology

sharedataandresources.

?TheInternetisaglobalcomputernetwork

cTheWeb(shortforWorldWideWeb)isa''"

^collectionoflinkeddocuments,graphics,and

soundsthatcanbeaccessedovertheInternet.

oSectionAallthingsdigital

CCONVERGENCE

c-Whatisconvergence?(P.8ofE)

-Howdoesconvergenceaffectthetypical

~、consumer?

I

-Quality

DIGITALSOCIETY

c

SectionBDigitalDevices

FIGURE一

WhenthisphotowaspublishedI

于in1947,thecaptionread,

f"Dr.JohnvonNeumannstands

|infrontofanewElectronic?Adoptbinarysystem

'Brain；thefastestcomputing

machineforitsdegreeof

precisionyetmade.The

machinewhichcando2,000

multiplicationsinonesecond?StoreInformation-

v^andaddorsubtract100,000

Itimesinthesameperiodv\as

displayedtodayforthefirsttime

attheInstituteforAdvanced

Study.Itsfabulousmemorycan

store1,024numbersof12c

decimalplaceseach.Dr.von

,Neumannwasoneofthe

designersofthevender

machine.*'

Whatisacomputer?(VonNeumann'sdefinition)

c\5

computerisamultipurposedevicethataccepts

input,processdata,storesdata,andproduces

output,allaccordingtoaseriesofstored

instructions

SectionBDigitalDevices

C

cAcomputeracceptsinputc

一

廠^?“Input”:

-Thewordsandsymbolsinadocument,

c-numbersforacalculation,廣

-pictures,C

-temperaturesfromathermostat,

一audiosignalsfromamicrophone,

一andinstructionsfbrcompletingaprocess;；

C?Aninputdevicegathersandtranslatesinput

intoaformthatthecomputercanprocess.

-Keyboardisthemain(standard)inputdevice<Ip

SectionBDigitalDevices

Acomputerproduceoutput

?"output”:resultsproducedbyacomputer

-Reports

-Documents

一Graphs

-Music

?Themainoutputdevice:

一monitor

-printer

SectionBDigitalDevices

Acomputerprecessesdata0

I

data—referstothesymbolsthatrepresentfacts,

objects,andideas

c?“processdata”:

-Performingcalculations

-Modifyingdocumentsandpictures,~

-Sortinglistsofwordsornumbers(pl5F.l-13)

-Drawinggraphs,、，

C?Acomputerprocessesdatainadevicecalledthe

centralprocessingunit(CPU)

SectionBDigitalDevices

Acomputerstoresdata

“Storedata”:performautomatically

-Memory-datawaitingtobeused

-Storagedataleftonapermanent~x

whileitisnotneededforprocess1

?File-isanamedcollectionofdatathatexists

onastoragemedium

u

SectionBDigitalDevices

C

What'ssosignificanttostore

c

cinstructions

?computerprogram-Theseriesofinstructions

thattellscomputerhowtocarryoutprocessing.^

tasks.

?Software-programs

?Whatkindofsoftwaredocomputerrun?

-Systemsoftware(P.16)

I\

-Applicationsoftware(P.16)

TheEvolutionofComputer

—History

TheFirstGeneration-VacuumTubes(1946—

1956)(電子管)

c1946(Electronicnumericalintegratorandcalculator、

I?

General-purposeelectronicdigitalcomputer

Wartimeneeds

Decimal

Programmedmanually

1952EDVAC(TheVonNeumannMachine)(Electronicdiscrete

Cvariableautomaticcomputer)

Stored-programconcept

Hadgeneralstructureandfunction

c

cTheEvolutionofComputer

?Weight:30t

?Storage:80byte

?Speed:5000/si

TheEvolutionofComputer

C1950sThebirthofComputerIndustry

CommercialComputers

IBM：Seriesof700/7000

c2.TheSecondGeneration:Transistors(1957-

1964)(晶體管)

,一\947BellLabsinventedtransistor

Thelate1950sNCR,RCA

Deliverthenewtechnology

IBM7094

C

Sizeofmemorygrewfrom2Kto32K.

Memorycycletime(thetimetoaccessonewordof

memory)fellfrom30|LISto1.4JLIS.

Note:IK=210=1024

TheEvolutionofComputer

c

3.TheThirdGeneration:Integrated

OCircuits(1965-1971)

4.LaterGenerations(1972-至今)「

Large-scaleintegration(LSI):>1000components

Very-large-scaleintegration(VLSI):>100,000componei^te^^

Microprocessors:">microcomputer(pc)1

AllofthecomponentsofaCPUonasinglechip

thedifferenceofcomputerandmicrocomputer:

C1)microprocessor;

2)busstructure

I\I，

C

c計算機發(fā)展的四個階段

心欠起止年份所用電子元數(shù)據(jù)處理方運算速度應(yīng)用埸域

器件式

1946?195匯編語言、幾千?幾國防衣濠

C第一代電子管1

7代碼程序萬次/秒科夏

r

1958~196高級程序設(shè)幾萬?幾

代晶體管

4計語言十萬次/

秒

結(jié)構(gòu)化、模

格―k、1965?197中、小規(guī)模幾十萬T

第二代Al塊化程序設(shè)'工業(yè)控制、

0集成電路幾百萬次

計、實時處數(shù)據(jù)處理

/秒

理.

大規(guī)模、超

Q四代分時、實時幾百萬.“工業(yè)、生

1970修大規(guī)模集成

數(shù)據(jù)處理、上億條指活等各方

電路

計算機網(wǎng)絡(luò)令/秒面

Chinese“神威”

computer

384CPU

0?384,000,000,000/s

?Memorysize48GB

Harddisksize2.5TB

?、

TheFunctionsofComputer

c

LFunctions:

cSciencecomputation

Informationdisposal

Processcontrol

Computeraidedengineer(CAE)

Artificialintelligence(AI)

「TheCategoryofComputer

c

Category(usage,cost,size,capability)

commonlyusedcomputercategories

1)Microcomputer(personalcomputer)八

servers

3)Mainframes

4)Supercomputers

r\

SectionBDigitalDevices

c1.Personalcomputerc

?Microprocessor-basedcomputingdevi6e^

foranindividual

Workstation:

TWOITieCiningS—1.anordinarypersonalcomputer"~、

connectedtoanetworki

-2.powerfuldesktopcomputersforhigh-

performancetasks(suchasCAD)

SectionBDigitalDevices

「2.Server

?Servecomputersonanetworksupplying

data

Client:c

requestsdatafromaserverisreferrecffo^^

asaclient

SectionBDigitalDevices

c3.Mainframec

o

Large,fast,expensive;

cBusiness,government;

Providecentralizedstorage,processingand

managementforlargeamountofdata;

simultaneouslyhandlethousandsofusers.

SectionBDigitalDevices

c4.Supercomputer0

——thefastestcomputersintheworld

oC

Fastest,mostexpensive;

?■(

Designedfor"computer-intensive“taskJ

suchasmolecularcalculations,

catmosphericmodelingorsimulating

nuclearexplosions

數(shù)字計算機

r［按處理對象;模擬計算機

數(shù)?；旌嫌嬎銠C

'按使用范圍通用計算機

專用計算機

I'

/\巨型計算機

按規(guī)模1大/中型計算機

r\小型計算機

微型計算機

工作站或服務(wù)器

SectionC.DigitalDataRepresentation

C

Datarepresentationbasic:

?whatisdata?

datareferstothesymbolsthatrepresentpeople,

events,things,andideas,datacanbeaname,anumber,thec

colorsinaphoto,orthenoteinamusicalcomposition^~

('

?ThedifferenceofDataandinformation

dataisusedbymachine,suchascomputer;

informationisusedbyhumans.

SectionCDigitalDataRepresentation

cDigitalData

「Representation

C-Datarepresentation

?theformdataisstored,processed,

andtransmitted

廠、-Analoganddigital/

?thedifferencebetweenanaloganH

digital,

C-Digitaldataistext,numberthat

convertedintodiscretedigitssuchasOs

andIs.

-Analogdataisrepresenteddtingan

infinitescaleofvalues.

SectionCDigitalDataRepresentation

1.Representingnumber

-NumericData

?Numbersusedinarithmeticoperations

一Binarynumbersystem

?0and1

/Computerstore,processandtransmit

datawithbinaryform

SectionCDigitalDataRepresentation

C

1.Representingnumber

Acomputerusesabitasthebuildingblockformdre^

complexmessages^whichareconstructedwithaseries

ofbits.

?1bi20二1mation.

21二2

22=2X2=4

23二2X2X2=8

24=2X2X2X2=16

25=2X2X2X2X2=32

26=2X2X2X2X2X2=64

27=2X2X2X2X2X2X2=128

28=2X2X2X2X2X2X2X2=256

c

unitsofbinarysystem

1bit

1byte=8bit

1word=2byte

'IkB(byte)=210B

1MB(MegaByte)=210KB

1GB(GigaByte尸210MB

1TB(Tricro)=210GB

SectionCDigitalDataRepresentation

Ci

cNumber（數(shù)制）

SomeNotation:

0?Base/radix（基數(shù)）

?Digits（數(shù)字符號）

/、、^Weight（位權(quán)）

數(shù)制基數(shù)數(shù)字符號

十進(jìn)制100,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9

二進(jìn)制20,1

八進(jìn)制80,1,2,3,4,5,6,7

十六進(jìn)制160,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F

SectionCDigitalDataRepresentation

Multinomialunwrappedfromthenumber

accordingtotheweight：

1)TheDecimalSystem：

(4723.75)］。

=4X103+7X102+2X101+3X10°

+7X101+5X10-2

2)TheBinarySystem：

(11101.01)2

,=1X24+1X23+1X22+0X21+lX2°

'+OX2'1+1X2-2

SectionCDigitalDataRepresentation

<1.Representingnumberc

3)Thehexadecimalsystem

Base,orradixof16,digits(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,

C,D,E,F)

s={..S2slS°.S_iS_2S_3.

S=S_l6n-l+S_J6n-2+...+Sl6i+SJ60

1n11.11n乙J1L

1m

+S_116-+...+S_m16-

c

一FL3=15*16i+l*160+3*16"

SectionCDigitalDataRepresentation

c

1.Representingnumber

C4)Theoctalsystem

cBase,orradixof8,digits(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7)

S={i…s?NS]1sU0.sT1s-Z?S-Dn...})

S=S_,8nT+Sn_?8n—2+…+s81+S08°

111,1乙1\J

1、1n

-1m

+S_18+...+S_m8-

r\23.3=2*8i+7*8°+3*84

83=?

NumberConversion

C)ConversionbetweenBinary

°andDecimal

Toconvertfromdecimaltobinary,the

integerandfractionalpartsarehandled

separately.

c

NumberConversion

廠^a)ConvertdecimalintegerNintobinaryform:

k21

N=(1X2)+(RkX2『i)+...+(R3X2)+(R2X2)+

C(%X2。)

Repeateddivision1

Ex.Decimal11

QuotientRemainder

11/2二5一]

5/2=2—]

2/2=1—0

1/2=0—1

(11)10=(1011)2

b)Fractionalpartinvolvedrepeated

cmultiplication.

2

F=(a_IX1/2)+(a_2Xl/2)+(a_3X1/23)+...

This

Ex.

c

0.81X

^0.62X

Z

0?24X

0.48X

0.96X

0.92X

(0-81)10=(0.110011)2,(approximate)

c

Ex.Decimal0.25

c

ProductIntegralpart01

0.25X2=0.50

0.50X2=1.01

\0.2510=0.01

iz^2)ConversionbetweenHexadecimaland

Decimal

c

Base16(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F)

［、)000二01000=8

(0001=1

1001二9

0010=21010=A

C0011=31011二B

0100=41100二C

0101=51101二D

x-^110=61110-E

10111=71111=F

HexadecimalDecimal

Ex.1A16=(116X169+(A16X16°)=(11OX169+(1010X16°)=26

Binary>Hexadecimal

110111100001=DE116

DE1

i^^S)ConversionbetweenOctalandDecimalc

Base8(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7)

000=0001=1?

bio=2011=3

100=4101=5

110=6111=7C

I1

Octal-------------?Decimalr\

散.178二(18X89+(78X8°)=(8)+(7)=15(

Ij

Binary--------?Octal

101111001=57KoMKZ

57i

整型數(shù)的存儲

1.機器數(shù)與真值

?機器數(shù)：將一個數(shù)在機器中的存儲形式（即編

碼）稱為機器數(shù)。，/

?在計算機中帶符號整數(shù)是采用補碼表示的

O-帶符號數(shù)的最高位用來表示數(shù)的符號,

般用“0”表示“+”，用“1”表示。

#ofBitsRange

80255

16065,535

c

整型數(shù)的原碼、反碼和補碼

正數(shù):原碼、反碼、補碼相同。

符號位為0,數(shù)值為對應(yīng)的二進(jìn)制數(shù)。

例如:+109

[+109]原=[+109]反=[+109]#=01101101

負(fù)數(shù):

O原碼:符號位為1,數(shù)值為絕對值的二進(jìn)制數(shù)。

例：［-109］原=11101101

反碼：將原碼除符號位外，逐位取反。

例：［T09］反=10010010

?補碼：將反碼末位加1。

例：［T09］補=10010011

ArithmeticandLogicRule

、加0+0=01+0=0+1=11+1=10

減0-0=01-0=11-1=00-1=1

廠

Arith1

metic乘0*0=00*1=1*0=01*1=1

除0/1=01/1=11

與0A0=00Al=01AO=OJA1=1/

Logic或ovo=oOV1=1ivo=iM

非非0為1非1為0

ExampleofArithmeticand。

Logic

ex2：

101.01101.Ill

+110.01+ILOil

1011.10iooi.oio

,ex3：a=1100,b=0110

aVb>aAb>-a

110011001100

vono八0110邏輯非為:

mo01000011

SectionCDigitalDataRepresentation

_2.Representingsymbols

/Howtodenotecharacter?

a)ASCIIcoding(AmericanStandardCode

forInformationInterchange)

uses7bitstorepresent27Symbols(128symbols),

includinguppercaseandlowercaseletters,special

ccontrolcodes,numerals,andpunctuationsymbols.

SectionCDigitalDataRepresentation

ASCIIRule

Onebyte(8bitsbinarycode)

representsonecharacter

0

7

ThetopofTheothers(7bits)canhave128binary

byteis"0”codes.Ex：00000000-01111111

Represent128characters.

ASCIIRule

0011I0100I

000000010010010101100111

%

________u。。。NULDLESP0pP

UA、

U001.1JAJQaq

0010STXDC2r

.

0011A為(()=6fs

1?-X.、oVZ-Mi-VoFVZo0001)2___u~

Un1iUnUnH.Vz±t

0101ENQ記?。簎

0110ACKSYTSV

0111BEL0字符的ASCII碼是48w

1000BSCAI>X

1001HTENIA字符的ASCII碼呈65y

1010LFSUEz

1011VTESCA字痔的Asrn碼是97<

1100FFFS1

1101CRGSMAgAsru碼小差早a，)

1110VC■

1111SIUS/?O,oDEL

SectionCDigitalDataRepresentation

-b)Chinesecode:GB-2312?

I

G《信息交換用漢字編碼字符集——基本集》/GB2312-80

?7445Chineseandgraphsymbol：

Ccommon：202；sequence：60；number：22；

English：52；Japan：169；Greek：48;

、Russia：66/

Chinese：6763；(3755；3008)

?TwobytesrepresenteachChineseorsymbol.

(7軌6

輸入碼（外碼）

-輸出碼（字模、字型碼）

輸出碼：漢字輸出時使用的編碼。

、?以點陣形式表示。

。如16X16點陣、24X24點陣、32X32點陣等廠＞

?一個16X16點陣漢字輸出碼所占存儲空間:

16/8X16=32個字節(jié)

辟㈱睥^呻榴蟠踹

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oo,O

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lo,4

81

lo,8

lo4

lF

7Fo.4F

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,-O

O2,1O

O4,

岫O8

mO7

16x16點陣漢字及編碼24x24點陣漢字32x32點陣漢字

漢字的編碼C

■包括：信息交換碼（國標(biāo)碼）、機內(nèi)碼、輸入碼和輸,

出碼

?機內(nèi)碼（亦稱內(nèi)碼）：漢字（符號）在計算機內(nèi)部的

二進(jìn)制代碼。O

f種代碼之間的關(guān)系:

?

國標(biāo)碼

高位置“1”

機

漢字輸入內(nèi)

輸入碼輸出碼＞漢字輸出

（外碼）碼（字形碼）

SectionCDigitalDataRepresentation

3.RepresentingImages

Difference:

1.Imagequality;

dTheamountrequiredtostoretheimage;

<"3xTheamountoftimerequiredtotransmitthe

image\C

4.Howeasytomodifytheimageandsoon

、Bitmapgraphicmethodofac

black-and-whiteimage-monochromegraphs

1pixelcanberepresentedby1bit.

00011000

□■■■■□00111100C

□■■■■□00111100

00011000’

ImageMatrixRepresentation

00011000001111000011110000011000

LinearRepresentation

Grayscalegraphicsc

Grayscalegraphic:di