煤礦工作總結(jié) 文檔美國(guó)小型和大型商業(yè)銀行的利潤(rùn)效率來(lái)源及差異

審時(shí)度勢(shì)更新觀念抓管理低調(diào)務(wù)實(shí)精誠(chéng)團(tuán)結(jié)求發(fā)展先進(jìn)表彰大會(huì)上的講話與會(huì)的各位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)及同志們上午好！今天在這里舉行“XX煤礦20**年度先進(jìn)表彰大會(huì)”，我代表XXX煤業(yè)有限責(zé)任公司的全體員工，首先向董事長(zhǎng)、關(guān)心和支持梁洼工作的各位副總、部室領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、兄弟單位及職工家屬表示親切的慰問(wèn)和衷心的問(wèn)候，向各位勞模、先進(jìn)工作者表示崇高的敬意。在此我向諸位拜個(gè)早年，祝大家“新年愉快，身體健康，萬(wàn)事如意”。一、工作回顧（一）安全方面1、狠抓培訓(xùn)提高素質(zhì)2013年度公司注重安全培訓(xùn)，把培訓(xùn)按系統(tǒng)、工種、重點(diǎn)、時(shí)期分類培訓(xùn)，并嚴(yán)格按文件考核，把培訓(xùn)績(jī)效納入工資考核，規(guī)范了培訓(xùn)管理，從而使公司員工熟悉工作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，懂得規(guī)程，知道操作程序，提高崗位安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的預(yù)知與預(yù)控，轉(zhuǎn)變了思想觀念，樹立了“安全第一”的理念，給公司的安全生產(chǎn)奠定了基礎(chǔ)。2、安全管理方面2013年注重從隱患排查與治理、系統(tǒng)主體責(zé)任的明確與落實(shí)和安全考核與責(zé)任追究等三方面的工作。（1）隱患排查與治理公司嚴(yán)格落實(shí)系統(tǒng)自查自糾主體責(zé)任；部室技術(shù)監(jiān)督指導(dǎo)責(zé)任；安全全面監(jiān)督落實(shí)責(zé)任；經(jīng)理帶班現(xiàn)場(chǎng)排查跟蹤落實(shí)責(zé)任。層層把關(guān)，橫到邊縱到底隨時(shí)入井督查作業(yè)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)安全隱患與操作行為，并跟蹤落實(shí)整改結(jié)果，全年共查出隱患條，整改條。（2）系統(tǒng)主體責(zé)任的明確與落實(shí)2013年嚴(yán)格落實(shí)【2013】2號(hào)《XXX煤業(yè)有限責(zé)任公司安全隱患治理責(zé)任追究及獎(jiǎng)懲辦法》明確了系統(tǒng)安全工作職責(zé)，安全工作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和責(zé)任追究，對(duì)隱患分級(jí)按期整改，對(duì)整改不及時(shí)、整改不合格或重復(fù)的對(duì)系統(tǒng)經(jīng)理、主管科室及主管區(qū)隊(duì)進(jìn)行責(zé)任追究；（3）嚴(yán)格安全考核與責(zé)任追究把系統(tǒng)安全質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化考核、優(yōu)秀區(qū)隊(duì)考核、先進(jìn)班組考核、管理人員工資考核、最佳基層管理人員、安全標(biāo)兵及年度先進(jìn)工作者考核列入安全考核內(nèi)容，并按文件要求進(jìn)行事故責(zé)任追究制（2103年已對(duì)修護(hù)隊(duì)、運(yùn)輸隊(duì)個(gè)別隊(duì)長(zhǎng)進(jìn)行免職追究）、加大安全管理力度，激發(fā)公司上下參與安全管理的積極性，取得了良好的效果。3、工程質(zhì)量管理2013年度公司下發(fā)了下發(fā)XXX【2012】58號(hào)文件《關(guān)于工程質(zhì)量監(jiān)督管理辦法的通知》規(guī)范了工程驗(yàn)收標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和驗(yàn)收制度，對(duì)不合格的工程杜絕驗(yàn)收結(jié)算，遏制了不合格工程，使巷道施工標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有了提高。4、安全指標(biāo)2013年總體消滅了重傷以上事故；但發(fā)生幾起零打碎敲輕傷事故，二級(jí)以上工程、機(jī)電事故有所下降，作業(yè)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的隱患也得到有效遏制，職工的操作行為得到進(jìn)一步規(guī)范。（二）指標(biāo)完成情況采區(qū)接替緊張；由于煤炭市場(chǎng)影響煤質(zhì)挑剔，為順應(yīng)市場(chǎng)需求，2013年度因地質(zhì)多變對(duì)XXX工作面及21091采面4次改造，累計(jì)改造掘進(jìn)進(jìn)尺510.2m,給公司的原煤生產(chǎn)造成影響，但對(duì)煤質(zhì)管理打下基礎(chǔ)；2、生產(chǎn)指標(biāo)（1）2013年度計(jì)劃生產(chǎn)原煤XXXX噸，實(shí)際完成XXX噸；計(jì)劃銷售XXXX噸，實(shí)際完成銷售XXXXXXT（2）開拓進(jìn)尺計(jì)劃1560m,實(shí)際完成XXXXm，8月份以來(lái)通過(guò)總公司對(duì)25采區(qū)皮帶大巷供車問(wèn)題協(xié)調(diào)，開拓進(jìn)尺連續(xù)完成并超額計(jì)劃。（3）掘進(jìn)進(jìn)尺全年完成XXXXXm,由于領(lǐng)導(dǎo)重視方法得當(dāng)，21091采面順利提前15天完成貫通。（4）修護(hù)進(jìn)尺XXXXm，由于修護(hù)巷道安排合理較去年同比減少XXXXm.3、其它指標(biāo)（1）完成XX采區(qū)兩條主運(yùn)輸大巷的開拓主體工程和變電所主體工程。（2）保持國(guó)家二級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化礦井（三）其它方面1、增加節(jié)支為認(rèn)真落實(shí)總公司【2013】36號(hào)文件精神，XX公司下發(fā)XXX【2013】44號(hào)文及XXX【2013】49號(hào)《XX公司生產(chǎn)任務(wù)工效責(zé)任追究若干規(guī)定》公司實(shí)行安全、工效、材料回收及重復(fù)利用做到日清月結(jié)，發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題立即分析原因、立即追究、立即采取措施8至12月份單工回采、開拓、掘進(jìn)及修護(hù)效率明顯提高，修舊利廢和回收材料累計(jì)XXX元。2、人員組織方面公司根據(jù)實(shí)際情況制定切實(shí)可行的措施，有效的增強(qiáng)區(qū)隊(duì)生產(chǎn)人員，今年10份公司出臺(tái)管理人員組織人員措施，對(duì)公司的一線人員組織起到足進(jìn)作用。3、特殊措施落實(shí)方面特殊時(shí)段安全及生產(chǎn)特殊措施，及時(shí)足進(jìn)安全指標(biāo)控制及生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃完成。根據(jù)季節(jié)制定了夏秋保勤措施、8月份對(duì)XX采區(qū)皮帶大巷開拓供車制定特殊保障措施、12月份根據(jù)XXXXX采面治水情況制定了XXXX1采面臨時(shí)貫眼管通獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)措施。二、存在的問(wèn)題1、安全管理方面還存在薄弱環(huán)節(jié)，零打碎敲事故還時(shí)有發(fā)生；2、內(nèi)部管理有漏洞，材料費(fèi)用超支比較嚴(yán)重，生產(chǎn)成本居高不下；3、煤質(zhì)管理時(shí)有放松現(xiàn)象。三、20**年工作打算1、狠抓培訓(xùn)，提高全員素質(zhì)和管理人員思想觀念。2、狠抓安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)知預(yù)控管理，不斷提高全員安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)3、在安全管理的基礎(chǔ)上，注重做好隱患排查與治理、系統(tǒng)主體責(zé)任的明確與落實(shí)和安全考核與責(zé)任追究等三方面的工作，嚴(yán)格按照一級(jí)安全質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化標(biāo)準(zhǔn)落實(shí)工作，打造安全環(huán)境，為實(shí)現(xiàn)“安全生產(chǎn)5000天”打下堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)。4、狠抓開拓進(jìn)度，緩解采區(qū)接替。5、加大掘進(jìn)步伐滿足生產(chǎn)需要，保證采面正常接替工作。6、狠抓經(jīng)營(yíng)管理，消除浪費(fèi)實(shí)現(xiàn)企業(yè)效益最大化，保持礦區(qū)和諧穩(wěn)定發(fā)展?？傊?013年度，在總公司領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的正確指引和幫助下，通過(guò)加強(qiáng)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)安全管理，加強(qiáng)培訓(xùn)，推行安全管理精細(xì)化，加強(qiáng)安全班組建設(shè)，公司各項(xiàng)管理走上了良性軌道，取得了一點(diǎn)成績(jī)，但與領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的要求還有一定差距。各級(jí)管理人員的業(yè)務(wù)水平還有待進(jìn)一步提高；企業(yè)精細(xì)化管理還有待我們實(shí)現(xiàn)。瞻望未來(lái)，道路還很長(zhǎng)，肩上的擔(dān)子還很重，我們一定要緊密團(tuán)結(jié)在以李總的周圍，牢固樹立“安全第一，預(yù)防為主，以人為本”的思想，以質(zhì)量求安全、以安全求生存、以礦井標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化求發(fā)展。腳踏實(shí)地，大膽管理，勇于創(chuàng)新，認(rèn)真工作，實(shí)現(xiàn)一級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化礦井、努力完成20**年的各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)，實(shí)現(xiàn)安全、穩(wěn)定、和諧、發(fā)展的局面。謝謝各位！最后預(yù)祝大家，馬年身體健康，工作順利，合家歡樂(lè)，馬上發(fā)財(cái)。20**年1月27日本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯外文題目：ProfitefficiencysourcesanddifferencesamongsmallandLargeU.Scommercialbanks出處：Journalofeconomicandfinance(2005):289-299作者：AigbeAkhigbeandJamesMcNulty原文：IntroductionScaleeconomiesinbankinghavelongbeenofinteresttofinancialeconomists,andthisinteresthasbeenheightenedinrecentyearsbytwodevelopments.Thefirstisincreasedconcernaboutthesurvivabilityofsmallcommunitybanksinaneraofbankconsolidation.ThisthemewasthesubjectofaMarch2003conferenceattheFederalReserveBankofChicagoandformedthebasisforaspecialMarch2004issueoftheJournalofFinancialServicesResearch.Theseconddevelopmentisrecentacademicresearchsuggestingthatsmallbanksmayhavebothaninformationadvantageoverlargebanks,asinNakamura(1993),Mester,Nakamura,andRenault(2001),andCarterandMcNulty(2004),andanincentivetousethisinformationadvantageinthelendingprocess.Bergeretal.(2002)provideevidenceonthesecondpoint.Theysuggestthatsmallbanksmayhaveacomparativeadvantageindevelopingandusingthe“soft”informationoftenassociatedwithsmallbusinesslending.PROFEFFisaneconometricfinancialperformancemeasurethatindicateshowactualfinancialperformancecomparestoatheoreticalbest-practicefrontier.Consideringdifferencesin,andsourcesof,profitefficiency(PROFEFF)bybanksizegroupscanhelpshedlightontheissueofwhichbanksusetheircapitalmoreefficiently(providedprofitsarenormalizedbyequity,whichistheapproachwetakeinthispaper).RelevantLiteratureandEstimationIssuesMoststudiesdoneinthe1980sandearly1990ssuggestthatscaleeconomiesareslightornonexistentbeyondassetsizesof$50to$100million.SomeearlyexamplesareBenston,Hanweck,andHumphrey(1982),Gilligan,Smirlock,andMarshall(1984),Clark(1984),Nelson(1985),andBerger,Hanweck,andHumphrey(1987).Using1984data,BergerandHumphrey(1991)findthateconomiesofscaleatthefirmlevelareexhaustedbeyond$200millioninassetsize.Sincethisinfluentialstudy,whichfoundthatgainsfromreducingcostinefficienciesdominategainsfromrealizingscaleeconomies,thefocusofmoststudieshasshiftedtoinefficienciesandhenceawayfromoptimumsize.However,usingcostefficiency,BergerandMester(1997)concludethatscaleeconomiesareexhaustedwellbefore$10billioninassetsize.Sincethesestudiesestimatecosteconomies,theycannotdirectlyaddressthepossibilitythatrevenuesmaybemorethanproportionatelyhigherforlargerbanks.However,anotherrelatedtrendinthisliteraturehasbeenincreasedrecognitionthatprofitefficiencyisamoreappropriatetechniquetouseinevaluatingbankperformancethancostefficiencysincePROFEFFincorporatesbothrevenuesandcosts.RecentprofitefficiencystudiesincludeAltunbas,Evans,andMolyneux(2001),AkhigbeandMcNulty(2003),BergerandMester(1997,2001),DeYoungandHasan(1998),andDeYoungandNolle(1996),amongothers.OtherrecentstudiesofU.S.bankingefficiencyincludeBarr,Kilgo,Siems,andStiroh(2000),Zimmel(2002),BergerandDeYoung(2001),andWheelockandWalker(1999,2000).Thekeynotepaperattheabove-mentionedconference,byDeYoung,Hunter,andUdell(2004),arguesthatsmallbanksandlargebankshaveadifferentfocusandadifferentbusinessmodel—personalizedserviceandcustomizedfinancialservices(e.g.,smallbusinessloans)inthecaseofsmallbanksandefficientdistributionofrelativelyuniformtypesoffinancialservices(e.g.,creditcardsandhomeequityloans)inthecaseoflargebanks.Thebusinessmodelofthesmallbankrequiresrelativelyhighcost,whilelargerbankscankeepcostlow.Underthislineofreasoning,bothtypesofbanksshouldhavearoletoplayinthefuturefinancialservicesmarketplace.Nonetheless,differencesinPROFEFFareimportantbecauseultimatelysmallandlargebankscompeteforcapital.Forexample,thedecisionofasmallerbanktojoinornottojoinalargebankingorganizationthroughamergerisultimatelyasubjectivedecisionabouthowitscapitalcanbebestemployed.Giventheseconsiderations,twoimportantquestionsraisedbyBergerandMester(1997)mustbeconsideredbeforeweproceed.Thefirstistheappropriatevariable—assetsorequity—touseinnormalizingprofitsincomputingthePROFEFFmeasure.Thesecondistheuseofonefrontierorseveralfrontiersincomparingbanksofdifferentsizes.BecausePROFEFF,whennormalizedbyequity,measureshowwellabankutilizesitsfinancialcapital,wechoosetousethismeasure.Someearlierstudiescomparinglargeandsmallbanks,suchasAkhigbeandMcNulty(2003),useassetsandfindsmallbankshavehigherPROFEFF.Useofequitycanbeexpectedtoproducetheoppositeresultsincelargebanksusemoreleveragethansmallbanks.Inotherwords,thePROFEFFmeasurethatweuseisclosertoreturnonequity,whichshouldshowgreaterPROFEFFforlargebanks.Normalizingbyassetsislikelytoproducetheoppositeresult.SincewewanttoconsiderthesourcesofthedifferencesinPROFEFF,weusethreedifferentfrontiersforsmall,medium,andlargebanks.Thisisconsistentwiththeassumptionthattheirfocus,andtheirbasicbusinessmodel,isdifferent.ThisprocedureallowsthePROFEFFmeasurestohavemaximumflexibility—smallbankPROFEFFanditsfrontierarenotconstrainedoraffectedinanywaybytheactivitiesandbalance-sheetstructureoflargebanks,andviceversa.Thus,whenwelookatthedeterminantsofPROFEFFforthethreegroups,iftheyaredifferent,thiswillreflectrealdifferences,andiftheyarethesame,itwillnotbebecausethesamefrontierwasimposedonallbanks.Werecognizethealternativeargumentthat,incomparingtheperformanceofdifferentbanks,onenormallywantstousethesametest,nottwoorthreedifferenttests.(Wemadethisargumentourselvesinanearlierpaper.)ProfitEfficiencyTrendsforVariousBankSizeGroupsPROFEFFhasdeclinedsharplyinrecentyearsforsmallbanks,from0.778in1995to0.702in2001.Weconsiderthehypothesisthatthisdeclinemayreflectanincreasingnumberofdenovobanksinthesmallbankcategory.FDICdataindicatethatbetween1992and1994only74newbanksperyearwerechartered,whichnodoubtreflectsthedepressedstateofthebankingindustryatthattime.Incontrast,inthesixyearperiodfrom1995to2000,therewereanaverageof175newbankchartersperyear.Manyofthesebanksremainsmallforanumberofyearsafterbeingchartered.DeYoungandHasan(1998)showthatdenovobanksaremuchlessprofitefficientthanolder,similarlysizedbanks.InTable1thepercentofbanksintheunder$100milliondollarcategorythataredenovos(ageunder10years)hasincreasedfrom11.4percentto13.5percent.Moreover,DeYoungandHasan(1998)showthatthefirstthreeyearsofoperationsshowparticularlylowPROFEFFfornewbanks.Thegreaterdispersionofthedataforsmallbanksinrecentyearsalsosupportsthisexplanation.Thus,thehypothesisthatatleastpartofthedeclineinsmallbankPROFEFFbetween1995and2001reflectstheperformanceofthedenovobanksinthesampleappearsreasonable.Incontrasttothesmallbanks,PROFEFFisrelativelystableformedium-sizeandlargebankswhentrendsinbothmedianandmeanvaluesaretakenintoaccount.Forexample,meanPROFEFFformediumsizebanksremainsabove0.81throughouttheperiodandlargebankPROFEFFremainsabove0.84.Nonetheless,somedeclineisevidentintheestimates,whichprobablyreflectsinpartthefactthatbanksinallsizegroupsareusinglessleveragebecauseofpressuresfromregulatorstoincreasetheamountofequitycapitalontheirbalancesheet.ResultsoftheRegressionAnalysisoftheCorrelatesofProfitEfficiencyAsnoted,weconsiderdifferencesinthesignificanceofthecorrelatesamongthesizegroupsasanindicationthatbanksofdifferentsizeshavedifferentwaysofachievinghighprofitability.Theequity/assetsratio(EQUITY)isnegative(asexpected)andsignificantatmediumandlargebanks.Thisindicatesthat,withinthesesizegroups,themoreprofit-efficientbanks,ceterisparibus,usemoreleverage(lessequity)thantheotherbanksinthesamesizegroup.Ageispositiveandsignificantforsmallandmedium-sizebanksbutnotforlargeones.Thiswouldbeconsistentwiththenotionthattheestablishmentofastrongcreditcultureisanimportantelementinsmallandmedium-sizebankprofitability.Overlappinggenerationsofloanofficers(eachgenerationtrainingthenextintheartofmakingloansinthelocalcommunity)andrelationshipdevelopmentareimportantelementsindevelopingsuchaculture.Successfulimplementationofthesestrategieswouldrequirethatthebankbeinexistenceforaconsiderableperiodoftime.Thisisthe“l(fā)earningbydoing”discussedbyBergerandMester(1997)andmentionedabove.Themarketplacenonperformingloanratio(MKTNPL)issignificantwiththeexpectednegativesignforsmallandmedium-sizedbanksbutisactuallypositiveforlargebanks.Thisratioisnotparticularlyrelevantforlargerbankssinceitonlyconsidersnonperformingloansinthecountywherethehomeofficeofthebankislocated;mostlargebankshaveofficesandloansinmorethanonecounty.Membershipinamultibankholdingcompany(MBHC)isnegativeandsignificantforsmallandmedium-sizebanksbutnotforlargeones.Apparentlythemostsuccessfulsmallandmediumsizedbanksareindependent.Italsosuggeststhatlargebanksthataremembersofholdingcompaniesarelesslikelytobeaffectedbydevelopmentsattheholdingcompanylevelthanarethesmallerandmedium-sizedholdingcompanymembers.Therelativenonperformingloanratio(RELNPL)issignificantandnegativebutonlyformedium-sizebanks.Differencesinfeerevenue(FEEREV)areanimportantsourceofdifferencesinprofitabilityatsmallandmedium-sizebanks(notetheveryhighsignificancelevels)butnotatlargerones.Themostlikelyexplanationforthisisthatvirtuallyalllargebanksdependonfeerevenueratherthanthatfeerevenueisunimportantforthesebanks.[SeeTable1.]Theyeardummyvariablesarealsosignificantforsmallandmedium-sizebanksonly.Thissuggeststhatlargerbankshavemoreconsistentprofitabilityovertimethantheotherbanks.Competitiveconditionsmatterbutonlyforthetwosmallersizegroups.DifferencesinPROFEFFamongsmallbanksarepositivelyrelatedtotheHHI.Inotherwords,ceterisparibus,PROFEFFishigherinmoreconcentratedmarkets,whichisexactlywhatwewouldexpect.Thesamerelationshipholdsformedium-sizebanksbutnotforlargeones.BergerandMester(1997)andAkhigbeandMcNulty(2003)alsofindapositiverelationshipbetweenPROFEFFandtheHHI.Inaddition,mostofthecoefficientsoftheothercorrelatesareconsistentwiththefindingsofAkhigbeandMcNulty(2003).Thefactthatbanksofdifferentsizeattainhigh(orlow)profitefficiencythroughdifferentmeansisconsistentwiththeabove-mentionedrecentanalysisofDeYoung,Hunter,andUdell(2004)thatsuggeststhatbanksofdifferentsizeshavedifferentbusinessmodels.SummaryandConclusionsWeexaminethedifferencesinprofitefficiencyatsmall(under$100millioninassets),mediumsize($100millionto$1billion)andlarge(morethan$1billion)banksfortheperiod1995to2001,andwealsoexaminethesourcesofthesedifferences.SincewecalculatePROFEFFnormalizedbyequity,itisnotsurprisingthatlargebanksrankhighest.However,thedifferencesarequitelarge.Fortheperiodasawhole,averagePROFEFFis0.752forthesmallbanks,0.823forthemedium-sizebanks,and0.856forthelargebanks.Inotherwords,thedifferencebetweensmallandlargeismorethan10basispoints,whichiseconomically(andstatistically)quitesignificant.SmallbankscanattainhighPROFEFFbybeingolder,byoperatinginmarketswithlowdefaultrates,bybeingindependentofaholdingcompany,bygeneratinghighfeeincome,byoperatinginaconcentratedmarket,andbyhavingmoreoftheirassetsinloansasopposedtosecurities.LargebanksthathavehighPROFEFFdosoprimarilybyusingmoreleveragesincenoneoftheothervariablesaresignificant.DeYoung,Hunter,andUdell(2004)arguethatdifferenttypesofbankshavedifferentbusinessmodels.Thebusinessmodelofthesmallbankiscustomizedandpersonalizedservicebutathighcost,whilelargerbanksaimtodeliverrelativelyuniformfinancialservicestolargegroupsofcustomersatlowercost.Ouranalysisisconsistentwiththisnotionthatdifferenttypesofbanksattainhighprofitabilityindifferentways.譯文：美國(guó)小型和大型商業(yè)銀行的利潤(rùn)效率來(lái)源及差異簡(jiǎn)介金融經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家一直對(duì)銀行的規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)很感興趣，近幾年，由于兩次發(fā)展而對(duì)銀行規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)的這個(gè)興趣進(jìn)一步的加深。首先是增加對(duì)銀行合并時(shí)代的小型社區(qū)銀行的關(guān)注。這個(gè)主題是在2003年3月的一個(gè)美國(guó)芝加哥聯(lián)邦儲(chǔ)蓄銀行會(huì)議的主題，形成了一個(gè)2004年3月的特殊的金融服務(wù)研究雜志的基礎(chǔ)。第二個(gè)發(fā)展是最近的學(xué)術(shù)研究，表明了小銀行可能比大銀行更有信息的優(yōu)勢(shì)（1993），同在中村，美斯特，中村，雷諾（2001），卡特和麥克納爾蒂（2004年），鼓勵(lì)使用貸款過(guò)程中的這種信息優(yōu)勢(shì)。柏格等（2002）提供了第二點(diǎn)證據(jù)，他們認(rèn)為，小型銀行在發(fā)展和利用“軟”信息時(shí)可能具有的一個(gè)比較優(yōu)勢(shì)往往與小企業(yè)貸款相關(guān)。利潤(rùn)效率是指示如何比較實(shí)際財(cái)務(wù)業(yè)績(jī)和最佳實(shí)踐前沿理論的計(jì)量財(cái)務(wù)績(jī)效的衡量?？紤]到差異以及來(lái)源，銀行規(guī)模組的盈利效率可以幫助解決銀行更有效的使用他們的資本的這個(gè)問(wèn)題（提供的利潤(rùn)歸一股權(quán)，這是我們?cè)诒疚牟扇〉姆椒ǎＯ嚓P(guān)的文獻(xiàn)和估計(jì)問(wèn)題在80年代和90年代初所做的大多數(shù)研究表明，資產(chǎn)規(guī)模在5000萬(wàn)美元至1億美元的規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)是輕微的或是不存在。利用1984年的數(shù)據(jù)，伯杰和漢弗萊（1991）發(fā)現(xiàn)資產(chǎn)規(guī)模在2億美元以上的規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)在企業(yè)層面已經(jīng)枯竭。由于這個(gè)有影響力的研究，從而發(fā)現(xiàn)從降低成本的低效率的收益來(lái)主宰實(shí)現(xiàn)規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)的收益。大多數(shù)研究的焦點(diǎn)已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)移到低效率，從而遠(yuǎn)離了最佳規(guī)模。但是，使用成本效益，伯杰和美斯特（1997）的結(jié)論是規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)用盡之前的資產(chǎn)規(guī)模是100億美元。由于成本經(jīng)濟(jì)的估計(jì)研究，他們不能直接解決大型銀行可能有比例較高的收入問(wèn)題的可能性。然而，這些文獻(xiàn)中的另一個(gè)相關(guān)趨勢(shì)已進(jìn)一步的認(rèn)識(shí)到，利潤(rùn)效率使用在銀行業(yè)績(jī)?cè)u(píng)價(jià)中比成本效益更合適，因?yàn)槔麧?rùn)效率既包含收入又包含費(fèi)用。近期的利潤(rùn)效率研究包括Altunbas,Evans,和Molyneux(2001),Akhigbe和McNulty(2003),Berger和Mester(1997,2001)DeYoung和Hasan(1998)和DeYoung和Nolle(1996)等。最近其他的美國(guó)銀行效率的研究包括了Barr，Kilgo，Siems和Stiroh（2000），Zimmel（2002），Berger和DeYoung（2001）和Wheelock和Walker（1999,2000）.DeYoung,Hunter和Udell（2004）在上述會(huì)議主題文件中認(rèn)為，小型銀行和大型銀行有著不同的重點(diǎn)和不同的商業(yè)模式——小銀行的情況是個(gè)性化服務(wù)和客制化的金融服務(wù)（例如，小企業(yè)貸款），而相對(duì)于大型銀行來(lái)說(shuō)則是分布比較均勻類型的高效金融服務(wù)（例如，信用卡和房屋凈值貸款）。小型銀行的業(yè)務(wù)模式需要的成本相對(duì)較高，而大銀行可以保持低成本。根據(jù)這種推論，這兩種類型的銀行在未來(lái)金融服務(wù)市場(chǎng)上都有一個(gè)發(fā)揮的角色。然而，在利潤(rùn)效率中的差異是很重要的，因?yàn)樽罱K小型銀行和大型銀行競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的是資本。例如，一個(gè)較小的銀行決定通過(guò)合并加入或者不加入一個(gè)大型的銀行機(jī)構(gòu)，最終是關(guān)于它們的資本如何能最好使用的主觀決定。鑒于這些因素，由美斯特和伯杰（1997）提出的兩個(gè)重要問(wèn)題在我們開始之前必須考慮。第一個(gè)是相應(yīng)的變量——資產(chǎn)或權(quán)益——使用正?；麧?rùn)計(jì)算利潤(rùn)效率的措施。第二個(gè)則是利用一個(gè)或者幾個(gè)前沿領(lǐng)域比較不同規(guī)模的銀行。由于利潤(rùn)效率，股權(quán)歸一時(shí)，一個(gè)銀行如何利用好它們的金融資本的措施，我們選擇使用這項(xiàng)措施。一些早期的研究利用資產(chǎn)比較大型和小型銀行的，例如Akhigbe和McNulty（2003），發(fā)現(xiàn)小銀行具有較高的利潤(rùn)效率。利用股權(quán)可預(yù)期產(chǎn)生相反的結(jié)果，因?yàn)榇笮豌y行比小銀行有更好的杠桿作用。換句話說(shuō)，我們使用的利潤(rùn)效率的措施更接近凈資產(chǎn)收益率，這表現(xiàn)出大型銀行有更大的利潤(rùn)效率。資產(chǎn)正?；赡墚a(chǎn)生相反的結(jié)果。由于我們要考慮利潤(rùn)效率差異的來(lái)源，我們使用小型，中型和大型銀行的三個(gè)不同的領(lǐng)域。這與假設(shè)一致，它們的焦點(diǎn)，它們的基本經(jīng)營(yíng)模式是不同的。這個(gè)程序允許利潤(rùn)效率措施有最大的靈活性——小銀行的利潤(rùn)效率不受大銀行的活動(dòng)和資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表結(jié)構(gòu)的任何約束或影響，反之亦然。因此，當(dāng)我們看到這三個(gè)群體的利潤(rùn)效率的決定因素，如果它們是不同的，這將反應(yīng)真正的差別，如果它們是相同的，所有的銀行將不會(huì)因?yàn)橄嗤那把乇恢撇?。我們認(rèn)識(shí)到的另一類說(shuō)法是，在比較不同銀行的業(yè)績(jī)時(shí)，人們通常想要使用相同的測(cè)試，而不是兩個(gè)或者三個(gè)不同的測(cè)試。（先前的文章中我們自己討論過(guò)這個(gè)論點(diǎn)）各種規(guī)模的團(tuán)體銀行的利潤(rùn)效率趨勢(shì)近幾年來(lái)，小型銀行的利潤(rùn)效率急劇下降，從1995年的0.778下降到2001年的0.702。我們認(rèn)為這種下降的假設(shè)可能反映了在小銀行類別中的從頭銀行數(shù)量的增加。聯(lián)邦存款保險(xiǎn)公司的數(shù)據(jù)表明，在1992年和1994年之間，每年只有74家特許的新銀行，這無(wú)疑反映了當(dāng)時(shí)銀行業(yè)的低迷狀態(tài)。與此相反，在從1995年至2000年的六年時(shí)間里，平均每年有175家特許成立的銀行。許多銀行在特許成立之后的很多年規(guī)模仍然很小。DeYoung和Hasan（1998）表明，從頭銀行的利潤(rùn)效率比老的，相同規(guī)模的銀行的利潤(rùn)效率少得多。表1中在一億美元以下的銀行類別的百分比中從頭銀行（未滿10年）已經(jīng)從百分之11.4上升到百分之13.5。此外，DeYoung和Hasan（1998）指出，新銀行前三年的經(jīng)營(yíng)顯示出的利潤(rùn)效率特別低。近幾年，數(shù)據(jù)更加分散的小銀行也支持這個(gè)解釋。因此，在1995年至2001年的小型銀行至少部分利潤(rùn)效率下降的假設(shè)反映了從頭銀行在樣本中出現(xiàn)的合理性。與小型銀行相反，當(dāng)把中位數(shù)和均值的趨勢(shì)都考慮在內(nèi)時(shí)，中型銀行和大型銀行的利潤(rùn)效率相對(duì)穩(wěn)定。舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，意味著在整個(gè)期間內(nèi)中型銀行的利潤(rùn)效率高于0.81而大型銀行的利潤(rùn)效率仍高于0.84。然而，在估計(jì)中有所下降是顯而易見(jiàn)的，這可能在某種程度上反映了一個(gè)事實(shí)，銀行在所有規(guī)模團(tuán)體中較少使用杠桿是因?yàn)閬?lái)自監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)的壓力增加了他們的資產(chǎn)負(fù)債的資本金額。利潤(rùn)效率的回歸的相關(guān)性分析結(jié)果如前所訴，我們考慮相關(guān)的意義之間差異的大小作為一組相關(guān)指示，不同規(guī)模的銀行有不同的方式來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)高盈利的能力。在中型和大型銀行中股本/資產(chǎn)的比率（股權(quán)）為負(fù)的（如預(yù)期），而且是顯著的。這表明了，在其他條件不變時(shí)，更多利潤(rùn)，高效率的銀行在這些相同的大小團(tuán)體中比其他的銀行使用了更多的杠桿（較少的權(quán)益）。對(duì)于小型銀行來(lái)說(shuō)年齡是積極的，重要的，但是對(duì)大型銀行而言不是。這是個(gè)一致的概念，一個(gè)強(qiáng)有力的信用文化的建立是中小銀行盈利的重要因素。信貸員的世代重疊（在當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)，每一代的培訓(xùn)下發(fā)放貸款）和關(guān)系的發(fā)展，是建立這樣一種文化的重要元素。這些戰(zhàn)略的成功實(shí)施將要求銀行存在相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間。這就是美斯特（1997）討論的“從做里面學(xué)習(xí)”，如上所訴。中小銀行的不良市場(chǎng)貸款率（MKTNPL）是顯著的，與預(yù)期的一樣是負(fù)的，但是實(shí)際上對(duì)于大銀行來(lái)說(shuō)是正的。這個(gè)比例對(duì)較大的銀行來(lái)說(shuō)不是特別重要，因?yàn)樗鼉H考慮家庭辦公所在地縣級(jí)那里的銀行的不良貸款。多數(shù)的大銀行有一個(gè)以上的縣辦事處和貸款。對(duì)于中小銀行來(lái)說(shuō)，會(huì)員在一家銷售控股公司（MBHC）是具有消極的意義和作用的，但對(duì)于大銀行來(lái)說(shuō)不是。顯然，最成功的中小銀行是獨(dú)立的。它還表明了，大型銀行控股公司的成員不太可能受到控股公司發(fā)展水平的影響，而中小銀行控股公司的成員可能受到的影響較大。相對(duì)的不良貸款比例（RELNPL）是顯著的復(fù)數(shù)，但僅僅是對(duì)中型銀行而言。在中小銀行中，費(fèi)用收入的差異是盈利能力差異的一個(gè)重要來(lái)源（注意顯著性水平非常高），但是對(duì)于大型銀行來(lái)說(shuō)不是。對(duì)此最可能的解釋是，幾乎所有大型銀行都依賴費(fèi)用收入，而不是說(shuō)費(fèi)用收入對(duì)這些銀行不重要。(見(jiàn)附表1)年的虛擬變量也只對(duì)中小銀行具有重要的意義。這表明，隨著時(shí)間的推移大型銀行比其他的銀行具有更多持續(xù)的盈利能力。競(jìng)爭(zhēng)條件很重要，但僅僅是對(duì)兩個(gè)較小的組織而言。小銀行之間的利潤(rùn)效率的差異與赫芬達(dá)爾指數(shù)是正相關(guān)的。換句話說(shuō)，在其他條件不變時(shí)，市場(chǎng)越集中，利潤(rùn)效率就越高，而這也正是我們所期望的。與此有同樣關(guān)系的是中型銀行，大型銀行則不適合。BergerandMester(1997)andAkhigbeandMcNulty(2003)也發(fā)現(xiàn)了利潤(rùn)效率與赫芬達(dá)爾指數(shù)之間的正相關(guān)的關(guān)系。此外，對(duì)其他大部分的相關(guān)系數(shù)的研究與AkhigbeandMcNulty(2003)的研究結(jié)果是一致的。事實(shí)上，不同規(guī)模的銀行要通過(guò)不同的方式實(shí)現(xiàn)高（或者低）的利潤(rùn)效率是符合上述DeYoung,Hunter和Udell(2004)的分析的，不同規(guī)模的銀行要有不同的商業(yè)模式?？偨Y(jié)和結(jié)論我們研究了1995年至2001年期間的小型銀行（資產(chǎn)低于一億美元），中型銀行（一億美元至十億美元）和大型銀行（十億美元以上）之間利潤(rùn)效率的差異，以及這些差異的來(lái)源。由于我們采用權(quán)益計(jì)算正?；睦麧?rùn)效率，所以大銀行的排名最高也就不足為奇。但是，這些差異都相當(dāng)?shù)拇?。?duì)于整個(gè)的期間，小型銀行的平均利潤(rùn)效率是0.752，大型銀行的平均利潤(rùn)效率是0.823，而大型銀行的平均利潤(rùn)效率0.856。換句話說(shuō)，小型銀行與大型銀行的利潤(rùn)效率差距超過(guò)了10個(gè)基點(diǎn)，這在經(jīng)濟(jì)上（和統(tǒng)計(jì)上）是相當(dāng)顯著的。小型銀行可以通過(guò)成長(zhǎng)，通過(guò)低違約率的市場(chǎng)運(yùn)作，通過(guò)成為獨(dú)立的控股公司，通過(guò)產(chǎn)生高的費(fèi)用收入，通過(guò)在一個(gè)集中的市場(chǎng)中經(jīng)營(yíng)和通過(guò)貸款來(lái)獲取更多自己的資產(chǎn)而不是有價(jià)證券來(lái)達(dá)到高的利潤(rùn)效率。大型銀行主要是通過(guò)使用更多的杠桿來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)高的利潤(rùn)效率，這是因?yàn)槠渌兞慷际菦](méi)有意義的。DeYoung,Hunter和Udell(2004)指出了不同類型的銀行有著不同的商業(yè)模式。小型銀行的商業(yè)模式是客定制的和個(gè)性化的服務(wù)，但是成本高；而大型銀行的目標(biāo)則是對(duì)龐大的客戶群體在較低的成本下提供相對(duì)統(tǒng)一的金融服務(wù)。我們的分析與不同類型的銀行以不同的方式實(shí)現(xiàn)高盈利能力的這個(gè)概念是一致的。hinese

pharmaceutical

company,

jointlyannounced

the

kickoff

of

the

survey.In

about

one

month,

a

questionnaire

compiled

by

top

eye

care

medical

experts

in

China

willbe

distributed

through

multiple

online

partners,

including

H,

as

well

asthrough

offline

survey

events

held

in

universities,

middle

schools

and

primary

schools

acrossthe

country.A

report

will

be

released

based

on

the

survey

statistics

and

analysis,

and

most

importantly,guidelines

for

parents

and

youth

on

how

to

care

for

the

eyes

and

prevent

myopia

—

agrowing

problem

in

China's

digitized

society,

will

also

be

attached

on

the

report."Myopia

is

not

only

a

disease

that

makes

people

see

things

blurrily,

but

also

leads

to

severecomplications,

such

as

glaucoma

(increased

pressure

within

the

eyeball),

and

can

causeblindness,"

said

Zhou

Yuehua,

an

established

eye

care

specialist

with

Beijing

TongrenHospital."It

is

very

important

for

parents

and

children

to

know

about

the

risk

and

care

for

their

eyes."There

are

about

450

million

myopia

patients

in

China.

Among

Chinese

myopia

patients,30hinese

pharmaceutical

company,

jointlyannounced

the

kickoff

of

the

survey.In

about

one

month,

a

questionnaire

compiled

by

top

eye

care

medical

experts

in

China

willbe

distributed

through

multiple

online

partners,

including

H,

as

well

asthrough

offline

survey

events

held

in

universities,

middle

schools

and

primary

schools

acrossthe

country.A

report

will

be

released

based

on

the

survey

statistics

and

analysis,

and

most

importantly,guidelines

for

parents

and

youth

on

how

to

care

for

the

eyes

and

prevent

myopia

—

agrowing

problem

in

China's

digitized

society,

will

also

be

attached

on

the

report."Myopia

is

not

only

a

disease

that

makes

people

see

things

blurrily,

but

also

leads

to

severecomplications,

such

as

glaucoma

(increased

pressure

within

the

eyeball),

and

can

causeblindness,"

said

Zhou

Yuehua,

an

established

eye

care

specialist

with

Beijing

TongrenHospital."It

is

very

important

for

parents

and

children

to

know

about

the

risk

and

care

for

their

eyes."There

are

about

450

million

myopia

patients

in

China.

Among

Chinese

myopia

patients,30hinese

pharmaceutical

company,

jointlyannounced

the

kickoff

of

the

survey.In

about

one

month,

a

questionnaire

compiled

by

top

eye

care

medical

experts

in

China

willbe

distributed

through

multiple

online

partners,

including

H,

as

well

asthrough

offline

survey

events

held

in

universities,

middle

schools

and

primary

schools

acrossthe

country.A

report

will

be

released

based

on

the

survey

statistics

and

analysis,

and

most

importantly,guidelines

for

parents

and

youth

on

how

to

care

for

the

eyes

and

prevent

myopia

—

agrowing

problem

in

China's

digitized

society,

will

also

be

attached

on

the

report."Myopia

is

not

only

a

disease

that

makes

people

see

things

blurrily,

but

also

leads

to

severecomplications,

such

as

glaucoma

(increased

pressure

within

the

eyeball),

and

can

causeblindness,"

said

Zhou

Yuehua,

an

established

eye

care

specialist

with

Beijing

TongrenHospital."It

is

very

important

for

parents

and

children

to

know

about

the

risk

and

care

for

their

eyes."There

are

about

450

million

myopia

patients

in

China.

Among

Chinese

myopia

patients,30hinese

pharmaceutical

company,

jointlyannounced

the

kickoff

of

the

survey.In

about

one

month,

a

questionnaire

compiled

by

top

eye

care

medical

experts

in

China

willbe

distributed

through

multiple

online

partners,

including

H,

as

well

asthrough

offline

survey

events

held

in

universities,

middle

schools

and

primary

schools

acrossthe

country.A

report

will

be

released

based

on

the

survey

statistics

and

analysis,

and

most

importantly,guidelines

for

parents

and

youth

on

how

to

care

for

the

eyes

and

prevent

myopia

—

agrowing

problem

in

China's

digitized

society,

will

also

be

attached

on

the

report."Myopia

is

not

only

a

disease

that

makes

people

see

things

blurrily,

but

also

leads

to

severecomplications,

such

as

glaucoma

(increased

pressure

within

the

eyeball),

and

can

causeblindness,"

said

Zhou

Yuehua,

an

established

eye

care

specialist

with

Beijing

TongrenHospital."It

is

very

important

for

parents

and

children

to

know

about

the

risk

and

care

for

their

eyes."There

are

about

450

million

myopia

patients

in

China.

Among

Chinese

myopia

patients,30hinese

pharmaceutical

company,

jointlyannounced

the

kickoff

of

the

survey.In

about

one

month,

a

questionnaire

compiled

by

top

eye

care

medical

experts

in

China

willbe

distributed

through

multiple

online

partners,

including

H,

as

well

asthrough

offline

survey

events

held

in

universities,

middle

schools

and

primary

schools

acrossthe

country.A

report

will

be

released

based

on

the

survey

statistics

and

analysis,

and

most

importantly,guidelines

for

parents

and

youth

on

how

to

care

for

the

eyes

and

prevent

myopia

—

agrowing

problem

in

China's

digitized

society,

will

also

be

attached

on

the

report."Myopia

is

not

only

a

disease

that

makes

people

see

things

blurrily,

but

also

leads

to

severecomplications,

such

as

glaucoma

(increased

pressure

within

the

eyeball),

and

can

causeblindness,"

said

Zhou

Yuehua,

an

established

eye

care

specialist

with

Beijing

TongrenHospital."It

is

very

important

for

parents

and

children

to

know

about

the

risk

and

care

for

their

eyes."There

are

about

450

million

myopia

patients

in

China.

Among

Chinese

myopia

patients,30

a您好，為你提供優(yōu)秀的畢業(yè)論文參考資料，請(qǐng)您刪除以下內(nèi)容，O(∩_∩)O謝謝?。?！A

national

survey

was

recently

launched

to

evaluate

the

eye

health

of

Chinese

children

andteenagers.On

June

6,

China's

annual

National

Day

for

Eye

Care,

the

China

Youth

Development

ServiceCenter

and

Zhejiang

Medicine,

a

leading

listed

Chinese

pharmaceutical

company,

jointlyannounced

the

kickoff

of

the

survey.In

about

one

month,

a

questionnaire

compiled

by

top

eye

care

medical

experts

in

China

willbe

distributed

through

multiple

online

partners,

including

H,

as

well

asthrough

offline

survey

events

held

in

universities,

middle

schools

and

primary

scho