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第1 市125個消費者租用商品房的保留價格為500第1 市125個消費者租用商品房的保留價格為500美元,第Supposethattherewere25peoplewhohadareservationpriceof$500,andthepersonhadareservationpriceof$200.WhatwouldthedemandcurvelookpQ200p50p 2124套住房可以出租,均衡價格是多少?26Intheaboveexample,whatwouldtheequilibriumpricebeiftherewere24torent?Whatiftherewere26apartmentstorent?Whatiftherewere25apartmentsto1-2A點所示,特1-21-1由同(1),如圖1-2C點所示。1 Ifpeoplehavedifferentreservationprices,whydoesthemarketdemandcurvePP越高,保留價PPP的消費者逐漸增多,P下降時,市場需求會不斷增加。當消費者足夠多,互相Inthetextweassumedthatthecondominiumpurchaserscamefromtheinner-ringpeople—peoplewhowerealreadyrentingapartments.WhatwouldhappentothePriceofinner-ringapartmentsifallofthecondominiumpurchaserswereouter-ringpeople—thepeoplewhowerenotcurrentlyrentingapartmentsintheinnerring?來的需求曲線D11-3 2SupposenowthatSupposenowthatthecondominiumpurchaserswereallinner-ringpeople,butthateachcondominiumwasconstructedfromtwoapartments.Whatwouldhappentothepriceofapartments?供給曲線由S向左移動至S′。新的均衡價格P′高于原來的均衡價格P。 Whatdoyousupposetheeffectofataxwouldbeonthenumberofapartmentsthatwouldbebuiltinthelongrun? 7.假設需求曲線是D(p)=100-2p,如果壟斷者有60套住房,他會定什么價格?他可以租出多少套?如果他有40套住房,他會定什么價格?他可以租出多少套?SupposethedemandcurveisD(p)=100–2p.Whatpricewouldthemonopolistsetifhehad60apartments?Howmanywouldherent?Whatpricewouldhesetifhehad40apartments?Howmanywouldherent?3maxq(5012qmaxq(5012qq=506050 Ifourmodelofrentcontrolallowedforunrestrictedsubletting,whowouldendupgettingapartmentsintheinnercircle?WouldtheoutcomebeParetoefficient?第2 預算約1p1x1p2x2=m112的價格提高了7倍,收入增加了3倍。根據原來的價格和收入寫出新預算線的方程。Originallytheconsumerfacesthebudgetlineplxl+p2x2=m.Thenthepriceofgooddoubles,thepriceofgood2becomes8timeslarger,andincomebecomes4timeslarger.Writedownanequationforthenewbudgetlineintermsoftheoriginalpricesandincome.答:p1x1+p2x2=m,則新的預算線方程是2p1x18p2x24m'21p'8p;m'4m212以新的預算線為p'pxm,即2pxx1 2124Whathappenstothebudgetlineifthepriceofgood2increases,butthepriceofgoodandincomeremain答:預算線會變得更為平坦,橫截距仍然不變。理由如下:假設原來的預算線為mpxWhathappenstothebudgetlineifthepriceofgood2increases,butthepriceofgoodandincomeremain答:預算線會變得更為平坦,橫截距仍然不變。理由如下:假設原來的預算線為mpxpxm,將預算線重新整理為xx21 221 31122倍,預算線是變平了還是變Ifthepriceofgood1doublesandthepriceofgood2triples,doesthebudgetbecomeflatterorm答:預算線變得更為平坦。理由如下:由預算線xx221 211倍,那么預算線的斜率將從p1變?yōu)?p1p3pWhatisthedefinitionofanumeraire繪出同一個預算集。因此這條預算線為:p1x1+p2x2=m,就與下列的預算線是相同的 mx2x1+x2 ppm22。入限定為5假設政府對每加侖汽油征稅157假設政府對每加侖汽油征稅157Supposethatthegovernmentputsataxof15centsagallonongasolineandthendecidestoputasubsidyongasolineatarateof7centsagallon.Whatnettaxisthiscombinationequivalentto?p1x1+p2x2=mu1Supposethatabudgetequationisgivenbyp1x1+p2x2=m.Thegovernmentdecidestoimposealump-sumtaxofu,aquantitytaxongood1oft,andaquantitysubsidyongood2s.Whatistheformulaforthenewbudget答:(p1t)x1p2s)x2muIftheincomeoftheconsumerincreasesandoneofthepricesdecreasesatthesametime,willtheconsumernecessarilybeatleastaswell-off? 第3 l.如果在(x1,x2)和(y1,y2)同時可以得到的情況下,消費者選擇(x1x2)能否得出x1x2)﹥(y1,y2)的結論Ifweobserveaconsumerchoosing(x1,x2)when(y1,y2)isavailableonetime,arewejustifiedinconcludingthat(x1,x2)﹥(y1,y2)?6答:不能得出(x答:不能得出(x1x2)﹥(y1y2)的結論。理由如下:從最優(yōu)化原理(下選擇了(x1x2),那么就可以得出結論(x1x2)>(y1y2。但就一般的情費者的最優(yōu)商品束并不一定是惟一的,消費者在(y1y2)可得的情況下選擇了(x1,x2)時消費者也可能對二者是無差異的。因此對于一般的情況只能得出結論(x1,x2(y1,y2ConsideragroupofpeopleA,B,Candtherelation“atleastastallas,”asin“AisatleastastallasB.”Isthisrelationtransitive?Isitcomplete?說A不會比B矮,BC矮,所以AC矮,即AC至少一樣高。Takethesamegroupofpeopleandconsidertherelation“strictlytallerthan.”Isthisrelationtransitive?Isitreflexive?Isitcomplete?喜愛Y消費束勝過Z,那么可以認為消費者喜愛X消費束勝過。一個。這種偏好關系是傳遞的嗎?完備的嗎AcollegefootballcoachsaysthatgivenanytwolinemenAandB,healwaysprefersonewhoisbiggerandfaster.Isthispreferencerelationtransitive?Isit無差異曲線自身能相交嗎?3-1能繪成一條單獨的無差異曲線嗎Cananindifferencecurvecrossitself?Forexample,couldFigure3-9depictaindifference7 CouldFigure3-1beasingleindifferencecurveifpreferencesare圖 Ifbothpepperoniandanchoviesarebads,willtheindifferencecurvehaveapositiveanegative情況下,無差異曲線離原點越近,代表的效用就越高。如圖3-3所示。8圖3-3 圖3-3 Explainwhyconvexpreferencesmeansthat“averagesarepreferredtoextremes.”3-4所示,在凸狀的偏好中,X、Y位于同一無差異曲線上,ZXY的加權平均,由3-4Z位于比X、Y更高的無差異曲線上,即Z比X、Y更受消費者的偏愛。XZ是X和YY圖 915美元鈔票的邊際替代率是多少Whatisyourmarginalrateofsubstitutionof$1billsfor$5美元的鈔票,那么需要5張1美元的鈔票來補償,因此x55x11151Ifgood1isa“neutral”,whatisitsmarginalrateofsubstitutionforgood03-59圖 圖 Thinkofsomeothergoodsforwhichyourpreferencesmightbe第4 效1.一個效用函數自乘奇數次是單調變換。那么該效用函數自乘偶數次還是單調變換嗎?(提示:考慮f(u)=u2這種情況)Thetextsaidthatraisinganumbertoanoddpowerwasamonotonictransformation.Whataboutraisinganumbertoanevenpower?Isthisamonotonictransformation?(Hint:considerthecasef(u)=u2.)(1)u2(2)u1/(3)u1/(4)u(6)u(7)u2,(8)u2,Whichofthefollowingaremonotonictransformations?(1)u=2v-13;(2)u=-l/v2;(3)u=l/v2;(4)u=lnv;(5)u=-e-v;(6)u=v2;(7)u=v2forv>0;(8)u=v2forv<0.3.如果是單調偏好的話,經過原點的射線就只會同每條無差異曲線相交一次。請嚴格)Weclaimedinthetextthatifpreferencesweremonotonic,thenadiagonallinethroughtheoriginwouldintersecteachindifferencecurveexactlyonce.3.如果是單調偏好的話,經過原點的射線就只會同每條無差異曲線相交一次。請嚴格)Weclaimedinthetextthatifpreferencesweremonotonic,thenadiagonallinethroughtheoriginwouldintersecteachindifferencecurveexactlyonce.Canyouprovethisrigorously?(Hint:whatwouldhappenifitintersectedsomeindifferencecurvetwice?)x1y1x2y2x1y1x2y2x1y1差異曲線相交一次,如圖4-1所示。4.哪種偏好可用形如u(x1x2v(x1x213x113x2x1x2Whatkindofpreferencesarerepresentedbyautilityfunctionofthe?Whatabouttheutilityfunctionv(xl,答:(1)完全替代的偏好可用形如u(x1,x2) x1x2的效用函數表示。理由如下u(x1x2x1x2做單調變換f(u)u2u'(x,x)x 2代表的偏好的類型,所以,u(x1,x2) x1x2也代表完全替代的偏好(2)v(x1x213x113x21v(x,x)13x13x做單調變換f(v) v,得v'(x,x)xx和(1)的理由 12 同,可知v(x1x213x113x2這種形式的效用函數表示?效用函數5.哪種偏好可用形如u(x1x2x11v(x,x)13x13x做單調變換f(v) v,得v'(x,x)xx和(1)的理由 12 同,可知v(x1x213x113x2這種形式的效用函數表示?效用函數5.哪種偏好可用形如u(x1x2x1v(x,x) x2x2是u(x1x22 11Whatkindofpreferencesarerepresentedbyautilityfunctionoftheformu(x1,x2)?Istheutilityfunctionv(x1,x2)=x21+u(x1,+x2amonotonictransformation答:(1)線性偏好可以用形如u(x1x2x1 (2)效用函數v(x,x) 2x1x2x2是u(x1,x2)的單調變換。理由如下:2 16.考慮效用函數u(x1x2)x1x2。它表示哪種偏好函數v(xx)x2是212)x 是u(xx的單調變u(xxw(x22 2122Considertheutilityfunctionu(x1,x2).Whatkindofpreferencesdoesrepresent?Isthefunctionv(x1,x2)=x21x2amonotonictransformationofu(xl,x2)?Isfunctionw(x1,x2)=x2lx22amonotonictransformationofu(x1,答:(1)用函數u(x1x2v(xx)xx不是2u(xx(2)函數 調變換不改變它代表的偏好,所以如果v(xxxx是u(xx2的單調變換,那么這2 1個效用函數代表相同的偏好,從而它們的邊際替代率相同,但是計算發(fā)現,效用函數xu(x,x)xx的邊際替代率MRSv(xxx2x的邊際替代率 1 21MRS)x2x肯定不是u(xx,這兩個邊際替代率不相等,所以v(x x1(3)函數w(x,x)x2 是u(x,x)的單調變換。理由如下:對效用函2 2u(x,x)xxf(uu4w(xxx2 1 7.請解釋為什么效用函數的單調變換不會改變邊際Canyouexplainwhytakingamonotonictransformationofautilityfunctionchange7.請解釋為什么效用函數的單調變換不會改變邊際Canyouexplainwhytakingamonotonictransformationofautilityfunctionchangethemarginalrateof假設對一個效用函數作單調變換,比如說,v(x1x2f(u(x1x2f/u/MRS=v/ f/uu/ 222第5 選Iftwogoodsareperfectsubstitutes,whatisthedemandfunctionforgoodp20xppm0到m/pp 1 pm/1 maxx1x10,x2s.t.p1x1p2x2mp1,2p2mp1x00xm/p211p2/mp1(1p1mmp1x00xm/p211p2/mp1(1p1mmax11ppp0x1m/222p20xppm0到m/pp 1 pm/1 圖 Supposethatindifferencecurvesaredescribedbystraightlineswithaslopeof-Givenarbitrarypricesandmoneyincomepl,p2,andm,whatwilltheconsumer’soptimalchoiceslooklike?答:如圖5-2所示,比較預算線與無差異曲線的斜率可知, b時,消費者 b時5-2糖Supposethataconsumeralwaysconsumes2spoonsofsugarwitheachcupofcoffee.thepriceofsugar5-2糖Supposethataconsumeralwaysconsumes2spoonsofsugarwitheachcupofcoffee.thepriceofsugarisplperspoonfulandthepriceofcoffeeisp2percupandtheconsumerhasmdollarstospendoncoffeeandsugar,howmuchwillheorshewanttopurchase?m和。分析如下x12p1 2p1mpxpxm;。1 2122p2p 4p1,p2并有m美元可支出。那么他的最優(yōu)消費束是Supposethatyouhavehighlynonconvexpreferencesforicecreamandolives,likethosegiveninthetext,andthatyoufacepricespl,p2andhavemdollarstospend.Listthefortheoptimalconsumption )或者為(m,0。這是因為:在凹性偏好的m最優(yōu)選擇為只消費兩種商品中的一種商品。即消費者的最優(yōu)消費束為)(m,045.如果一個消費者有效用函數u(xxxx,她會將她收入的多少比例花在商品 1上Ifaconsumerhasautilityfunctionu(xl,x2)=x1x42,whatfractionofherincomewillspendongood斯效用函數,對其進行單調變換,可得u(x,x) x/。關于柯布—道格拉斯效用函1/54spendongood斯效用函數,對其進行單調變換,可得u(x,x) x/。關于柯布—道格拉斯效用函1/54 xx10,x21s.t.p1x1p2x2由拉格朗日乘子法有:maxxx1(mpxpx11 2x1(1)xx 112p px111 。所以消費者會把 )的收入花費在商品則p p (1)x122145Forwhatkindofpreferenceswilltheconsumerbejustaswell-offfacingaquantitytaxasanincome5-3所示,在征稅后,無論在哪種稅收條件下,消費者的最優(yōu)選擇都不變,5-3第6 需Iftheconsumerisconsumingexactlytwogoods,andsheisalwaysspendingallofhermoney,canbothoftheminferiorx1(p1,p2,圖 px1(p1,p2,圖 p1x1p2x2m,因為消費者總是花光她的全部收入,所以此式恒成立。預算線兩邊對收入求導得:dx1dx2pp12Showthatperfectsubstitutesareanexampleofhomothetic果消費者對(x1x2的偏好甚于y1y2,則對任意的t0,該消費者對(tx1tx2的偏于(ty1ty2下面來證明完全替代是相似偏好的一個特例。由于完全替代偏好的效用函數是ux1x2x1x2,如果ux1x2uy1y2x1x2y1y2的正值t,都會有tx1tx2ty1ty2,可得utx1tx2uy1y2,所以完全替代是相似偏3.證明柯ShowthatCobb-Douglaspreferencesarehomothetic答:關于相似偏好的概念見第2題。由于柯布道格拉斯效用函數為:uxxx utxtxtxtuxxaatxa 2 1 ux1x2ux1x2uy1y2 ,那么對于任何正 ,就一定utx1tx2tux1x2tuy1y2uty1ty2成立,從而得到utx1tx2uty1ty2AstheincomeoffercurveistotheEngel,whichcurveisthepriceoffercurve6-26-3圖 Ifthepreferencesareconcavewilltheconsumereverconsumebothofthegoods圖 Arehamburgersandbunscomplements圖 ArehamburgersandbunscomplementsorWhatistheformoftheinversedemandfunctionforgood1inthecaseofm p2。理由如下:首先x1完全互補品的效用函數是:min{x1x2更一般的這種類型的效用函數是:min{ax1,,但這種特殊形式并不影響分析),在預算約束下,消費者選擇效用最大x10,x2min{x1,s.t.p1x2p2x2x10,x2min{x1,s.t.p1x2p2x2少 mmp1x1p2x1mx1,pp m進而得到商品1的反需求函數為p1 p2x18.如果需求函數是x1p1,那么反需求函數就是x p1Trueorfalse?Ifthedemandfunctionisx1=-p1,thentheinversedemandfunctionis第7 顯示偏1.當價格是p1p2=(1,2)時,消費者需求是(x1x2=(1,2),當價格(q1q21)時,消費者需求是)=(2,1)。這種行為同最大化的行為模型相一致y1,Ifpricesare(pl,p2)=(1,2),thecombinationofconsumerdemandis(x1,x2)=(1,2),andifpricesare(ql,q2)=(2,1),thecombinationofconsumerdemandis(y1,y2)=(2,1).Isthisbehaviorconsistentwiththemodelofmaximizingbehavior?答:這種行為同最大化的行為模型不一致。p1x1p2x25p1y1p2y24(x1x2被顯示偏好于y1y2。同樣的,由于q1x1q2x24q1y1q2y25從中可知y1y1被顯示偏好于x1x2所以這種行為違背了顯示偏好弱公理,與最大化的行2.當價格是(p1p2=(2,1)時,消費者需求是(x1x2=(1,2),當價格是(q1q22)時,消費者需求是(y1,y2)=(2,1)。這種行為同最大化行為模型相一致嗎Ifpricesare(pl,p2)=(2,1),thecombinationofconsumerdemandis(x1,x2)=(1,2),andpricesare(ql,q2)=(1,2),thecombinationofconsumerdemandis(y1,y2)=(2,1).Ispricesare(ql,q2)=(1,2),thecombinationofconsumerdemandis(y1,y2)=(2,1).Isthisbehaviorconsistentwiththemodelofmaximizingbehavior?(x1,x2)(y1,y2)O32xIntheprecedingexercise,whichbundleispreferredbytheconsumer,thex-bundleor答:xWesawthattheSocialSecurityadjustmentforchangingpriceswouldtypicallyrecipientsatleastaswell-offastheywereatthebaseyear.Whatkindofpricechangesleavethemjustaswell-off,nomatterwhatkindofpreferencesthey這是因為,對于指數化的保險金,當價格從(pbpb)變?yōu)?qq qxqxqxb1 2 1 2(q,q)t(p,p pbxpbxpbpb1 2 1 2InthesameInthesameframeworkastheabovequestion,whatkindofpreferenceswouldleavetheconsumerjustaswell-offaswasinthebaseyear,forallprice7-2所示。7-2中,AB第8 斯勒茨基方SupposeaconsumerhaspreferencesbetweentwogoodsthatareperfectWillthethingthattheentiredemandresponseequalstothesubstitutioneffecthappenifpricesSupposethatpreferencesareconcave.Isitstillthecasethatthesubstitutioneffectis8-18-1等于A-8-2x向消費者退稅,情況會發(fā)生什么變化Inthecaseofthegasolinetax,whatwouldhappeniftherebatetotheconsumersbasedontheiroriginalconsumptionofgasoline,x,ratherthanontheirfinalconsumptiongasoline,pxymp代表石油價格,x表示花在其他商品上的貨幣,m表示總收入,從而消費者的最優(yōu)選擇為x* ,特別的px*y*px*y*ptxym圖形分析見圖8-3。圖 43題中,政府支出比它得到的稅收更多還是更少Inthecasedescribedintheprecedingquestion,wouldthegovernmentbepayingoutmoreorlessthanitreceivedin_8-3政府的稅收補貼,所以政府支出比它得到的稅收Inthiscasewouldtheconsumersbebetterofforworseoffifthetaxwithrebatebasedonoriginalconsumptionwereineffect?第9 購買和銷Ifaconsumer’snetdemandsare(5,-3)andherendowmentis(4,4),whatareher(9,1(9,當商品價格是(pl,p2)=(2,3)時,消費者的消費是(x1,x2)=(4,4)買賣是沒有成本的。那么消費者一定偏好商品束y1,y2=(3,5)嗎?品束(y1,y2)嗎Thepricesare品束(y1,y2)嗎Thepricesare(pl,p2)=(2,3),andtheconsumeriscurrentlyconsuming(x1,x2)=(4,Thereisaperfectmarketforthetwogoodsinwhichtheycanbeboughtandsoldcostlessly.Willtheconsumernecessarilypreferconsumingthebundle(y1,y2)=(3,5)?Willshenecessarilypreferhavingthebundle(y1,y2)?(2)消費者肯定選擇擁有商品束(y1y2)=(3,5)時,消費者出售稟賦的收入是費者的更多的收入也即更大的預算空間,因此他一定會偏好擁有商品束(y1,),但是在有商品束(y1,y2)的情況下,消費者的最優(yōu)選擇卻未必還是該商品束,因此他未必偏好3.當商品價格為p1p2(2,3時,,消費者的消費是(x1x2(4,4)為(q1q22,4),那么在新的價格下,消費者的境況會變得更好一些嗎Thepricesare(pl,p2)=(2,3),andtheconsumeriscurrentlyconsuming(x1,x2)=(4,4).Nowthepriceschangeto(q1,q2)=(2,4).Couldtheconsumerbebetteroffunderthesenewprices?更好(如圖9-1中的無差異曲線S1所示),也有可能變的更差(如圖9-1中的無差異曲線S2所示。圖 圖 TheU.S.currentlyimportsabouthalfofthepetroleumthatituses.Therestofitsaremetbydomesticproduction.CouldthepriceofoilrisesomuchthattheU.S.wouldbemadebetteroff?__pxmpw__p,預算線是最優(yōu)選擇位于ABAB段位于油價上漲前的預算集內,這就是說,油價上漲前,美國在消費得起ABB點對應的消費束,由顯示偏好原理,BAB段對應的消費束,所以,如果油價上漲后,美國的選擇位于AB段上,那么他的境況必然變差。但是如果美國在石油價格上升后從石油進口國轉變?yōu)槭统隹趪?,即新的最?yōu)選擇位于BC段,那么美國的情況有可能變好(如圖S2)也有可能變差(9-2中的S1)這要視具體的效用函數來決定圖 2430時(碰巧發(fā)生在考試周的前夕),這將Supposethatbysomemiraclethenumberofhoursinthedayincreasedfrom24tohours(withluckthiswouldhappenshortlybeforeexamweek).Howwouldthisaffectthebudgetconstraint?2430時,預算線會平行地向外移動。Ifleisureisaninferiorgood,whatcanyousayabouttheslopeofthelabor替代效應+(RR)(RR)項恒為正替代效應+(RR)(RR)項恒為正,從而等式右邊的后一項,也即收入效應恒為負。由于替代效應恒為負第10 跨時期選1.如果利率是20%,那么20年后交付的100萬美元在今天的價值是多少Howmuchis$1milliontobedelivered20yearsinthefutureworthtodayiftherateis20就有100萬0.03310-1不同利率和到期時間下,12.當利率提高時,跨時期的預算線是變得更陡峭還是變得更平Astheinterestraterises,doestheintertemporalbudgetconstraintsteeperorcwc(1r)cw1r)w,所以112 111的斜率為(1r),當利率提高時,預算線的斜率的絕對值增大,因此預算線會變得更加3.在研究跨期的食品購買時,商品完全替代的假設是否有WouldtheassumptionthatgoodsareperfectsubstitutesbevalidinastudyintertemporalfoodAconsumer,whoisinitiallyalender,remainsalenderevenafteradeclineininterestrates.Isthisconsumerbetterofforworseoffafterthechangeininterestrates?Iftheconsumerbecomesaborrowerafterthechangeishebetterofforworseoff?答:(1)假設在利率下降前,某消費者是一個貸款者,如果利率下降后,他仍然是一此時的最優(yōu)選擇變?yōu)锽由于B在原來的預算線之下,這就意味著:在利率變化前,消費者可以選擇B點的時候卻放棄了它,轉而選擇A那么由顯示偏好原理可知,消費者一定偏10-2好還是變壞。分析如圖10-3所示,假設利率降低后,消費者的最優(yōu)選擇點為C點,此時消10-55.如果利率是10%,一年后10-55.如果利率是10%,一年后100美元的現值是多少?如果利率為5%,它的現值又是thepresentvalueiftheinterestrateis5%?第11 資產市假定資產A在下個時期能賣11美元。如果與A相似的資產的報酬率是10%,請問資產A的現值是多少?SupposeassetAcanbesoldfor$11nextperiod.IfassetssimilartoAarepayingarateofreturnof10%,whatmustbeassetA’scurrentprice?答:資產Ap=11/1.1=10111萬美元的價格出售的住宅,現在可以賣到10萬美元。這幢房子的報酬率是多少?Ahouse,whichyoucouldrentfor$10,000ayearandsellfor$110,000ayearfromcanbepurchasedfor$100,000.Whatistherateofreturnonthis10%利率,人們面臨的邊際稅率是40%,不征稅債券的報酬率應是多Thepaymentsofcertaintypesofbonds(e.g.municipalbonds)arenottaxable.Iftaxablebondsarepaying10%andeveryonefacesamarginaltaxrateof40%,whatratereturnmustthenontaxablebonds報酬率應該等于征稅債券的稅收調整后的報酬率。在邊際稅率時40%10%的報酬率經稅收調整后為10%(140%)=6%,因此不征稅的債券的報酬率為6%410美元的價格才可得到,如果利率是10%,該稀缺資源今天的價格應是多少Supposethatascarceresource,facingaconstantdemand,willbeexhaustedin10years.IfalternativeSupposethatascarceresource,facingaconstantdemand,willbeexhaustedin10years.Ifalternativeresourcewillbeavailableatapriceof$40andiftheinterestrateis10%,mustthepriceofthescarceresourcebe答:15.42美元。分析如下:10年后,稀缺資源的價格應(1第12 不確定1.圖12-1是消費者在不確定的環(huán)境中購買保險時的預算線,請解釋預算線上初始稟HowcanonereachtheconsumptionpointstotheleftoftheendowmentinFigure12-12-1(1)u(c1c212a(1c12c2(a>0(2)u(c,c,,)cc 1 2(3)u(c1,c2,1,2)1lnc12lnc2Whichofthefollowingutilityfunctionshavetheexpectedutilityproperty?(a)21,π2)=a(π1c1+π2c2),π1c1+π2c2,=如果效用函數u(x如果效用函數u(x)滿足u(c1c21,2)a[1v(c12v(c2b,就說u(x)具(1(2,3.一個厭惡風險的人要在以下兩種情形之間進行選擇:他有25%的概率得到1000元,有75%的概率得到100美元;或者,他可以得325美元。他會怎樣選Arisk-averseindividualisofferedachoicebetweenagamblethatpays$1000withprobabilityof25%and$100withaprobabilityof75%;orapaymentof$325.Whichwouldhechoose?答:此人會選擇第二種情形。因為第一種選擇給消費者帶來的預期收入為12-2風險厭惡者的效用函數4.如果消費者可以確定地得到320美元,他會怎樣選擇?Whatifthepaymentwas$320?答:3320Drawautilityfunctionthatexhibitsrisk-lovingbehaviorforsmallgamblesandrisk-aversebehaviorforlargergambles.6.為什么相對于火災來說,在洪災的情況下,6.為什么相對于火災來說,在洪災的情況下,相鄰而居的人們更難以相互提供Whymightaneighborhoodgrouphaveahardertimeselfinsuringforflooddamageversusfiredamage?第13 風險資1.如果無風險資產的報酬率是6%,某種風險資產的報酬率為9%3%,那么,如果一個人愿意接受的標準差水平是2%,則他能夠實現的最大報酬率是多少Iftherisk-freerateofreturnis6%,andifariskyassetisavailablewithareturnof9%andastandarddeviationof3%,whatisthemaximumrateofreturnyoucanachieveifyouarewillingtoacceptastandarddeviationof2%?Whatpercentageofyourwealthwouldhavetobeinvestedintheriskyasset?答:(1)此人能夠實現的最大報8%。理由如下:假設此人的總投x比例3x2%x23rpxrs1x)rf39%368%,這里rsrf分別是風險資產和無風險資產的報酬率,rp是投資組合的報酬率。21題中的風險價格是多少Whatisthepriceofriskintheabove21rp0.081Ifastockhasaβof1.5,thereturnonIfastockhasaβof1.5,thereturnonthemarketis10%,andtherisk-freerateofreturnis5%,whatexpectedrateofreturnshouldthisstockofferaccordingtotheCapitalAssetPricingModel?Iftheexpectedvalueofthestockis$100,whatpriceshouldthestockbesellingfor答:(1)該股票的預期收益率是12.5%。分析如下:根據資本資產定價模型rirfi(rmrf)rf5%rm10%rp5%1.510%512.5%(2)如果該股票的預期值為100美元,那么今天出售的價格應該為: 1 14章消費者剩余1美元的從量稅,這種稅收的額外凈損失是多少?Agoodcanbeproducedinacompetitiveindustryatacostof$10perunit.Thereare100consumersareeachwillingtopay$12eachtoconsumeasingleunitofthegood(additionalunitshavenovaluetothem.)Whatistheequilibriumpriceandquantitysold?Thegovernmentimposesataxof$1onthegood.Whatisthedeadweightlossofthistax?以所有的消費者都會購買這種產品,即廠商的銷量為100。此時消費者剩余為(12-10)14-1供給等于需求時,市場均衡為11。此時消費者剩余為(12-11)×100=100,生產者剩余為(11-1-10)×100=01×100=100100+100=20014-214-2供給等于需求時,市場均衡2.假設需求曲線為Dp)10p。那么消費者消費614-2供給等于需求時,市場均衡2.假設需求曲線為Dp)10p。那么消費者消費6SupposethatthedemandcurveisgivenbyD(p)=10-p.Whatisthegrossbenefitfromconsuming6unitsofthegood?6的最高價格之和,也就是CS(10q)dq6018423246Intheaboveexample,ifthepricechangesfrom4to6,whatisthechangein464CSCS2CS1(10q)dq(10q)dq(10q)dq1000bSupposethataconsumerisconsuming10unitsofadiscretegoodandthepriceincreasesfrom$5perunitto$6.However,afterthepricechangetheconsumercontinuestoconsume10unitsofthediscretegood.Whatisthelossintheconsumer’ssurplusfromthispricechange?不影響結論),當5元時,消費者消費10單位商品,消費者剩余SADG,當格提高到6元后,消費者剩余為:SACBSCEG,這里之所以要減去三角形CEG是因為費者為多消費的商品愿意支付的價格低于實際購買價格6CSSCEGSCSSCEGSAGD10圖14- 第15 市場需IfthemarketdemandcurveisD(p)=100-0.5p,whatistheinversedemandAnaddict’sdemandfunctionforadrugmaybeveryinelastic,butthemarketfunctionmightbequiteelastic.Howcanthis圖 圖 吸毒者2的需求圖15-3吸毒者3的需圖 圖 )IfD(p)=12-2p,whatpricewillmaximizeRp124p0p3)SupposethatthedemandcurveforagoodisgivenbyD(p)=100/p.Whatpricewillmaximizerevenue?Trueorfalse?Inatwogoodmodelifonegoodisaninferiorgoodtheothergoodbealuxuryp1x1(p1,p2,m)p2x2(p1,p2,m)上式兩邊關于m求導,得到pp21s11s22s11s2222求收入彈性。所以如果一種商品是低檔品,不妨假設為商品1,那么必有11s1s21,所以必有212第16 均Whatistheeffectofasubsidyinamarketwithahorizontalsupplycurve?Withaverticalsupplycurve?t的補貼,所以補貼的好處全部由消費者得到圖16- 圖16- Supposethatthedemandcurveisverticalwhilethesupplycurveslopesupward.Iftaxisimposedinthismarketwhoendsuppaying圖16-圖16- 斜,令紅、藍鉛筆的價格分別為pr和pb。如果政府只對紅鉛筆征稅,會出現什么結果?Supposethatallconsumersviewredpencilsandbluepencilsasperfectsubstitutes.Supposethatthesupplycurveforredpencilsisupwardsloping.Letthepriceofredpencilsandbluepencilsbeprandpb.Whatwouldhappenifthegovernmentputataxonlyonred美國近一半的汽油是進口的。假設石油生產者愿意以25oilproducersarewillingtosupplyasmuchoilastheUnitedStateswantsataconstantpriceof$25abarrel.Whatwouldhappentothepriceofdomesticoilifataxof$5abarrelwereplacedonforeignoil?00內的石油與國外的石油對消費者而言是完全替代的,所以消費者會選擇價格便宜的石油消00圖16- Suppose圖16- Supposethatthesupplycurveisvertical.Whatisthedeadweightlossofataxinthis圖16- Considerthetaxtreatmentofborrowingandlendingdescribedinthetext.Howrevenuedoesthistaxsystemraiseifborrowersandlendersareinthesametax1題可知,對借款者和貸款者征稅,市場達到均衡的條件是:rb(q)rl1 1 者處于同一納稅等級,即tbtl,則由(1)07.當tltb7.當tltb1Doessuchataxsystemraiseapositiveornegativeamountofrevenuewhentl<第17 Consideranauctionofantiquequiltstocollectors.Isthisaprivate-valueorcommon-value如果競價增量是l美元。那么,在這個利潤最大化的英國式拍賣中,保留價格應該是多少?(編者注:拍賣者并不清楚每個競價者的評價,只知道對某個特定的競價者而言,他是高)incrementof$1.Whatshouldthereservationpricebeinaprofit-maximizing答:在這個利潤最大化的英國式拍賣中,保留價格0(88(810(10,8)合出現的概率都是0.25。令r表示拍賣者的保留價格,那么:(8,9,9,100.2580.2590.2590.2510r9r(09,9,100.2500.2590.2590.25109792(0,10,10,100.2500.25100.25100.2510107.5102.50時,拍賣者可以獲得最大利潤。SupposethatwehavetwoCopiesofIntermediateMicroeconomicsSupposethatwehavetwoCopiesofIntermediateMicroeconomicstosellto(enthusiastic)students.Howcanweuseasealed-bidauctionthatwillguaranteethatthebidderswiththetwohighestvaluesgetthebooks?的期望收益是(其中“Prob”代表“概率”:Prob(b1min{b2,b3})[v1min{b2,1項是投標人l2l勝出時,他所享有的消費者剩余。如果b1min{b2b31獲得的消費者剩余為零,從而也就沒有必要考慮包含Prob(b1min{b2b3})假定v1min{b2b3},那么投標人1就會使他勝出的概率盡可能大,他可以通過設實現這一點。另一方面,假定v1min{b2b3,那么投標人1就會使他勝出的概4.考慮原書中Ucom公司的例子,這種拍賣設計是有效率的嗎?它使利潤實現了最大ConsidertheUcomexampleinthetext.Wastheauctiondesignefficient?Diditmaximize:(1)政府將經營許可證授予對此項經營評價最高的企業(yè),從這層意義上講,這種(2)它沒有使拍賣者實現最大利潤,因為成交價格AgametheoristfillsajarwithpenniesandauctionsitoffonthefirstdayofclassusinganEnglishauction.Isthisaprivate-valueoracommon-valueauction?Doyouthinkthewinningbidderusuallymakesaprofit?答:(1)是一個共同價值拍賣,因為獎品的價值對所有競標者都是相同的(2)第18 技1.假定生產函數為f(xxxx2 1Considertheproductionfunctionf(x1,x2)=x21x22.Doesthisexhibitconstant,ordecreasingreturnstof(tx,tx)Considertheproductionfunctionf(x1,x2)=x21x22.Doesthisexhibitconstant,ordecreasingreturnstof(tx,tx)t2x2t2x2tfx,xtfx,x4 12 12.假定一生產函數為f(xx)x2 1Considertheproductionordecreasingreturnsto.Doesthisexhibitconstant,111 f(tx,tx)4txt t6f(x1,x2)tf(x1,x2223 3.柯布一道格拉斯生產函數為f(x1x2)Axaxb。其規(guī)模報酬的情況取決于a+b1a+b值分別是多少TheCobb-Douglasproductionfunctionisgivenbyf(x1,x2)=Axa1xb2.Itturnsoutthetypeofreturnstoscaleofthisfunctionwilldependonthemagnitudeofa+b.Whichvaluesofa+bwillbeassociatedwiththedifferentkindsofreturnstoscale?答:利用2題的方法,給定t>1,可得f(tx,tx) axtabf(x1x2 13x2Thetechnicalrateofsubstitutionbetweenfactorsx2andx1is-4.Ifyoudesiretoproducethesameamountofoutputbutcutyouruseofx1by3units,howmanymoreofx2willyou答:12xMRSdx221Trueorfalse?Ifthelawofdiminishingmarginalproductdidnothold,theworld’ssupplycouldbegrowninaInaproductionprocessisitpossibletohavedecreasingmarginalproductinanandyetincreasingreturnstoInaproductionprocessisitpossibletohavedecreasingmarginalproductinanandyetincreasingreturnsto時規(guī)模報酬仍然可能出現遞增比如柯布—道格拉斯生產函數fx,x 1/22/ 22123/22/1/24/ 0 11xx4912出遞減,同時,對任意的t1f(txtx12x23)t7/6x1/2x2/ 第19 利潤最大Intheshortrun,ifthepriceofthefixedfactorisincreased,whatwillhappentomaxpf(x,zwxrzmaxpf(x,zwxrzrz中。所以r的提高會引起利潤的下降。Ifafirmhadeverywhereincreasingreturnstoscale,whatwouldhappentoitsprofitspricesremainedfixedandifitdoubleditsscaleoff(txtf(xx,其利潤為pf(xwx企業(yè)生產規(guī)模擴大一倍后,其利潤是pf(2x2wx2[pf(xwxIfafirmhaddecreasingreturnstoscaleatalllevelsofoutputanditdividedupintotwoequal-sizesmallerfirms,whatwouldhappentoitsoverallprofits?pwmaxpf(xwxpf(x*wx*pwmaxpf(xwxpf(x*wx*x*12[pf ) wx]pf(x)*** Agardenerexclaims:“Foronly$1inseedsI’vegrownover$20inproduce!”Besidesfactthatmostoftheproduceisintheformofzucchini,whatotherobservationswouldacynicaleconomistmakeaboutthissituation?Ismaximizingafirm’sprofitsalwaysidenticaltomaximizingthefirm’sstock(1)在一個具有完全確定性的環(huán)境中,企業(yè)的未來利潤流是已知的,那么這些利潤現值就是企業(yè)的價值,用公式表示,就是V(1r)6pMP1w11?IfpMP1>w1,thenshouldthefirmincreaseordecreasetheamountoffactor1inorderincreasemaxpf(x)pMPw 1果x2的價格下降,那么果x2的價格下降,那么x1的使用量會發(fā)生什么變化?該廠商的利潤水平會有什么變化?Supposeafirmismaximizingprofitsintheshortrunwithvariablefactorx1andfixedfactorx2.Ifthepriceofx2goesdown,whathappenstothefirm’suseofx1?Whathappenstothefirm’slevelofprofits?的表達式可知w2的下降不會影響x1的使用量,但會提高它的利潤Aprofit-maximizingcompetitivefirmthatismakingpositiveprofitsinlong-runequilibrium(may/maynot)haveatechnologywithconstantreturnstoscale.利潤pf(xLwxL0xL而言,會選擇t第20 成本最小Provethataprofit-maximizingfirmwillalwaysminimizecosts.maxpf(x)wxpf(x*)w對于給定的qf(x*)minws.t.f(x)pf(x')wx'pf(x*)wx*Ifafirmisproducingwherethesame2,whatcanitdotoreducecostsbutMP1/1MP2/MP1/1MP2/Supposethatacost-minimizingfirmusestwoinputsthatareperfectsubstitutes.Ifthetwoinputsarepricedthesame,whatdotheconditionalfactordemandslooklikefortheinputs?產量是q,那么該廠商的條件要素需求函數為:x10qx2qminx1x10,x2x1由于約束條件和目標函數式相同,所以不論x1x2的取值如何,廠商都可以達到最小成x1=0到qx2qx1。Thepriceofpaperusedbyacost-minimizingfirmincreases.Thefirmrespondstothischangebychangingitsdemandforcertaininputs,butitkeepsitsoutputconstant.Whathappenstothefirm'suseofpaper?wx0,其中x(x1,......xn),w(w1 wn)不等式wx0依然成立,從而企業(yè)的產量可以維持不變。如果除紙以外的其他某些要素需求不變,即xiwi0,i=2,3……n有x1w10,由于w10x10變化(i)和要素需求變化xi,顯示的成本最小化理論會導出什么不等式Ifafirmusesninputs(n>2),whatinequalitydoesthetheoryofrevealedIfafirmusesninputs(n>2),whatinequalitydoesthetheoryofrevealedcostminimizationimplyaboutchangesinfactorprices(△ωi)andthechangesinfactordemands(△xi)foragivenlevelofoutput?假設在q的產量,在q的產由(1)式-(2)式就得到21Whichofthefollowingaretrue?(1)Averagefixedcostsneverincreasewithoutput;averagetotalcostsarealwaysgreaterthanorequaltoaveragevariablecosts;(3)averagecostcanneverrisewhilemarginalcostsaredeclining.F ,所以AFC隨著Q的增加而減少QACAVCAFCQQ2當02Q2TC(Q)3Q 2QQ2當02Q2TC(Q)3Q 2 3Q6當Q 121Q0Q1Q2QQ1 1 MC(Q)AC(Q)33Q3 Q36Q則當2Q3時,MCACAfirmproducesidenticaloutputsattwodifferentplants.Ifthemargin

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