國際貿(mào)易實務-第八講

Themainpointsofthischapter1MethodsofStipulatingQualityofCommodity2QualityLatitude&QualityTolerance3HowtoexpressthequalitytermsinthecontractChapter5QualityofCommodityThequalityofgoodsareindispensabletointernationaltrade.Whetheritisvisibletradeorinvisibletrade,thegoodssoldhavetheirownqualities,andthequalityofacertainkindofgoodsdetermines,toagreatdegree,itsmarketandprice.Therefore,thequalityofthegoodsisamongthemaintermsuponwhichasalescontractisbasedandconstructed.IntroductionSECTIONONEMETHODSOFSTIPULATINGQUALITYOFCOMMODITYThemethodsofstipulatingqualityofcommoditydependonthequality,characterandthecustomaryusageinpractice.Usually,thecontentsofthequalitytermsinclude:thename,specificationandbrand.Ininternationaltrade,therearetwowaystoindicatethequalityofthegoodseitherbydescriptionorbysample.SalebyDescription（憑文字說明買賣）SalebySample（憑樣品買賣）QualityofCommodity(1)Salebyspecification,gradeorstandard（憑規(guī)格、等級、標準買賣）(2)Salebybrandnameortrademark（憑牌號或商標買賣）(3)Salebynameoforigin（憑產(chǎn)地名賣）(4)Salebydescriptionandillustration（憑說明書和圖樣買賣）1)Salebytheseller’ssample（憑賣方樣品買賣）2)Salebythebuyer’ssample（憑買方樣品買賣）3)Salebythecountersample（憑對等樣品買賣）1.SalebyDescription（憑文字說明買賣）(1)Salebyspecification,gradeorstandard（憑規(guī)格、等級、標準買賣）Thespecificationreferstocertainmainindicatorswhichindicatethequalityofthegoods,suchascomposition,content,purity,size,length,etc.Soitisthedetaileddescriptionofthegoodstobesold.品質(zhì)：飼料蠶豆，水份[最高]15%，雜質(zhì)[最高]2%。Quality:FeedingBroad-bean，Moisture[max]15%，Admixture[max]2%.Greyduckfeather:downcontent18%allowing1%moreorless

灰鴨毛，含絨量18%，允許上下浮動1%Thegradereferstotheclassificationsofthecommodityofonekindwhichisindicatedbywords,numbersorsymbols.Thesellerandbuyershouldreachtheconsensusonthegrades.e.e.ChineseTungstenGrade1（中國一級鎢砂）e.g.Chineserawsilkisclassifiedinto12grades.Inpractice,weoftenhavespecialgrade,firstgrade,secondgrade,large,medium,small.e.g.FreshHenEggs,shelllightbrownandclean,eveninsizeGradeAA:60—65gpereggGradeA:55—60gpereggGradeB:50—55gpereggGradeC:45—50gpereggThestandard

referstothespecificationsorgradeswhicharestipulatedandannouncedinaunifiedwaybythegovernmentdepartmentorcommercialorganizationofacountrysuchasthechamberofcommerce,etc.Internationalstandard:ISONationalstandardCraft(Guild)StandardEnterpriseStandardISO9000Inordertomeettherapiddevelopmentofinternationaltrade/business,theInternationalStandardizationOrganizationmakesoutthisstandardforguaranteeingthequalityoftheexportgoods.WhenthemanufacturersobtainthecertificatesgivenbytheISO9000,itmeansthatthegoodsareofhighquality.Sonowadays,manyenterpriseswouldtrytheirbesttohavetheirgoodspassthestrictstandards.NationalstandardUK:BS(The

BritishStandardAssociationStandards英國標準協(xié)會標準)USA：ASTM(AmericanIndustrialMaterialInspectionAssociationStandards美國工業(yè)材料檢驗協(xié)會標準)Germany：DIN（German

Industrial

Standards

德國工業(yè)品標準）Japan：JIS（

JapaneseIndustrialStandards日本工業(yè)標準）Standardofacommodityissubjecttochangeoramendmentandanewstandardoftentakesplaceoftheoldone.So,incaseofsalesbystandard,itisimportantandnecessarytomentioninthetermsalsothenameofthepublication,inwhichthestandardofthecommodityappears.e.g.

TetracyclineHCLTablets(SugarCoated)250mg.B.P.1973

B.P.=BritishPharmacopoeia

如：鹽酸四環(huán)素糖衣片，250毫克，1973年英國藥典

NotesIntheinternationalagriculturalandby-productmarket,thereisacommonlyadoptedstandard,i.e.,fairaveragequality(FAQ).Thiskindofstandardisquiteambiguous.Infact,itdoesnotrepresentanyfixed,accuratespecification.e.g.ChineseGroundnut,2009crop,FAQMoisture(max.)13%Admixture(max.)5%Oilcontent(min.)44%Forthetradingofwoodandaquaticproducts,GMQ(goodsmerchantablequality)(上好可銷品質(zhì))isemployedtoindicatethequality.GMQmeansthegoodsisfreefromdefectsandisgoodenoughforuseorconsumption.GMQisusuallynotsupplementwithspecificationsandwhendisputesarisebecauseofthequalityofthegoods,exporterswillhavetobeinvitedtomakethearbitration.(2)SALEBYBRANDNAMEORTRADEMARKMAXAMBrandDentalCream(美加凈牌牙膏）

e.g.LongjingGreenTea

Jingdezhen

Chinaware(3)Salebynameoforigin（憑產(chǎn)地名賣）Butsometimestheplacesoforigindonotalwaysrepresenttheareaswheretheproductsareturnedout.

e.g.JinghuaHam----isproducedmainlyinYiwuCountyofZhejiangProvince.e.g.Multi-shuttleBoxLoomModel1515A,detailedspecificationsasattacheddescriptionandillustrations.（1515A型多梭箱織機，詳細規(guī)格如所附文字說明與圖樣）Qualityandtechnicaldatatobestrictlyinconformitywiththedescriptionsubmittedbyseller。(4)Salebydescriptionandillustration（憑說明書和圖樣買賣）Definition:Thesamplereferstothearticlewhichcanbeusedtorepresentthequalityofthewholelot.Typesample(標準樣品)Sampleforreference(參考樣品)Salebysampleincludes3casessalebytheseller’ssamplesalebythebuyer’ssamplethecountersample.2.SalebySample（憑樣品買賣）Seller’ssamplearethesampleswhichareusuallysentbythesellertothebuyer.Wealsocalledoriginalsample.Thesellershouldkeepaduplicatesample.（1）Salebytheseller’ssample（憑賣方樣品買賣）（2）Salebythebuyer’ssample（憑買方樣品買賣）Inthiscase,thesellershallfirsttakeintoconsiderationtheavailabilityofthenewmaterialandthepossibilityofprovidingtheprocessingtechnology.Thesellerwillhavenothingtodowithanydisputesofinfringementofindustrialproperty.

Samplescanbealsoprovidedbythebuyer.Theyaregivenasthequalitystandardforthegoodstobeproducedanddeliveredbytheseller.Undersuchcircumstances,toavoidfuturedisputesoverthequalityofthegoods,thesellerusuallyfirstduplicatesthesamplesandthensendstheduplicatetothebuyerforconfirmation.Thissampleiscalledcountersample.3)Salebythecountersample（憑對等樣品買賣）(2)Whenthesellersendsoutthesample,itisbetterthatthesellerwillkeepthe“original”or“duplicate”sample.Thefollowingsshouldbepaidattentionto:(1)Weshouldtrytodothebusinessby“salebytheseller”.(3)Ifthetransactionisdoneby“salebythebuyer”,weshouldpayattentiontothefactthatwhetherthesampleofthebuyerhassomethingtodowiththeproblemsofpolitics,societyandreligion,suchascolor,patternanddesign.(4)Whenwegetthesampleofthebuyer,itisbettertomakeitascountersample.(5)Whetheritissalebybuyer’ssampleorbyseller’ssample,ifitisnecessary,sometimessealedsamplecanbeadopted.(6)Thesellershouldwritesomeflexibletermsinthesalescontractasfollows:Shipmentshallbesimilartothesample;Qualitytobeaboutequaltothesample;Qualitytobenearlysameasthesample.QualityLatitudeandQualityToleranceForsomegoods,therewillbenaturalconsumptionduringproductions,andproductioncraftinfluence,thegoodsowncharacteristics,itishardtodeliverthegoodsasperthetermsandconditions.Inthesituation,moreorlessclausesmaybeadopted.Thefollowingsarethetwowaysoftenusedinpractice:(1)QualityLatitude/QualityFlexibleAllowance(2)QualityToleranceQualityLatitude/QualityFlexibleAllowanceQualityLatitude/QualityFlexibleAllowancereferstotheflexibilityforthosespecificqualityindicationsinacertainrange.Thefollowingthreemethodsareoftenusedinpractice:A.Specificationofrange:moisture5%-10%B.Specificationoflimitation:maximumorminimum,wool98%minC.Specificationofmoreorless:Eiderdowncontent16%,1%moreorlessQualityToleranceQualityTolerancemeansthepermissiblerangewithinwhichthequalitysuppliedbythesellermaybeeithersuperiororinferiortothequalitystipulatedinthecontract.TradeassociationstandardStipulationinthecontractGenerally,priceadjustmentisnotneededifthetoleranceiswithincertainlimit.手表每48小時的合理誤差為1秒EXAMPLESOFQUALITYCLAUSESINCONTRACT(1)SampleNo.210ManT-Shirt(2)BrazilianCoffeeBeans2011NewCrop,F.A.Q(3)ChineseNortheastRice,Moisture25%(max),Admixture0.25%(max.)(4)RedNylonClothUmbrellaforLadies,18’’×8ribs,StainlessSteelShaft,Plastichandles(5)ChinasesameseedMoisture(MAX)8%;Admixture(MAX)2%;Oilcontent52%basis,Shouldtheoilcontentofthegoodsactuallyshippedbe1%higherorlower,thepricewillbeaccordinglyincreasedordecreasedby1%,andanyfractionwillbeproportionallycalculated.CASESTUDYOneChinesecompanyexportedacontractofGradeBPeanutstoaforeigncountryimporter.Whenthesellerwasworkingonthedeliveryofthegoods,hefoundthattheGradeBPeanutswereoutofstock.Withoutpriorconsentofthebuyer,thesellerdeliveredtheGradeAPeanutsinsteadofGradeBPeanutsandstatedontheinvoice“GradeAPeanuts,priceisthesame”,whilethebuyerrefusedtheconsignment.Question:Inthissituation,doesthebuyerholdtherepudiationrights?Why?ANSWERThebuyerhastherighttorefusetopay.ThisisbecausebothsidesconfirmedtheGradeBPeanutswhensigningthecontract,whichholdsalegaleffect.Ifthesellergetsthebuyer’sconsent,hecanchangethepeanutsgrade.Sothebuyerhasthepowertorefusetopay.OneChinesecompanyexportedacontractofagriculturalproductstoaGermancompany.Thecontractstipulatesthatmoisturenotexceeds15%,impuritynotmorethan3%.Beforethedealclosing,thesellersentthebuy