雙語課American-Political-System-美國政治結構示意圖課件

America‘sPoliticalSystem

美國現(xiàn)代政治制度.PoliticalSystemStateGovernment州政府UnionGovernment聯(lián)邦政府Basedonfederalism,theseparationofpowers,andrespectfortheconstitutionandtheruleoflaw.Dealingwithlawandorder,education,publichealthandthingsconcerningdailylives.Foreignaffairsandmattersofgeneralconcerntoallstates..THEPOLITICALSYSTEMINTHEUNITEDSTATESConstitutionLegislativeBranchExecutiveBranchJudicialBranchTheConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesisthesupremelaw.ItprovidestheframeworkfortheorganizationoftheUnitedStatesGovernment.Thedocumentdefinesthethreemainbranchesofthegovernment:ThelegislativebranchwithabicameralCongress,anexecutivebranchledbythePresident,andajudicialbranchheadedbytheSupremeCourt.Besidesprovidingfortheorganizationofthesebranches,theConstitutioncarefullyoutlineswhichpowerseachbranchmayexercise.Italsoreservesnumerousrightsfortheindividualstates,therebyestablishingtheUnitedStates'federalsystemofgovernment.Itistheshortestandoldestwrittenconstitutionofanymajorsovereignstate.一、TheLegislativeBranchCongressTheBicameralSystem（兩院制）（1）TheSenate（參議院）（2）TheHouseofRepresentatives（眾議院）.LegislativeBranchThelegislativebranchismadeupofelectedrepresentativesfromallofthestatesandistheonlybranchthatcanmakefederallaws,levyfederaltaxes,declarewarorputforeigntreatiesintoeffect.ItconsistsofaCongressthatisdividedintotwohouses:TheSenateHouseofRepresentativesChiefOfficial:PresidentoftheSenate(VicePresidentoftheUSA.)ChiefOfficial:TheSpeakeroftheHouse.1.TheSenateEachofthe50stateselectstwoSenatorsregardlessofpopulation,thatassuresthatthesmallstateshaveanequalvoiceinoneofthehousesofCongress.ThetermforSenatorsissixyears,butonethirdofthemareelectedeverytwoyears.Asenatormustbeover30yearsoldandmusthavebeenanAmericancitizenforatleastnineyears..2.TheHouseofRepresentativesThenumberofrepresentativesfromeachstateisfixedaccordingtothesizeofthepopulationthestatehas.ThetotalnumberofRepresentativeshasbeenfixedat435.AtpresentthereisoneRepresentativeforover500,000people,butastatewithapopulationlessthanthatshouldelectone..3.PowersoftheSenateandHouseTheSenatehascertainpowersespeciallykepttothatbody,includingtheauthoritytoconfirmpresidentialappointmentsofhighofficialofthefederalgovernmentaswellasratifyalltreatiesbytwo-thirdsvote.EachhouseoftheCongresshasthepowertointroducelegislationonanysubject,exceptrevenuebillswhichmustfirstcomefromtheHouseofRepresentatives...

二、TheExecutiveBranchThePresident：

1.Theheadofstate2.Theheadofgovernment3.TheCommander-in-Chiefofthearmedforces4.TheWhiteHouseishisofficialresidence5.TheheadofstateelectedbythewholenationWhowasthefirstAmericanPresidentaftertheRevolutionaryWar?WhoisthefatheroftheBillofRights?WhohadleadAmericanCivialWar?.1.ThefamouspresidentofUSAJamesMadison

詹姆斯·麥迪遜（1751——1836）是美國的第四任總統(tǒng)，他被稱為是美國的“人權法案之父”.AbrahamLincoln亞伯拉罕·林肯（1809－1865），美國第16任總統(tǒng)，也是首位共和黨籍總統(tǒng).Washington,George喬治·華盛頓(1732～1799)，美國第1任總統(tǒng)，

美國之父。.2.TwoconditionstobecometheAmericanPresidentAcitizenbornintheUSterritory;Atleastthirty-fiveyearsold..3.PresidentialElection

PreliminaryelectionPreliminaryelectionNationalPartyCongress(Democratic)NationalPartyCongress(Republican)CandidatesforPresidentandVice-President(Democratic)CandidatesforPresidentandVice-President(Republican)ElectionDelegation(Democratic/Republican)ThePresident.預選.Example:ThePresidentialElectionin2008..4.PresidentialPowersTheofficeofthePresidentoftheUnitedStatesisoneofthemostpowerfulintheworld.ThePresident,saystheConstitution,must“takecarethatthelawbefaithfullyexecuted”.Hepresidesovertheexecutivebranchofthefederalgovernment,andhasimportantpowersinlegislativeandjudicialmatters..

President’sPowerinDomesticAffairsThepowersofthepresidencyareformidable,butnotwithoutlimitations.Thepresident,asthechiefformulatorofpublicpolicy,oftenproposeslegislationtoCongress.

ThepresidentcanalsovetoanybillpassedbyCongress.Thevetocanbeoverriddenbyatwo-thirdsvoteinboththeSenateandHouseofRepresentatives.Asheadofhispoliticalparty,withreadyaccesstothenewsmedia,thepresidentcaneasilyinfluencepublicopinionregardingissuesandlegislationthathedeemsvital.Thepresidenthastheauthoritytoappointfederaljudges,includingmembersoftheSupremeCourt.AllsuchcourtappointmentsaresubjecttoconfirmationbytheSenate.Withintheexecutivebranch,thepresidenthasbroadpowerstoissueregulationsanddirectivesregardingtheworkofthefederalgovernment’smanydepartmentsandagencies.Healsoiscommanderinchiefofthearmedforces..President’sPowerinForeignAffairs

UndertheConstitutionthepresidentisprimarilyresponsibleforforeignrelationswithothernations.Thepresidentappointsambassadorsandotherofficials,subjecttoSenateapproval,andwiththesecretaryofstate,formulatesandmanagesthenation’sforeignpolicy.

ThepresidentoftenrepresentstheUnitedStatesabroadinconsultationswithotherheadsofstate,andthroughhisofficials,henegotiatestreatieswithothercountries.Suchtreatiesmustbeapprovedbyatwo-thirdsvoteoftheSenate.Thepresidentalsonegotiateswithothernationslessformal“executiveagreements”thatarenotsubjecttoSenateapproval..

5.Impeachmentforthepresident

UndertheUSConstitution,thepresidentmayberemovedfromofficeifheisimpeachedandfoundguiltyofhighcrimesorotherimproperacts.Thisistheonlywayapresidentcanlegallyberemovedfromoffice.TheHouseofRepresentativesBringsa“Billofimpeachment”ATrialintheHouseofSenate

ChiefJusticeoftheUnitedStatesasthejudge,senatorsasthejury.Andif2/3oftheSenatevotethatthepresidentisguilty,heisremovedfromoffice..DepictionoftheimpeachmenttrialofAndrewJohnson,thenPresidentoftheUnitedStates,in1868.TheimpeachmenttrialofPresidentWilliamJeffersonClintonin1999,ChiefJusticeWilliamRehnquistpresiding.TheHousemanagersareseatedontheleftandthepresident'spersonalcounselontheright,muchinthefashionofPresidentAndrewJohnson'strial..

6.Vicepresident

1.TheheadofSenate2.Thepartner

ofpresident

3.TheSuccessorof

presidentUndertheUSConstitution,thepresidentmaybeinsteadbyvicepresidentifheisimpeachedandfoundguiltyofhighcrimesordeadorotherimproperacts.

1841年威廉·哈里森(WilliamHarrison)同年4月病死。1849～1850年扎卡里·泰勒(ZacharyTaylor)1850