雅典衛(wèi)城重建及帝國表述

雅典衛(wèi)城的重建

及帝國的表述劉津渝2011年10月26日北京大學(xué)，希臘羅馬史TheRhetoricofthePersianWarsFreedomoverslaveryDemocracyovermonarchyPatriotism/devotionoverprideTheaftermath…-theriseofAthens-PericleanAthens(461-429BC)-furtherdevelopmentof“democracy”;theAthenianLeague;buildingprojects,etc.-theconflictbetweenAthensandSparta-thecomingofThePeloponnesianWar重建雅典

RebuildingAthens-TheAthenianAcropolisTheAcropolis

雅典衛(wèi)城TheAthenianAcropolisTheErechtheion

(Caryatids)

TheErechtheion

(430?-406)

CaryatidCaryatidsRoyalPalaceinAmsterdamOudeZijdsVoorburgwal,Amsterdam,NetherlandsVillaHadriana,ItalyParthenon:TempleofAthenaParthenos

(447-432BC)

octastyle

(8X17columns)24meters(about78feet,9inches)highDoricIonicCorinthian意大利南部的Paestum（希臘名Posedonia）保留有較早的多利亞式神廟GreekcolonyfoundedbytheSybariiTheLucanianperiodTakenoverbytheRomansin273BCTempleofCeresTempleofCeresTempleofPoseidon/Neptune,5thcenturyBCFriezes,Parthenon

?2003UniversityofSouthernCalifornia

SWcornermetopeoftheParthenon

mythologicalmotif

NorthwestcornermetopesoftheParthenon

DetailInterpretationoftheSculpturesIntegrateshistory,politics,andmyth歷史、政治、神話的緊密結(jié)合themeofvictoryandstruggle勝利與斗爭主題unityoftheGreeks(TrojanWar,PersianWar,etc.)希臘聯(lián)合subjectswerepan-Hellenic泛希臘因素PoliticalsuperiorityofAthens雅典娜無所不在LargepresenceofAthenaAtticritual(Panathenaicprocession)WherearetheParthenonsculptures?1.ParthenonsculpturesinAthens

OnlysomeoftheParthenonsculpturesinAthensarecurrentlyondisplay.Mosthaveeitherlongbeeninstoreorarestillonthebuildingandatcontinuingriskfromweatheringandpollution.ItishopedthattheywillallbeputonpublicdisplayintheNewAcropolisMuseum,whenworkonitiscompleted.ThereisnoquestionthattheSculpturescouldeverbere-attachedtothebuildingitselfduetoitsfragilityandthecontinuingdangersofairpollution.2.ParthenonSculpturesinLondon

AllofthesculpturesinLondonareonpermanentpublicdisplayintheBritishMuseum,wheretheycanbeseenbyaworldaudienceofnearlyfivemillionvisitorsayearfreeofentrycharge,inaspeciallydesigned,coherentsuiteofgallerieswhichincludesspecialfeaturesdesignedtoensurethesculpturesareaccessibleforallvisitors.TheBritishMuseum'sMORIVisitorSurveysconsistentlyshowthattheParthenonSculpturesareseenbyapproximately55%to60%ofallvisitorsandaftertheEgyptianGalleriesarethesecondmostpopulardisplayintheMuseum.

IncollaborationwithothermuseumsholdingmaterialfromtheParthenon,theBritishMuseumiscurrentlyundertakingapilotprojecttowardsa3-Dvirtualreconstructionofthebuilding.3.ParthenonSculpturesinothermuseums

ThefollowinginstitutionsalsoholdsculpturefromtheParthenon:

VaticanMuseums;MuséeduLouvre,Paris;KunsthistorischesMuseum,Vienna;NationalMuseum,Copenhagen;Glyptothek,Munich;UniversityMuseum,Heidelberg;UniversityMuseum,Würzburg;Museo

Nazionale,Palermo;http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/newsroom/current2003/parsculpt.htmPhidias'scultstatueofAthenafromParthenon雅典娜神像重建維也納

議會大廈攝于2009年6月美國田納西州納什維爾NashvilleTN的帕特農(nóng)殿（博物館），雅典帕特農(nóng)的復(fù)制初建于1897年ContrastsbetweentheParthenonandErectheionInvisibilityversusVisibilityApproachingtheAcropolisRegularityversusIrregularitySymmetryversusAssymetryFormalityversusInformality(i.e.randomness)Universality(Panhellenic)versusParticularUniversalGreekmythsandideasContemporary(PersianWars)versusArchaic(BronzeAge)GenericversusVariant小亞以弗所月神廟；古代世界七大奇跡之一TheTempleofNike(Victory)

ca.420BC

(dismantledbytheTurksin1686)

TempleofAthenaNike

TempleofAthenaNike:DetailoftheSouthFrieze

Historicalmotif

(possiblytheBattleofMarathon)BritishMuseum

Wheredidthemoneycomefrom?-tributeTheenemiesofPericleswerecryingouthowthatthecommonwealthofAthenshadlostitsreputationandwasill-spokenofabroadforremovingthecommontreasureoftheGreeksfromtheisleofDelosintotheirowncustody;andhowthattheirfairestexcuseforsodoing,namely,thattheytookitawayforfearthebarbariansshouldseizeit,andonpurposetosecureitinasafeplace,thisPericleshadmadeunavailable,andhowthat"Greececannotbutresentitasaninsufferableaffront,andconsiderherselftobetyrannizedoveropenly,whensheseesthetreasure,whichwascontributedbyheruponanecessityforthewar,wantonlylavishedoutbyusuponourcity,togildherallover,andtoadornandsetherforth,asitweresomevainwoman,hungroundwithpreciousstonesandfiguresandtemples,whichcostaworldofmoney."'

'Pericles,ontheotherhand,informedthepeople,thattheywereinnowayobligedtogiveanyaccountofthosemoneystotheirallies,solongastheymaintainedtheirdefense,andkeptoffthebarbariansfromattackingthem.'

--Plutarch,LifeofPericles/~atlas/europe/static/map07.jpgPericles:FuneralOrationForourgovernmentisnotcopiedfromthoseofourneighbors:weareanexampletothemratherthantheytous.Ourconstitutionisnamedademocracy,becauseitisinthehandsnotofthefewbutofthemany.Butourlawssecureequaljusticeforallintheirprivatedisputes,andourpublicopinionwelcomesandhonorstalentineverybranchofachievement,notasamatterofprivilegebutongroundsofexcellentalone.Andaswegivefreeplaytoallinourpubliclife,sowecarrythesamespiritintoourdailyrelationswithoneanother.Wehavenoblacklooksorangrywordsforourneighborifheenjoyshimselfinhisownway,andweabstainfromthelittleactsofchurlishnesswhich,thoughtheyleavenomark,yetbecauseannoyancetowhosonotesthem.Openandfriendlyinourprivateintercourse,inourpublicactswekeepstrictlywithinthecontroloflaw.Weacknowledgetherestraintofreverence;weareobedienttowhomsoeverissetinauthority,andtothelaws,moreespeciallytothosewhichofferprotectiontotheoppressedandthoseunwrittenordinanceswhosetransgressionbringsshame.(Thucydides,II37)InawordIclaimthatourcityasawholeisaneducationtoGreece,andthathermembersyieldtonone,manbyman,forindependenceofspirit,many-sidednessofattainments,andcompleteself-relianceinlimbsandbrain.Thatthisisnovaingloriousphrasebutactualfactthesupremacywhichourmannershavewonusitselfbearstestimony.Noothercityofthepresentdaygoesouttoherordealgreaterthanevermendreamed;nootherissopowerfulthattheinvaderfeelsnobitternesswhenhesuffersatherhands,andhersubjectsnoshameattheindignityoftheirdependence.Greatindeedarethesymbolsandwitnessesofoursupremacy,atwhichposterity,asallmankindtoday,willbeastonished.WeneednoHomerorothermanofwordstopraiseus;forsuchgivepleasureforamoment,butthetruthwillputtoshametheirimaginingsofourdeeds.Forourpioneershaveforcedawayintoeveryseaandeveryland,establishingamongallmankind,inpunishmentorbeneficence,eternalmemorialsoftheirsettlement.(ThucydidesII41;Bailkey:168)ToyouwhoarepasttheageofvigorIwouldsay:countthelongyearsofhappinesssomuchgaintosetoffagainstthebriefspacethatyetremains,andletyourburdenbelightenedbythegloryofthedead.Fortheloveofhonoraloneisnotstaledbyage,anditisbyhonor,not,assomesay,bygold,thatthehelplessendoflifeischeered.Iturntothoseamongstyouwhoarechildrenorbrothersofthefallen,forwhomIforeseeamightycontestwiththememoryofthedead.Theirpraiseisinallmen’smouths,andhardly,evenforsupremestheroism,youwillbeadjudgedtohaveachieved,notthesamebutalittlelessthanthey.Forthelivinghavethejealousyofrivalstocontendwith,butthedeadarehonoredwithunchallengedadmiration.IfImustalsospeakawordtothosewhoarenowinwidowhoodonthepowersanddutiesofwomen,Iwillcastallmyadviceintoonebriefsetence.Greatwillbeyourgloryifyoudonotshowmoreweaknessthanisnaturaltoyoursex—hersgreatestofallwhoisnottalkedaboutforgoodorevilamongmen.IhavespokensuchwordsasIhadtosayaccordingasthelawprescribes,andthegravesideofferingstothedeadhavebeendulymade.Henceforwardthecitywilltakechargeoftheirchildrentillmanhood:suchisthecrownandbenefitsheholdsouttothedeadandtotheirkinforthetrialstheyhaveundergoneforher.Forwheretheprizeishighest,there,too,arethebestcitizenstocontendforit.(ThucydidesII44-45;Bailkey:170)TheRevoltofMitylene

andtheAthenianReaction428BCCleon:“Ihaveoftenbeforenowbeenconvictedthatademocracyisincapableofempire,andnevermoresothanbyyourpresentchangeofmindinthematterofMitylene.Fearsorplotsbeingunknowntoyouinyourdailyrelationswitheachother,youfeeljustthesamewithregardtoyourallies,andneverreflectthatthemistakesintowhichyoumaybeledbylisteningtotheirappeals,orbygivingwaytoyourcompassion,arefullofdangertoyourselves,andbringyounothanksforyourweaknessfromyourallies;entirelyforgettingthatyourempireisadespotismandyoursubjectsdisaffectedconspirators,whoseobedienceisinsurednotbyyoursuicidalconcessions,butbythesuperioritygivenyoubyyourownstrengthandnottheirloyalty."(ThucydidesIII38;Bailkey:178-9)Nohope,therefore,thatrhetoricmayinstillormoneypurchase,ofthemercyduetohumanweaknessmustbeheldouttotheMitylenians.Theiroffensewasnotinvoluntary,butofmaliceanddeliberate;andmercyisonlyforunwillingoffenders.Ithereforenowasbeforepersistagainstyourreversingyourfirstdecision,orgivingwaytothethreefailingsmostfataltoempire—pity,sentiment,andindulgence…(ThucydidesIII38;Bailkey:178-9)The