-Essay Writing-7 大學(xué)英語寫作教學(xué)課件

WelcomeHomeWelcomeHomeWelcomeHomeWelcomeHomeWelcomeHomeWelcomeHomeWelcomeHomeWelcomeHome1/22/20241ModesofWriting:DescriptionTwokinds:Objectiveone:onlyfactsgiven,noplacetoimagination.Forexample,“Heis20yearsold.Heisayoungmanofmediumheight.〞Impressionisticone:impressiongivenaswellasfactsgiven.Forexample,“Hiseyeareverylargeandalive,withlongblacklashes,andtheyseemtobesmilingatyouallthetime.〞1/22/20242Comparison

Objectiveone:Topicturetheaspectsoftheobjectasathinginitself;Areport,totellreaderswhatyoudescribe;Tobeginwithabriefgeneralpicture,thendeveloponepartafteranotherImpressionisticone:Torelyingonthemoodorfeelingstheobjectcallsup;Toconveyorarousereaders’emotion.1/22/20243Butinactualwriting,theyarenotallclearlydefined.Ofpeople:

1.Introduction(who?)2.Physicaldescription3.Clothing4.Personality5.Conclusion1/22/20244DescriptionOfplaces&objects:SeeHearSmellFeelTasteTomakeclear:1.Theorder;2.Onlywhatyousee,orothers;3.Objectiveorimpressionistic?1/22/20245DescriptionAction&EventsNounderlinedstory(likeinnarration)toholdyouressaytogether,soyouhavetoacentralideainstead;3parts:introduction;body;&conclusion.1/22/20246DescriptionMoment(excitement,happiness,fear,embarrassment)Asvividaspossible;Liketakingaphoto;Accurate,detailedpicture;Thesetting,thedetails,&themood.1/22/20247DescriptionofaMomentVisitingaSupermarketVisitingasupermarketisliketakingatriparoundtheworld.OverhereisamountainoforangesfromsunnyFlorida.OverthereareheadsoflettucefromCalifornia.TherearealsosardinesfromNorwayandPortugal.InthenextaislethereismustardfromGermany,soysaucefromHongKong,andwinefromChileandArgentina.1/22/20248DescriptionSituation(howtodosomething)Makeyourreaderssee,hear,feel,smell,&tasteasyoudidinactualsituations;Spaceorder,timeorder,orclimacticorder;1/22/20249DescriptionofSituationFineArtGoesSmallneighborhoodbakeriesarebeingreplacedbylargebreadfactories.Asaresult,thefineartofmakingtasty,nutritiousbreadisalsofadingaway.1/22/202410Theflourusedinmakingbreadisnolongerwholeandwholesome.Instead,itisbleachedwhite,enrichedwithunnecessaryvitamins,andmadeflavorless.Addedchemicalsandpreservativesgiveitafreshlook.1/22/202411DescriptionofSituationAfewtraditionalbakeriesremain,usuallyintheethnicneighborhoodsoflargercities,buteventheynowusethesamekindofflourasthecommercialbakeriesdo.Theoldkindofbread,onceanimportantpartofourdiet,isdisappearing.1/22/202412NarrationTellingastory,butnotlimitedtostorytelling.Accordingtothepurpose,twokinds:Narrativereport:

anexactaccountofwhathappened.Forexample:areportofsomenationaleventappearinginanewspaper,thefactsofacrimegiveninapolicecourt,thedetailsofantrafficaccident,ortherecordofabusinessmeeting.1/22/202413ContinuedTostatethefactsquitecorrectlyandthemostsuitableorder—usuallytheorderinwhichtheyhappened.Unnecessarydescription&imaginativeimpressionhavenoplace.Forexample:1/22/202414ShipAccidentinChannel

NoCasualties

YesterdayeveningtwoshipscollidedinthickfogintheEnglishChannel.Onewasacargoboatcarryingfruit,andapparentlyboundforLondon.TheotherwasaBritishcrosschannelferryonitsregularrunfromDover(多佛,英港口)toDunkirk(敦克爾克,法港口).(pre-eventbackgroundknowledgegiven)

1/22/202415ContinuedAccordingtoeye-witnessesneitherofthevesselswasgoingveryfastatthetimeoftheaccident.However,becauseoftheweatherconditions,thecaptainsdidnotrealizethedangeruntilonlysecondsbeforethecollisiontookplace.Consequently,therewasinsufficienttimeforthemtotakeavoidingaction.(key-eventindetails,alsosupportstothesisidea)1/22/202416ContinuedFortunately,therewerenocasualtiesamongthecrews(全體工作人員)orthepassengers,butbothshipswereholedclosetothewaterline.InspiteofthedamagethetwoshipsmanagedtoreachthenearbyportofDunkirkundertheirownsteam.(key-event)1/22/202417ContinuedAspokesmanfortheportauthoritiessaidthatacommitteeofenquirywouldbesetuptoascertainthecauseofthecollision.(post-event)1/22/202418Story

Theintention:tointerestthereaders,tomakethemwanttogoonreading;So,choosethedetailshelpingcreatetheimpressionhewantstogive;buildupinteresttoanimportantmoment&includesomedescriptiontomakethestorymorevivid.Forexample:1/22/202419ToolateTheplanewaslateanddetectiveswerewaitingattheairport

allthemorning.TheywereexpectingavaluableparcelofdiamondsfromSouthAmerica.Afewhoursearlier,someonehadtoldthepolicethatthieveswouldtrytostealthediamonds.

(pre-event,scene)1/22/202420ContinuedWhentheplanearrived,someofthedetectiveswerewaitinginsidethemainbuildingwhileotherswerewaitingontheairfield.TwomentooktheparcelofftheplaneandcarrieditintotheCustomsHouse.Whilestwodetectiveswerekeepingguardatthedoor,twoothersopenedtheparcel.(key-event:descriptionsgiventodetectivesmakethestoryinteresting)(whatwouldhappen?Canyouguess?)1/22/202421ContinuedTotheirsurprise,thepreciousparcelwasfullofstonesandsand!(post-event:asurpriseending,climax)1/22/202422ThegeneralplanThegeneralplantowriteanarration:1.Thepurpose:reportorstory?2.Toselectevents:pre-event,key-event,post-event.3.Theorder:timeorderorflashback?4.Toselectpointofview:limited(asapersoninvolved)oromniscient(asanobserver,anonlooker)?1/22/202423Continued5.Tochoosenarrativetypes:

Indetails?(detailsthatofferexplanationsorreasonsforaction,thathelpthereadersvisualizethescene,thatcreateaconflict&suspense)Withdialogue?(helpbringeventtolife)Orwithdescription&personalnarration(afewwell-selecteddetailscanvividlypicturetheevent)?1/22/202424ForexampleTheChineseNewYear

NewNearDayisagreatoccasionfortheChinese.Thefestivalbegins,infact,fromtheNewYear’sEvewhenpeoplegotovisittheFairwhichopensuntiltwoorthreeo’clockinthemorning.Itisadelightfulsighttoseethestallsallbrightlylitupandfilledwithallsortsoflovelythings.Theflowerstallsarealwaysthemostattractiveplaces.Everyonebuysflowerstodecoratehishome.1/22/202425ContinuedTheFair-goers〔購物者〕usuallydonotwanttocomehomeuntilitisverylate,andwhentheydocomehome,theydonotwanttogotobeduntiltheycannotstayawakeanylonger.

1/22/202426ContinuedThenthesoundoffirecrackersushersintheNewYear.Childrenwouldbethefirsttoawakeandgetup.Theyhavebeenlookingforwardtothisgreatdaysincethebeginningofthetwelfthmoon.Theycannowcollecttheir“redpackages〞anduse1/22/202427Continuedthemoneycontainedtherein〔在那里〕tobuytoysoffirecrackers.Grown-uppeopleareverybusyintheNewYearDay.Theyexchangevisitswithfriendsandrelativesandbusilyentertaintheirguestsathome.Theyarebusybuthappyandsoiseverybody.1/22/202428ExpositionThemoodmostfrequentlyusedincollegecourses:Englishcomposition,physicallaboratoryreports,essayexaminations,etc.callforlogicalanalysis.Thewaystodeveloptheanalysis:examples,comparison,contrast,definition,cause&effect,&logicaldivision.1/22/202429Example1“Fat〞FoodAmericanseattoomuchfat,andtheproblemwithfatisthatitisfattening.Ounceforounce,fatcontainstwiceasmanycalories〔熱能〕asprotein〔蛋白質(zhì)〕andcarbohydrates〔碳水化合物〕do.BeingoverweightisoneofthemostcommonhealthproblemsintheUnitedStates.NearlyoneoutofeverythreeAmericansisoverweightorobese〔肥胖〕.Obesityincreasestheriskofmanyseriousdiseases,includingheartdisordersanddiabetes〔糖尿病〕.1/22/202430ContinuedWecancutdownonourfatintakeinanumberofways.Foronething,wecanreplacefattymeatslikebeefandporkwithleanermeatslikeveal〔小牛肉〕andchicken.Wecaneatsmallerportion,too.Wecanalsousemorevegetablesourcesofprotein,suchaspeas,beans,lentils〔扁豆〕,nuts,potatoes,andrice.Finally,wecanuselow-fatdairyproductssuchasskimmedmilk〔脫脂乳〕andpotcheeseinplaceofwholemilkandhigh-fatcheeses.Evenasmallchangeinourfatintakecanmakeanenormousdifferenceinourgeneralhealthoveraperiodofyears.1/22/202431Example2FastFood:AmericanLifeFast-foodisbecomingawayoflifeinAmerican.Therearepizzashops,hamburgerstores,fishandchipsstores,andavarietyoftake-outplaces.Theysellsuchfoodsastacos〔玉米面卷〕,eggrolls,papaya〔木瓜〕drinks,andcookies.1/22/202432ContinuedTakethehamburgerplaces,forexample.Pedroandhisfamilywantafastburgerdinner.Willtheyhavetosearchforaquickmeal?Totheirsurprise,therearefourplaceswithinatwo-blockarea.Pedro’sfatherisn’tsurewhichoneisthebest.Heasks,〞whataretheburgersatJoe’sburgerPalacelike?〞onlyonepersonknows.1/22/202433ContinuedJorgesays,“theyareokay.〞sotheyallagreetogothere.Heisright,andthefamilygetsaquick,goodmeal.Theyarefinishedinhalfanhourandhaveplentyoftimefortheirevening’splans.CameraAcameraislikearoomwithonlysmallroundwindow.Thereisadarkblindoverthewindow.Lightcancomeintotheroomonlywhenyoupulltheblindup.Thelightwillspreadallovertheroom.1/22/202434ContinuedTakeouttheflatglassfromthewindow,andputinitsplaceacurvedlens〔鏡頭〕.Thelensbringstheraysoflighttogether.Itfocusesthelightontothewalloftheroom.Thelightdoesnotspreadallovertheroom.Theraysoflightcomefromanobjectoutsidetheroom.Theseraysare1/22/202435ContinuedReflectedfromtheobject.Whenthelensfocusesthisreflectedlightontothewall,wegetapictureoftheobject.Thiskindofpictureiscalledanimage.Thefourmostimportantpartsofacameraarethelens,theshutter,thelensopeningandthefilm.Thelensdoestheworkofwindowintheroom.Theshutterdoestheworkoftheblind.Thelensopeningchangesthesizeofthewindow.Wecanmakeitlargeorsmaller.Wecanletitmoreorlesslight.1/22/202436ContinuedTheGenerationGapAfewyearsagoitwasfashionabletospeakofagenerationgap,adivisionbetweenyoungpeopleandtheirelders.Parentscomplainedthatchildrendidnotshowthemproperrespectandobedience,whichchildrencomplainedthattheirparentsdidnotunderstandthematall.Whathadgonewrong?Whyhadthegenerationgapsuddenlyappeared?Actually,thegenerationgaphasbeenaroundforalongtime.Manycriticsarguethatitisbuiltintothefabric〔結(jié)構(gòu)、構(gòu)造〕ofoursociety.1/22/202437ContinuedOneimportantcauseofthegenerationgapistheopportunitythatyoungpeoplehavetochoosetheirownlife-styles.Inmoretraditionalsocieties,whenchildrengrowup,theyareexpectedtoliveinthesameareaastheirparents,tomarrypeoplethattheirparentsknowandapproveof,andoftentocontinuethefamilyoccupation.Inoursociety,youngpeopleoftentravelgreatdistancesfortheireducations,moveoutofthefamilyhomeatanearlyage,marryorlivewiththepeoplewhomtheirparentshavenevermet,andchooseoccupationsdifferentfromthoseoftheirparents.1/22/202438ContinuedInourupwardlymobilesociety,parentsoftenexpecttheirchildrentodobetterthantheydid:tofindbetterjob,tomakemoremoney,andtodoallthethingsthattheywereunabletodo.Often,however,theambitiousthatparentshavefortheirchildrenareanothercauseofthedivisionbetweenthem.Often,theydiscoverthattheyhavelittleincommonwitheachother.1/22/202439ContinuedFinally,thespeedatwhichchangestakeplaceinoursocietyisanothercauseofthegapbetweenthegenerations.Inatraditionalculture,elderlypeoplearevaluedfortheirwisdom,butinoursocietytheknowledgeofalifetimemaybecomeobsoleteovernight.Theyoungandtheoldseemtoliveintwoverydifferentworlds,separatedbydifferentskillsandabilities.1/22/202440ContinuedNodoubt,thegenerationgapwillcontinuestobeafeatureofAmericanlifeforsometimetocome.Itscausesarerootedinthefreedomsandopportunitiesofoursociety,andintherapidpaceatwhichsocietychanges.1/22/202441Argument&persuasion&ExpositionExpositionToinformreadersAnexplanationoffacts,ofthewayinwhichsomethingisdoneNotalwayscontainargument&persuasionArgument&persuasionToconvincereaders,tocauseachangeinthinkingExpositionwiththeadditionalpurposeofconvincingorpersuadingAnattempttoleadreaderstobelievethewriter’sopinioniscorrectandtopersuadethemtochangetheirmindoradoptitastheirown1/22/202442Argument&persuasion:

bothstateanopinionandthenattempttoconvincereadersbyofferingevidencetosupportit.Argument

Trytoconvincereaderstoacceptanattitudeoraproposal;Byappealingtoreasons.PersuasionTry

toconvincereadersnotonlytoacceptanattitudeorproposal,butalsototakesomeaction;Byappealingtoemotionwhichmovesreadersintoaction.1/22/202443persuasion:Verbalcommunicationwhichattemptstobringaboutavoluntarychangeinjudgmentsothatthereadersorlistenerswillacceptabelieftheydidnotholdbefore.ILoveYou!1/22/202444Argument&PersuasionTochangereaders’imageorthinkingorbelief,wehavetoknow:Whatthereaders’imageis,whichneedsarealisticunderstandingofourreaders,&isusuallycalledaudienceanalysis;Howitmaybechanged,whichneedsfamiliaritywiththeprincipalmeansofpersuasion.Apersonpersuadedmustbefreetoacceptorrejectthebelieforproposal.1/22/202445Images:

shallow-rootedordeep-rootedAshallow-rootedimage,manybeliefsbasedonreasonareofthiskind;canberemovedorchangedwithoutanydrastic(劇烈)effectonthepersonwhoholdsit,whenevidenceleadsthemtoconductthattheactionisnecessaryorbeneficial;whentheyareprovidedthereasongivenareconvincing.BUT1/22/202446ContinuedDeep-rootedimage:sodeeplyimbeddedinthepersonalitythattheycannotgivethemup.Toabandonthemwouldbetodenysomethingessentialtoone’sself-respect,toone’ssenseofintegrity(正直、完整性〕asaperson.Wehavetorespectthem&willnotdismissareaderholdingthemas“stupid〞or“stubborn〞;Directattackonthemwillonlyintensifyresistance;ridiculingthemwillcreateantagonism(對抗性).Thebestwayis:1/22/202447ContinuedTorecognizethatweareconfronted(面臨)byadeep-rootedimagewhichcanbechangedonlybythereaderhimself,andthenonlywhenwecansubstituteanewimagetowhichwecantransfertheemotionalcommitmentgiventotheoriginalimage;Toshowthatweunderstandthereader’spositionbyrestatingitintermsacceptabletothereader;Toexplorepossiblecompromises(妥協(xié))betweenthereader’spositionandourown.1/22/202448Aparticularstructureofargument&persuasionIntroduction:howshouldIbeginmyessay?(Thisfocusesontheneed:a.tocapturetheaudience’sattention;b.toestablishthewriterasareliablearguer.)Explanationofthecaseunderdiscussion:ismycaseclearly&fullystated?(Thiscallsforthewritertomakecertainthatheknowsexactlywhatheisthinkingabout.)1/22/202449Continued3.Outlineoftheargument:whatisthelogicdevelopmentofmycase?(topresentourreaderWithanoverviewoftheargumentsothattheycanfollowmoreeasily,particularlyiftheargumentisextremelycomplex.)4.

Proof:isproofadequatetoconvinceeitheraspecializedoruniversalreader?1/22/202450Continued5.Refutation:doesmyargumentsufficientlyovercomeopposingargument?(tothinkabouttheotherside,whataretheweakpointsoftheoppositiontoours)6.Conclusion:doesitraisequestionsthatitdoesnotanswer?1/22/202451Argumentkeyto“Disadvantages&AdvantagesoftheLecturingMethod〞ForAneconomicwaytogiveinformationtoalargenumberofstudents;Togivethelatestinformationorviews;Moreinterestingtohear&seeapersonthantoreadabook;Agoodlecture:tostimulatethought&discussion.

1/22/202452ContinuedAgainstOftenbadlydelivered&boring;Oftenthesamelectureusedyearafteryear;Difficulttotakenotesinalecture;Manylecturers:justreadaloudtheirbooks.

1/22/202453Advantages&DisadvantagesoftheLecturingMethod

Lecturingasamethodofteachingissofrequentlyunderattacktodayfromeducationalpsychologistsandbystudentsthatsomejustificationisneededtoretainit.Criticsbelievethatitresultsinpassivemethodsoflearningwhichtendtobelesseffectivethanthosewhichfullyengagethelearner.1/22/202454ContinuedTheyalsomaintainthatstudentshavenoopportunitytoaskquestionsandmustallreceivethesamecontentatthesamepace,thattheyareexposedonlytooneteacher’sinterpretationofsubjectmatterwhichwill1/22/202455Continued

inevitablybebiased(結(jié)果偏移)a