英文科技論文寫作

第六章英文科技論文寫作2023-10-25英文科技論文的格式標(biāo)題〔Title〕作者署名〔Authors〕通信地址〔Adress〕摘要〔Abstract〕關(guān)鍵詞〔Keywords〕前言〔Preface〕材料與方法〔MaterialsandMethods〕結(jié)果〔Results〕討論〔Discussion〕致謝〔Acknowledgment〕參考文獻〔Referees〕標(biāo)題〔Title〕除虛詞外，每個詞的第一個字母均采用大寫，如果第一個詞為虛詞，其第一個字母也要大寫。題目采用全部大寫的形式亦可。如：

RoleofMicroRNAsinPlantandAnimalDevelopmentESSENTIALSTUDIESONTHEPEANUTSEPARATIONPROTEIN英文標(biāo)題可以是一個詞組或一個句子Mechanismsofgenesilencingbydouble-strandedRNAThefunctionsofanimalmicroRNAsInvolvementofCalciumSignalingandtheActinCytoskeletonintheMembraneBlocktoPolyspermyinMouseEggsASmallModulatorydsRNASpecifiestheFateofAdultNeuralStemCellsProline-richtyrosinekinase2isinvolvedinF-actinorganizationduringinvitromaturationofratoocyteTrp2regulatesentryofCa2+intomousespermtriggeredbyeggZP3英文標(biāo)題的一般模式：詞組：Role〔Founction，Mechanisms，Effect···〕+研究對象+研究材料句子：研究對象+isinvolved〔參與，作用，調(diào)節(jié)之類的動詞〕+研究過程和研究材料Shorttitle〔runningtitle〕Proline-richtyrosinekinase2isinvolvedinF-actinorganizationduringinvitromaturationofratoocytePyk2inratoocyteInvolvementofCalciumSignalingandtheActinCytoskeletonintheMembraneBlocktoPolyspermyinMouseEggsActin,calcium,andmembranebloketopolyspermyback作者〔Authors〕英文論文中中國作者署名一般名在前，姓在后，均使用拼音的全拼形式，每一個字的首字母大寫，如果名為兩個字，之間用短線連接。如：PengZhang，Yun-FangLi名和姓為兩個字的也可以只第一個字的首字母大寫。如：YouqiangSu，YingchunOuyang

back英文通訊地址的編寫順序：系〔或?qū)嶒炇摇场⒃骸不蜓芯克?、學(xué)校、所在城市、郵政編碼、國家。如：1KeyLaboratoryofAnimalResistance〔DepartmentofBiotechnology〕,CollegeofLifeScience,ShandongNormalUniversity,Jinan250002China2StateKeyLaboratoryofReproductiveBiology,InstituteofZoology,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing100080,China通訊單位可有多個，注明標(biāo)號〔數(shù)字或圖形〕，并與作者欄中的標(biāo)號相對應(yīng)。KatarzynaJARONCZYK*,JonB.CARMICHAEL*andTomC.HOBMAN*?*DepartmentofCellBiology,UniversityofAlberta,Edmonton,AB,CanadaT6G2H7,and?MedicalMicrobiologyandImmunology,UniversityofAlberta,Edmonton,AB,CanadaT6G2H7

通訊地址〔Address〕通訊作者根據(jù)雜志要求標(biāo)出，并注明通訊方式

RotationofMeioticSpindleIsControlledbyMicrofilamentsinMouseOocytes1Zi-YuZhu,3,4Da-YuanChen,2,3Jin-SongLi,3,LiLian,3LeiLei,3,Zhi-MingHan,3andQing-YuanSun3StateKeyLaboratoryofReproductiveBiology,3InstituteofZoology,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing100080,ChinaCollegeofLifeScience,4SuzhouUniversity,Suzhou215006,China1SupportedbygrantsfromNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChinaandCASknowledgeinnovationprogram.2Correspondence:Da-YuanChen,StateKeyLaboratoryofReproductiveBiology,InstituteofZoology,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing100080,China.FAX:01062565689;e-mail:

back摘要〔Abstract〕摘要的內(nèi)容1研究背景〔background〕：此項可有可無，尤其當(dāng)摘要過長時，此項常省略。2研究目的、研究題目〔objective〕3研究方法〔methods〕：有時2、3工程合并在一個句子里。4結(jié)果〔results〕5結(jié)論或推論〔conclusion〕

ExperimentofsiRNAknockingdownendogenousexpressionofNogoreceptorinculturedratprimarycorticalandhippocampalcells【Abstract】Objective

ToobservethemRNAexpressionofNogoreceptorinratprimarycorticalandhippocampalcellsaftertheNgR-specificsiRNAschemicallysynthesizedweretransfected.MethodsFourpairofNgR-specificsiRNAswereselectedandtransfectedtoratprimarycorticalandhippocampalcellsbyusingtrans-Messengertransfectionreagent.TotalRNAwasharvestedat72hourspost-transfectionbyusingTrizolreagentandwastestedbyusingreal-timeRT-PCR.

ResultsThemRNAexpressionofNogoreceptorweresuppressedbythefourNgR-specificsiRNAs.ComparedwiththecontrolgroupwhichwastransfectedwithscramblesiRNA,themRNAexpressionofNogoreceptortreatedbysiNgR2199,SiNgR2562、SiNgR2772andSiNgR2964was6.5%、6.4%、15.2%and6.86%respectively,andthePvaluesweresignificantcomparedwiththecontrolgroupofsiRNAinterfering(P<0.05).ConclusionThesiRNAsspecifictoNogoreceptorcouldknockdowntheendogenousexpressionofNgRinculturedprimarycorticalandhippocampalneuronsofrat.Usingbisulphatesequencing,methylationpatternsoftheXistgeneinclonedblastocystsderivedfrombovinefetalfibroblasts(FFB)oroviductepithelialcells(FOV)wereinvestigated,ascomparedtothatindonorcellsandinvitrofertilized(IVF)blastocysts.Hypomethylation〔高甲基化〕oftheXistgenewasobservedintheclonedblastocysts(43%and17%inFFBandFOVderivedblastocysts,respectively),whiletheXistgenein49%IVFblastocystsappearedtobemethylated.Onthecontrast,somaticdonorcellsshowedhighpercentageofmethylation(66%and63%inFFBandFOVcells,respectively).TheseresultssuggestthattheDNAmethylationsoftheXistgenewerereprogrammableandthedetectedCpGislandsmayregulateexpressionoftheXistgene.Altogetherwiththepreviousdata,ItwasshownthatdevelopmentrateofclonedblastocystsderivedfromFFBislowerthanthatfromFOVofthesameorigin,whilepregnancyandbirthratesappeartobeopposite.ItcanbeproposedthatclonedblastocystsderivedfromdifferenttypesofsomaticcellsdifferinDNAreprogrammingthatmayaffectembryoandfetaldevelopment.MethylationPatterns(甲基化模式〕ofTheXistGeneinClonedBovineBlastocysts〔克隆牛囊胚〕DerivedFromDifferentSomaticDonorCells〔不同供體體細胞〕TheproteintyrosinekinasePyk2actsasanupstreamregulatorofmitogen-activatedprotein(MAP)kinasecascadesinresponsetonumerousextracellularsignals.TheprecisemolecularmechanismsbywhichPyk2activatesdistinctMAPkinasepathways

arenotyetfullyunderstood.Inthisreport,weprovideevidencethattheproteintyrosinekinaseSrcandadaptorproteinsGrb2,Crk,andp130CasactasdownstreammediatorsofPyk2leadingtotheactivationofextracellularsignal-regulatedkinase(ERK)andc-Junamino-terminalkinase(JNK).Pyk2-inducedactivationofSrcisnecessaryforphosphorylationofSrcandp130CasandtheirassociationwithGrb2andCrk,respectively,andfortheactivationofERKandJNKcascades.ExpressionofaGrb2mutantwithadeletionoftheamino-terminalSrchomology3domainorthecarboxyl-terminaltailofSosstronglyreducedPyk2-inducedERKactivation,withnoapparenteffectonJNKactivity.Grb2withadeletedcarboxyl-terminalSrchomology3domainpartiallyblockedPyk2-inducedERKandJNKpathways,whereasexpressionofdominantinterferingmutantsofp130CasorCrkspecificallyinhibitedJNKbutnotERKactivationbyPyk2.Takentogether,ourdatareveal

specificpathwaysthatcouplePyk2withMAPkinases:theGrb2/SoscomplexconnectsPyk2totheactivationofERK,whereasadaptorproteinsp130CasandCrklinkPyk2withtheJNKpathway.Osteoclastactivationisimportantforboneremodelingandisalteredinmultiplebonedisorders.Thisprocessrequirescelladhesionandextensiveactincytoskeletalreorganization.Proline-richtyrosinekinase2(PYK2),amajorcelladhesion–activatedtyrosinekinaseinosteoclasts,playsanimportantroleinregulatingthisevent.ThemechanismsbywhichPYK2regulatesactincytoskeletalorganizationandosteoclasticactivationremainlargelyunknown.Inthispaper,weprovideevidencethatPYK2directlyinteractswithgelsolin,anactinbinding,severing,andcappingproteinessentialforosteoclasticactincytoskeletalorganization.Theinteractionismediatedviathefocaladhesion–targetingdomainofPYK2andanLDmotifingelsolin’sCOOHterminus.PYK2phosphorylatesgelsolinattyrosineresiduesandregulatesgelsolinbioactivity,includingdecreasinggelsolinbindingtoactinmonomerandincreasinggelsolinbindingtophosphatidylinositol〔磷脂酰肌醇〕lipids.Inaddition,PYK2increasesactinpolymerizationatthefibroblasticcellperiphery.Finally,PYK2interactswithgelsolininosteoclasts,wherePYK2activationisrequiredfortheformationofactinrings.Together,ourresultssuggestthatPYK2isaregulatorofgelsolin,revealinganovelPYK2–gelsolinpathwayinregulatingactincytoskeletalorganizationinmultiplecells,includingosteoclasts.摘要寫作的時態(tài)和語態(tài)1介紹背景資料時，應(yīng)使用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)來表達不受時間影響的普遍事實；2在表達研究目的、研究題目或研究活動時，可使用一般過去時或一般現(xiàn)在時；3在摘要實驗局部的寫作中，實驗程序和方法通常用過去時態(tài)來描述；4通常使用一般過去時概述主要結(jié)果；5使用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)、推測動詞或may,should,could等情態(tài)動詞來表達結(jié)論或推論。例6綜述性的文章，通常以現(xiàn)在時態(tài)書寫。7摘要中的語態(tài)使用主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)相結(jié)合。摘要寫作時通常使用的句型：1背景：……isnotknown(understand).……isunknown.2目的：Tostudy〔investigate〕……Thepurpose(aim,objective)ofthis(thepresent)paper(report,study,research)is(was)……3結(jié)果：Inthisreport(paper),wedemonstrated〔examined)that……Thispaperfocuson……Thisstudy(research)investigated4結(jié)論：〔Taken〕together，ourresults〔data〕suggest〔reveal〕that……Theseresultsindicatethat……英文摘要寫作的幾點建議：1長度要適宜；2摘要的句子不能重復(fù)論文中的句子；3防止在摘要中列出一大堆數(shù)據(jù)；4摘要的寫作放在論文寫作的最后；backIntroduction主要內(nèi)容：1背景資料與文獻回憶；2介紹研究主題：指出問題、研究目的和意義；3研究結(jié)論。背景資料：1背景資料須說明研究論文的特定主題與較為廣泛的研究領(lǐng)域之間的關(guān)系；2寫作內(nèi)容：先指出和論文所屬研究領(lǐng)域有關(guān)的一般事實；接著轉(zhuǎn)到此大研究領(lǐng)域中的一個次研究領(lǐng)域，并指出該次研究領(lǐng)域中某些特定的事實；最后轉(zhuǎn)到與論文所探討的問題有密切關(guān)系的更狹窄的主題。MeioticspindlestabilitydependsonMAPK-interactingandspindle-stabilizingprotein(MISS),anewMAPKsubstrate減數(shù)分裂紡錘體的穩(wěn)定性依賴于MAPK相關(guān)的紡錘體穩(wěn)定蛋白，一個新的MAPK底物——MISSMeioticmaturationinvertebrateoocytescorrespondstotheperiodincludingtheexitfromtheG2andblocktothearrestinmetaphaseofthesecondmeioticdivision(metaphaseII[MII]*).Meioticmaturationstartswiththeactivationofmaturation-promotingfactor(MPF),whichtriggersgerminalvesiclebreakdown(GVBD),chromosomecondensation,andformationofthefirstmeioticspindle.Thisspindlemigratestothecortexandafterextrusionofthefirstpolarbody,thesecondmeioticspindleformsbelowthecortex,whereitremainsstableforhourswithchromosomesalignedonthemetaphaseplate.Thecascadeinitiatedbyc-mos,whichactivatesmitogenactivatedproteinkinases(MAPK)(theMos/…/MAPKpathway),controlsmanyimportanteventsofmeioticmaturation(foranextensivereviewseeAbrieuetal.,2001).back文獻回憶：1文獻回憶是為了說明自己的研究工作和同一領(lǐng)域其他學(xué)者過去的研究工作之間的關(guān)系，從而說明自己的研究動機及創(chuàng)新性；2文獻回憶一般包含幾個句子或一兩個段落；3引用的參考文獻要與自己的研究密切相關(guān)，而不應(yīng)引述不相關(guān)的資料。4引用的參考文獻要經(jīng)過組織整理，而不是簡單的堆砌。文獻回憶的常用句型：文獻回憶中的句子通?？煞殖梢韵滤姆N類型：1資料導(dǎo)向引述；2研究領(lǐng)域的一般描述；3多作者導(dǎo)向引述；4論文作者導(dǎo)向引述。Thisuniquestructureofp130Cassuggestsaroleinassemblingmultiproteinsignalingcomplexes.〔7〕Oneoftheprimecandidatesoftyrosinekinaseresponsibleforp130CasactivationisPyk2,〔8,11〕acloserelativeofFAK.Moreover,Pyk2hasbeenshowntoberesponsibleforlinkingc-Srctodownstreamsignalingpathways,suchastheactivationofextracellularsignal–regulatedkinases(ERKs)〔11,12〕andc-JunNH2-terminalkinases(JNKs).〔13〕back文獻回憶中的前幾句或在文獻回憶中新的段落前面出現(xiàn)的句子，往往是對某個研究領(lǐng)域的一般描述，該種句子一般表現(xiàn)該領(lǐng)域中對于某個問題的研究程度，常用如下句型：1Much(Little\No\Avolumeof)work(research)hasbeendone(carriedout\performed)on+名詞詞組2Much(Little)attentionhasbeendevotedto(focusedon)……3Many(Several\Quitefew)studies(experiments)havebeenconducted(performed\published)on……back在文獻回憶中，作者可以使用一個句子來討論兩個或兩個以上學(xué)者曾經(jīng)做過的研究工作。此種句子稱為“多作者導(dǎo)向引述〞1Manyinvestigators(Severalresearchers\Fewwriters)havebeenstudied(investigated\examined\reported)+名詞詞組.2名詞詞組+havebeenstudied(investigated\explored\discussed)byseveralauthors.3Severalresearchershavefound(shown\suggested\reported)that+名詞從句。back在文獻回憶中，有的句子可用某個學(xué)者的姓作為句子的主語，稱為論文作者導(dǎo)向引述。由于句子內(nèi)容是文獻作者過去的行為，所以通常使用一般過去時。1Hedgeshowed(showed\found\reported\suggested\pointedout)that……2Leestudied(examined\investigated)+主題詞.Hefoundthat……back指出問題：1指出所研究領(lǐng)域在目前研究的根底上深入、擴展或派生的新問題；2一般使用一般現(xiàn)在時或現(xiàn)在完成時；3正確使用單復(fù)數(shù)形式：study、researcher、paper等為可數(shù)名詞，可用many、few、no修飾，而work、research為不可數(shù)名詞，應(yīng)使用much、little、no等修飾；4指出問題和文獻回憶可穿插進行。根本句型：1However,few(no)studieshavebeendoneon……However,littleresearch(attention)hasbeendevotedon(beenpaidto)……However,noworkhasbeendoneon……However,littleisknownabout……2Although(While)muchresearch(work)hasbeendevotedtoA,littleresearchhasbeendoneonB.However,verylittleisknownaboutthesignalsdownstreamoffocaladhesionproteins,includingp130Cas,Crk,andPyk2,whichmediateselectiveactivationoftheJNKpathwayincontrasttotheERKpathwayincardiomyocytes.研究目的作者通常使用一兩個句子表達自己研究的性質(zhì)與目的，以說明自己要怎樣解決提出的問題。Inapreviousreport,weshowedthatETactivatedthedistincttyrosinekinasepathwaysrequiringPyk2orepidermalgrowthfactorreceptor(EGFR)incardiomyocytes.back研究結(jié)論1作者簡要表達研究所得的主要結(jié)論；2不要與摘要中的結(jié)論重復(fù)。TheseresultssuggestthatPYK2regulatesactincytoskeletalorganizationinosteoclastsbyinteractingwithandregulatinggelsolin.Together,ourresultssuggestthatPYK2isaregulatorofgelsolin,revealinganovelPYK2–gelsolinpathwayinregulatingactincytoskeletalorganizationinmultiplecells,includingosteoclasts.MaterialsandMethods主要內(nèi)容：1研究對象、樣本或材料；2實驗試劑和藥品及配制方法；3測試儀器儀表及測試系統(tǒng)；4實驗步驟；5實驗結(jié)果的收集方式和分析結(jié)果、統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)的方法。寫作要求：1一般使用過去時，包括一般過去時和過去完成時；2多使用被動語態(tài)，一般不使用以作者為主語的句子。例3一般分為幾個小標(biāo)題分別表達。4寫作材料與方法時可參考相關(guān)英文論文。AdultspecimensofCerebratuluslacteuswerepurchasedfromtheMarineBiologicalLaboratory.AllinhibitorsofMAPKsignaling,exceptforcurcumin,werepurchasedfromTocris(Ballwin,MO),whereascurcumin,roscovitineand5-HTwerefromSigma-Aldrich(StLouis,MO).Toblockspontaneousmaturation,oocytesstrippedfromripeovariesweretreatedwithCa2+-freeseawater(CaFSW)(SchroederandStricker,1983)and/orinhibitorsofMAPKsignaling(StrickerandSmythe,2000;StrickerandSmythe,2001).Results主要內(nèi)容及寫作要求：1按一定的順序分別說明研究結(jié)果，每一個結(jié)果需要一個標(biāo)題提示；2圖表作為結(jié)果的主要內(nèi)容，用于表示詳細的、完整的結(jié)果，文字表達用來描述圖表內(nèi)容、重點或趨勢；3除表達結(jié)果外，圖表一般要寫注釋，注釋一般較正文簡練，且不能重復(fù)正文的句子。4結(jié)果局部可以得出結(jié)論或推論。常用句型：1AsFig.1show……DatainTable3showthat…………isshowninFig.42Thenumberof……increase(decreased\rose\fell\dropped\declined\wentup\remainedconstant\unchanged)when(after)3……wascorrelatedwith(negativelycorrelatedwith\dependenton\determinedby\closelyrelatedto……時態(tài)語態(tài)：表達普遍接受的事實時，用一般現(xiàn)在時，描述結(jié)果時一般用過去時和被動語態(tài)。例

EffectsofPyk2antibodyinjectiononoocytematurationandF-actionorganizationTheGVBDrateofoocyteswasnotevidentlyinhibitedbymicroinjectionwithPyk2antibody(63.0%,85/135)comparedwiththecontrolgroup(68.1%,94/138).However,theF-actinorganizationaroundthechromosomeswasseverelydisruptedbyPyk2antibodyinjection(Fig.6A).Actinfilamentsweredetectedaroundthechromosomesinthecontrolgroupoocytes(Fig.6B).At12h,theantibodyinjectedandshaminjectedoocyteswerescoredfortheemissionofPB1.TherateofPB1emissionwasdecreasedfrom56.1%(32/57)inthecontrolgroupto24.7%(20/81)intheantibodymicroinjectedgroup(p<0.05).Inthecontrolgroup,morethanhalfoocytes(56.1%)formedatypicaltelophasespindleandextrudedthefirstpolarbody(Fig.7A,BandC).F-actinsweredetectedinthecytoplasmandinthecleavagefurrow(Fig.7C).WhiletheantibodymicroinjectedoocyteseitherdidnotformmeiosisIspindle(Fig.7D)orwasblockedatMIstage(Fig.7E).Someoocyteswereattheanaphasestage,whilethechromosomesseparatedinanabnormaldirection,whichwasparallelinsteadofverticaltotheplasmamembrane(Fig.7F).Thecytoplasmmicrofilamentsintheexperimentaloocytesweredestroyed,whiletheuniformcortexF-actinsstillcouldbedetected(Fig.7F).DiscussionDiscussion旨在說明研究結(jié)果的意義，在討論中，作者應(yīng)答復(fù)以下問題：1所得結(jié)果是否符合期望，如果不是，為什么？2根據(jù)結(jié)果可得出何種結(jié)論和推論？如何解釋?3本研究結(jié)果與同領(lǐng)域其他成果有何關(guān)系？是否一致？不一致的原因是什么？4本研究還存在哪些問題需要近一步研究？5研究成果是否有應(yīng)用價值？怎樣應(yīng)用？根本結(jié)構(gòu)：1研究目的2某個結(jié)果概述及說明3得出結(jié)論并論證……〔存在的問題可穿插在2、3中。〕4應(yīng)用價值5總結(jié)論常用句型及時態(tài)：1Theseresultsareconsistentwiththeorigin