新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程 第二版3 Morphology課件

Chapter3Morphology

Definition:Morphologyreferstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程第二版3MorphologyOpenclasswordandclosedclassword

Openclasswords----contentwordsofalanguagetowhichwecanregularlyaddnewwords,suchasnouns,adjectives,verbsandadverbs,e.g.beatnik（奇裝異服言行乖僻的人,垮了的一代）(amemberoftheBeatGeneration),email,internet,“做秀，時(shí)裝秀…”inChinese.Closedclasswords----grammaticalorfunctionalwords,suchasconjunction,articles,prepositionandpronouns.新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程第二版3MorphologyMorpheme（詞素）--theminimalunitofmeaning---Wordsarecomposedofmorphemes.Wordsmayconsistofonemorphemeormoremorphemes,e.g.1-morphemeboy,desire2-morphemeboy+ish,desir(e)+ble3-morphemeboy+ish+ness,desir(e)+bl(e)+ity4-morphemegentle+man+li+ness,un+desir(e)+abl(e)+ity5-morphemeun+gentle+man+li+ness6-morphemeanti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ism

（反對(duì)國(guó)家對(duì)教會(huì)不予承認(rèn)論）新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程第二版3MorphologyAffixPrefix----morphemesthatoccuronlybeforeothers,e.g.un-,dis,anti-,ir-,etc.Suffix----morphemesthatoccuronlyafterothers,e.g.-ful,-er,-ish,-ness,-able,-tive,tion,etc.新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程第二版3MorphologyFreemorpheme&boundmorphemeFreemorpheme（自由詞素）----isonethatmayconstituteaword(freeform)byitself,suchasbed,tree,sing,dance,etc.Boundmorpheme(粘著詞素)----isonethatmayappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme.Theycannotstandbythemselves,suchas“-s”in“dogs”,“al”in“national”,“dis-”in“disclose”,“ed”in“recorded”,etc.新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程第二版3MorphologyAllomorph['?l?,m?rf]

(詞素變體)Somemorphemeshaveasingleforminallcontexts,suchas“dog,bark,cat”,etc.Inotherinstances,theremaybesomevariation,thatis,amorphememayhavealternateshapesorphoneticforms.Theyaresaidtobetheallomorphsofthemorpheme.新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程第二版3Morphologye.g.Theindefinitenessmorpheme

abag

anappleEachoftheunderlinedpartiscalledanallomorphofindefinitemorpheme.e.g.Thepluralmorphememap----maps[s]dog----dogs[z]watch----watches[iz]mouse----mice[ai]ox----oxen[n]tooth----teethsheep----sheepEachoftheunderlinedpartiscalledanallomorphofpluralmorpheme.新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程第二版3MorphologyWordStructuresAroot（詞根）isthatpartofthewordleftwhenalltheaffixes(inflectional&derivational)areremoved,e.g.“desire”in“desirable”,“care”in“carefully”,“nation”in“internationalism”,“believe”in“unbeliev(e)able”…N(noun)→V(verb)-Af(affix)e.g.teacher→teach-er新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程第二版3MorphologyDerivationalmorpheme&inflectionalmorpheme

Derivationalmorphemes-派生詞素---themorphemeswhichchangethecategory(grammaticalclassofwords),oraddsomelexicalmeaning,e.g.modern---modernize,length---lengthen,fool---foolish,order---reorder,agree---disagree,etc.Inflectionalmorphemes-屈折詞素---themorphemeswhichareforthemostpartpurelygrammaticalmarkers,signifyingsuchconceptsastense,number,caseandsoon;theyneverchangetheirsyntacticcategory,neveraddanylexicalmeaning,e.g.a)number:tablesapplescars

b)

person,tense:talk/talks/talking/talkedc)case:John/John’s新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程第二版3MorphologyMorphological（形態(tài)學(xué)的）rulesTherulesthatgoverntheformationofwords:ingeneral,Englishwordsareformedthroughsixways.Derivation/Affixation派生/詞綴:toaddaprefixorasuffixtoawordoraroottochangeeitherthepartofspeechorthemeaning,orbothoftheoriginalword.e.g.play—replay,read----reader

Compounding合成:puttingtwowordsorrootstogethertoformanewwordwithacertainsyntacticrelationshipwithinthenewlyformedworde.g.blackboard----Theboardisblack.ladylike---sbislikealady.新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程第二版3Morphology*Conversion轉(zhuǎn)化:tochangethepartofspeechofawordwithoutanychangeinitsform.e.g.anewcarpet-------tocarpettheroom*Abbreviation

縮略

Clippings:examination-----exam,influenza----flu

Acronyms:FederalBureauofInvestigation---FBI

Blendings:motorhotel----motel,breakfastlunch----brunch*Back-formation逆成

eg.burglar----burgle,editor----edit*Jingles重疊

e.g.inf.diner---din-din新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程第二版3MorphologySomepointsaboutcompoundsWhenthetwowordsareinthesamegrammaticalcategory,thecompoundwillbeinthiscategory,e.g.postbox,landlady（女房東）,icy-cold,blue-black…Whenthetwowordsfallintodifferentcategories,theclassofthesecondorfinalwordwillbethegrammaticalcategoryofthecompound,e.g.head-strong（固執(zhí)）,pickpocket（扒手）…新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程第二版3MorphologyCompoundshavedifferentstresspatternsfromthenon-compoundedwordsequence,e.g.Themeaningofacompoundisnotalwaysthesumofthemeaningsofitsparts.Compare：1）Katefoundaredcoatinheraunt’scloset.2)KatefoundaRedcoatinheraunt’scloset.red‵coat（紅外套）‵redcoat(英國(guó)軍人)green‵house（綠色房子）‵greenhouse（溫室）black‵bird（黑色的鳥）‵blackbird(畫眉,燕八哥)hot‵dog(熱的