英漢翻譯基礎(chǔ)教程

英語翻譯基礎(chǔ)教程總主編：馮慶華主編：馮慶華陳科芳1“意思”的譯法甲：這是一點(diǎn)小意思，請務(wù)必收下。乙：你這個(gè)人真是有意思，怎么也來這一套。甲：哎，只是意思意思，乙：啊，真是不好意思。譯文：A：Thisisalittlegiftasatokenofmyappreciation.Pleasedotakeit. B：Oh，aren'tyouabittoopolite?youshouldnotdothat.A:Well,itjustconveysmygratitude.B:Ah,thankyouthen,thoughireallydonotdeserveit.2“說”(1)阿Q將衣服摔在地上，吐一口唾沫，說：“這毛蟲”！《阿Q正傳》譯文：AhQflunghisjacketontheground,spat,andswore,“hairyworm!”(2)“三個(gè)臭皮匠，合成個(gè)諸葛亮”，這就是說，群眾有偉大的創(chuàng)造力。《毛澤東選集》文:Theoldsaying,"threecobblerswiththeirwitscombinedwouldequalZhugeLiangthemastermind,"simplemeansthemasseshavegreatcreativepower.(3)：也不知安居樂業(yè)，最早見于什么典籍，四個(gè)字一針見血的點(diǎn)名了生活中的一個(gè)因果關(guān)系。譯文：Icannotsayinwhatcanonthewords"secureinone'shomeandhappyinone'swork"firstappeared,butthatexpressioncutstothecoreofaprimarydeterminantinhumanlife.你們偶然看見一顆花生瑟縮的長在地上，不能立刻分辨出它有沒有果實(shí)，非得等到你接觸到它時(shí)你才能知道。譯文1:Whenyoucomeuponapeanutplantlyingcurledupontheground,youcanneverimmediatelytellwhetherornotitbearsantnutsuntilyoutouchthem.譯文2：Whenyoucomeuponapeanutplantlyingcurledupontheground,youcannevertellwhetherornotitbearsanynutsuntilyoudigitup.金杯牌充氣床墊工藝先進(jìn)，結(jié)構(gòu)新穎，造型美觀，款式繁多，舒適大方，攜帶方便。譯文：The'Goldcup'Brandair-filledbedcushionsaremadeinadvancedtechnology.withnovel，structure,beautifulshapeandvariouspatterns,theyarecomfortableandconvenienttocarry.人民犯了法，也要受處罰，也要坐班房。譯文：whenanyoneamongthepeoplebreaksthelaw,hetooshouldbepunished,imprisoned..只有充分發(fā)展商品經(jīng)濟(jì)，才能把經(jīng)濟(jì)真正搞活，使各企業(yè)增加效率。譯文：thedevelopmentofacommodityeconomyistheonlywaytoinvigorateoureconomyandpromptenterprisetoraisetheirefficiency.我的姐姐又因?yàn)槲也粣壅麧嵍蛭覈Z叨地勸戒了。譯文：mysisterhasbeenpreachingatmeagainaboutmylackofneatness.我國人民在中國共產(chǎn)黨第十五次全國代表大會(huì)的精神鼓舞下，正沿著建設(shè)有中國特色的社會(huì)主義道路，滿懷信心，昂首闊步地邁向二十一世紀(jì)。Inspiredbythespiritof15thNationalCongressoftheCommunistPartyofChina,thepeopleofChinaareadvancingconfidentlytowardsthe21stcenturyalongtheroadtosocialismwithChinesecharacteristics.本公司生產(chǎn)的地毯美麗大方、光彩奪目，富麗堂皇。Thecarpetsmadeinourcompanyarebeautifulandmagnificent.我們進(jìn)行了長期不懈的努力。Wehavemadeunremittingeffortsforit.目標(biāo)的輕重緩急，孰先孰后應(yīng)該仔細(xì)研究、認(rèn)真考慮和反復(fù)推敲。Targetprioritiesshouldbeverycarefullystudied.那件令人不快的事件，已經(jīng)搞得滿城風(fēng)雨、人人皆知了。Therehasbeenmuchpublicityabouttheunpleasantcase.在長期的革命歷程中，各民主黨派與中國共產(chǎn)黨同呼吸共命運(yùn)。IntheprotractedprocessoftheChineserevolution,thevariousdemocraticpartiessharedacommonfatewiththeChineseCommunistParty.我們的教育方針，應(yīng)該使受到教育者在德育，智育，體育幾方面都得到發(fā)展，成為有社會(huì)主義覺悟，有文化的勞動(dòng)者。Oureducationpolicymustenableeveryonewhoreceivesaneducationtodevelopmorally,intellectuallyandphysicallyandbecomeaworkerwithbothsocialistconsciousnessandculture。一定文化是一定社會(huì)的政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)的反映，一定的文化又給以一定社會(huì)政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)以巨大的作用和影響。Anygivencultureisareflectionofagivensociety ，andtheformerinturnhasatremendouseffectandinfluenceonthelater。潘一堂雖然沒有兒沒女，但很愛窮人的小孩。譯文1：PanYitang，anoldbachelor，likedthechildrenofthepoorverymuch。譯文2：PanYitang，thoughwithnofamilyofhisown，likedthechildrenofthepoorverymuch。17他等著她來，急的像熱鍋上的螞蟻。Hewaitedforherarrivalwithafrenziedagitation。18媽媽非常激動(dòng)，我感到她的背在顫抖，就在那一刻，我第一次明白媽媽也有脆弱的一面。Inthatmomentfeelingmothersbackrackedwithemotion，Iunderstoodforthefirsttimehervulnerability。19語言這東西不是隨便可以學(xué)好的，非下苦功夫不可。Themasteryoflanguageisnoteasyandrequirespainstakingeffort。交易增加，要求流通的貨幣量也增加。譯文1：Thefactthatbusinessincreasesrequiresthattheamountofmoney，whichisgenerallycirculated，alsoincreased。譯文2：Anincreaseinbusinessrequiresanincreasesintheamountofmoneycomingintogeneralcirculation。政府支持這個(gè)項(xiàng)目。Thegovernmentisbehindthisproject。這時(shí)，只見一個(gè)人，頭上蒙著一個(gè)濕淋淋的口袋，從冒著熊熊烈火的后門直沖進(jìn)去。Thenafigurewithadripping-wetbagrounditsheaddashedthroughtheflame-filledbackdoor。我看不起他，他酗酒，好賭，語言粗俗。WhatIdespiseabouthimwashisdrinking，gamblingandcursing。看來我們的發(fā)展，總是要在某一個(gè)階段，抓住時(shí)機(jī)，加速搞幾年，發(fā)現(xiàn)問題及時(shí)加以治理，爾后繼續(xù)前進(jìn)。譯文1：itseemsthatweshouldholdontoopportunityinacertainperiodaccelerateourdevelopmentforseveralyears。Asproblemscropupintheprocess，wewillsolvethemimmediatelyandcontinuetoforgeahead。譯文2：itseemstomethat，asarule，atcertainstagesweshouldseizetheopportunitytoacceleratedevelopmentforafewyears ，dealwithproblemsassoonastheyrecognized，andthenmovedon。25美國移民研究中心1999年9月發(fā)表的一份報(bào)告指出，移民的貧困率1979年至1997年間增長了123%，移民貧困人口從270萬增加至770萬。1989年至1997年在新增貧困人口中，移民達(dá)300萬人，占75%。AreportbytheAmericancenterforImmigrationResearchinSeptember ，1999pointedoutthatthepovertyrateofpoorimmigrationincreased123percentbetween1979and1997，andthepopulationofpoorimmigrantssoaredfrom2.7millionto7.7million.indeed，between1989and1997，thenewlyincreasedpoorpopulation，3Millionwereimmigrants，accountingfor75percentofthetotal。你是知道的，咱們家所有的這些管家奶奶們，哪一個(gè)是好纏的？錯(cuò)一點(diǎn)兒他們就笑話打趣，偏一點(diǎn)他們就指桑罵槐的抱怨。譯文1：Andyouknowhowdifficultouroldstewardessare，laughingattheleastmistakeand“accusingtheelmwhilepointingatthemulberrytree”ifoneshowstheleastbias。譯文2：Andyouknowwhatadifficultlotthoseoldstewardessesare.Thetiniestmistakeandtheyarealllaughingatyouandmakingfun:thetiniesthintoffavouritismandtheyaregrumblingandcomplaining.youknowtheirwayof“curingtheoak-treewhentheymeantheash”只為工業(yè)積累，農(nóng)業(yè)本身積累的太少或者沒有積累竭澤而漁，對于工業(yè)的發(fā)展反而不利。Ifagricultureaccumulatedonlyforindustryandverylittleornoneforitself,thatwouldmean“drainingthepondstogetallthefish“andwouldonlyharmthedevelopmentofindustry.不要?jiǎng)勇暽灰虿蒹@蛇。我們不妨看看他們?nèi)绾位顒?dòng)，。Don"tsayanythingaboutit;wemustn"tbeatthegrassandstartlethesnake.Thereisnoharminourkeepinganeyeonthesortofactivitiestheyengagein,對于他們，第一步不是錦上添花，而是雪中送炭。Forthem,theprimeneedisnot“moreflowersonthebrocade"but“fuelinsnowyweather”我們強(qiáng)調(diào)直譯是翻譯成語的第一選擇。然而，漢語成語并非是每條都能按字面直譯，有些成語的比喻形象是譯文讀者所不能接受的。如“眉飛色舞”，死翻譯成hiseyebrowareflyingandhiscountenanceisdancing,勢必會(huì)貽笑大方的，使讀者不知所云,莫名其妙。我們可根據(jù)改成語的實(shí)際意義譯為：tobeamwithjoy。請看下例： 粗枝大葉tobecrudeandcareless死譯withbigbranchesandlargeleaves無孔不入totakeadvantageofeveryweakness死譯togetintoeveryhole揚(yáng)眉吐氣tofeelproudandelated死譯toraisetheeyebrowsandletoutabreath紅燈酒綠dissipatedandluxurious死譯withredlightsandgreenwine紙醉金迷luxuryanddissipation死譯withdrunkenandbewitched開門見山tocomestraighttothepoint死譯toopenthedoorandseethemountain單槍匹馬tobesingle-handedindoingsth死譯withasolitaryspearandasinglehorse大張旗鼓onalargeandspectacularscale死譯tomakeagreatarrayofflagsanddrums風(fēng)雨飄搖beingunstable死譯thewindandrainarerocking海闊天空atrandom死譯withavastseaandaboundlesssky有的小伙子還總結(jié)出一條戀愛經(jīng)驗(yàn)，“先不能讓她知道你是礦工，等把她俘虜了，再亮番號(hào)?！盨omeofthemevencametosomeconclusionsabout“theartofthelove”firstofall,youshouldneverletherknowyouareamineruntilyouhavecompletelyatyourfeet.我一律回答：“不知道?！备蜁?huì)聽到一句，“別來這個(gè)了，你還能不知道！”Iinvariablyanswered"Idon"tknow”whichwasusuallyfollowedby”come.Don"ttellmeyoudon"tknowbynow.同學(xué)和老師覺得我有問題，精神不正常了，家紡.談話，拉我回正道——老老實(shí)實(shí)的念最為普通的，也是最普遍的書。我有我的主見，絕不反悔。Myclassmatesandteachersthoughttherewassomethingwrongwithme,thatIwasoffmyhead.theycametoourplacestotalktomeround,steermebackontothe“righttrack”——getmetocrackthestandardtextbooks.ButIstrucktomyguns由于大多數(shù)諺語采用生動(dòng)形象的比喻只要不影響讀者的理解，我們應(yīng)盡可能的使用直譯方法，把原文的內(nèi)容，形式和精神都輸入到譯文中，努力減少翻譯中的損失。明槍易躲暗箭難防。Itiseasytododgeaspearintheopen,buthardtoguardagainstanarrowshotfromhiding.城門失火，殃及池魚。Afireonthecitywallbringsdisastertothefishinthemoat.路遙知馬力日久見人心。Asalongroadtestsahorse"sstrengthsoalongtaskprovesaperson"sheart.路遙知馬力日久見人心。New-borncalvesmakelittleoftigers.上面的諺語的比喻生動(dòng)形象，其深層意思更能為讀者所接受。如果把這些諺語進(jìn)行直譯，就無法傳達(dá)原文中的形象比喻，這是翻譯中不應(yīng)有的損失。試看下面2例的意譯路遙知馬力日久見人心。Timerevealsaperson"sheart.初生牛犢不怕虎。Youngpeoplearefearless.這樣的句子明顯失色于真譯，失去原文中的活力。有一部分也因?yàn)檎Z言結(jié)構(gòu)和文化背景的差異，無法進(jìn)行直譯。這部分諺語一般有很強(qiáng)的比喻，或者根本沒有比喻。我們就沒必要追求原文的形式了。硬是直譯反而會(huì)使讀者不知所云?；蛘咦g文牽強(qiáng)附會(huì)。意思會(huì)幫助譯文讀者更好的理解原文。失之東隅收之桑榆。Whatonelosestheswingsonegetsontheroundabouts（如直譯為losewherethesunrisesandgainwherethesunsets,會(huì)使讀者感到很費(fèi)解）.塞翁失馬焉知非福？alossmayturnouttobeagain,（由于讀者不理解該諺語的意思，無法理解他的直譯：whentheoldmanonthefrontierlosthismare,whocouldhaveguesseditwasablessingindisguise?慶父不死魯難未已therewillalwaysbetroubleuntilthetrouble-makerisremoved』女口直譯為UntilQingFuisdoneawaywith,thecrisisinthestateofLuwillnotbeover.讀者無法搞清文中的人名和國名）此地?zé)o銀三百兩。Aguiltypersongiveshimselfawaybyconspicuouslyprotestinghisinnocence.（由于讀者不了解該諺語出處，不宜直接譯成NO300taelsofsilverburiedhere）飽漢不知餓漢饑。Thewell-feddon"tknowhowthestarvingsuffer.不要譯為：amagnatesisunconsciousofthemisfortuneofapauper.一物降一物thereisalwaysonethingtoconqueranother.不要譯為：everyexistencehasitsvanquisher諺語翻譯要注意語言的藝術(shù)性，一要注意用詞的精煉，二要注意上下句的對仗。不能只用于隨便的口語句子來翻譯原文。嘴上沒毛。說話不牢。Downylipsmakethoughtlessslips不可譯為：amanwithoutmustacheorbeardmaymakecarelessremarks。吃一塹長一智afallinthepit，againinthewit.不可譯為：letuslearnfromourmistakes.我能和你說句話嗎？--滾開!CanIhaveawordwithyou?—Sodoff!38去你們的，我可要回家了。Ballstothelotofyou.I"mgoinghome!39誰他媽的把電視機(jī)搞壞了？WhohasfuckeduptheTV?40不要胡說八道！don"ttalkcrap/shit!41小婦養(yǎng)的！動(dòng)了兵器了。Sonofbitches！They"reusingweaponsnow。42忘了本的小娼婦！Ungratefulslut！43他媽的，你們有話就說吧！Ifyouhavesomethingtosay,sayit,damnyou!44還有你這個(gè)浪貨，跟誰不行，非跟他！Andyoutoo,youbaggage.Couldn"tyouhavepickedsomebodyelse?whydidittobehim?45王八蛋們，怎么又在這碰上啦？Youdevils，sowemeetagain。46魯侍萍：(大哭起來)哦，這真是一群強(qiáng)盜。(走至周萍面前，抽噎)你是萍，——憑——憑什么打我兒子的？LuShiping(breakingdown)youarehooligans,too!(goingacrosstoZhouPing)you"remy——mightyfreewithyourshits!Whatrighthaveyoutobitmyson?中國還有一句成語，3個(gè)臭皮匠頂個(gè)諸葛亮。單獨(dú)的諸葛亮總是不完全的，總是有缺陷的。SillanotherChineseproverbsaysthreecobblerswiththeirwitscombinedequalzhugeliangthemastermind.Zhugeliangbyhimselfcanneverbeperfect,hehashislimitations.這對年輕夫婦并不匹配，一個(gè)是西施，一個(gè)是張飛。Thisyoungcoupleisnotwellmatched,oneisaXiShi——af