英語A級語法點講解

虛擬語氣虛擬語氣，用來表達說話人的愿望、請求、意圖建議、驚奇、設想等。而不表示客觀存在的事實。IwishIwereabird.Lookatthosedovesflyingacrosstheskyinthestrongsunlight.IwishIwereawhitecloudgivingthemcoolshade.IfIwereyou,Ishouldn’tdoit.第一頁第二頁，共51頁。虛擬語氣在簡單句中的用法虛擬語氣用于簡單句時，一般表示祝愿，命令等。謂語動詞要用動詞原形。1.表示祝愿：eg.LonglivethePeople’sRepublicofChina!Mayyoubehappyallyourlife!2.表示命令：eg.Everybodyleavetheroom!Letoneofyougoandtellhertocome.第二頁第三頁，共51頁。虛擬語氣在主從復合句中的用法在條件狀語從句中的用法：表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的情況條件從句的動詞形式主句的動詞形式IfI(we,you,he,she,it,they)+行為動詞的過去式（be的過去式一般用were。在he,she,或it等后，也可用was。）I(we,you,he,she,it,they)+should/would/might/could+動詞原形第三頁第四頁，共51頁。IfIhadmoretime,IshouldstudyGerman.Ifshewere(was)notsobusy,shewouldattendthemeetingthisafternoon.Iftheydidn’ttakethephysicalexerciseseveryday,theywouldn’tbesohealthy.Ifyouwenttobedearlier,youwouldnotbesosleepyinthemorning.第四頁第五頁，共51頁。B.表示與過去事實相反的情況條件從句的動詞形式主句的動詞形式IfI(we,you,he,she,it,they)+had+過去分詞I(we,you,he,she,it,they)+should/would/might/could+have+過去分詞第五頁第六頁，共51頁。Ifyouhadtakentheoldexperiencedworker’sadvice,youwouldn’thavefailed

intheexperiment.IwouldhavecheckedmypaperagainifIhadhadmoretimeatyesterday’sexamination.Hewouldhavealreadyrecoveredfromhisillnessifhehadseenthedoctoringoodtime.第六頁第七頁，共51頁。C表示與將來事實相反的情況條件從句的動詞形式主句的動詞形式1.IfI(we,you,he,she,it,they)+行為動詞過去式(be的過去式一般用were)通常要與一個表示將來的時間狀語連用。2.IfI(we,you,he,she,it,they)+should+動詞原形。3.IfI(we,you,he,she,it,they)+wereto+動詞原形。I(we,you,he,she,it,they)+should/could/might/would+動詞原形第七頁第八頁，共51頁。Ifitrainedtomorrow,ourpicnicwouldbeputoff.IfIsawhimtomorrow,Iwouldpassyournotetohim.Ifitshouldraintomorrow,ourpicnicwouldbeputoff.

Ifitweretoraintomorrow,ourpicnicwouldbeputoff.Shemightcomebackandstartoffagainthedayaftertomorrowifsheweretomissthetraintomorrow.第八頁第九頁，共51頁。注意：用虛擬語氣表示條件從句，可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后，但所表達的意義側(cè)重點不同。如主句在前，強調(diào)“結(jié)果”；如從句在前，強調(diào)“條件”。按漢語習慣，通常條件從句在前，主句在后。不論英文主從句的前后，漢語翻譯不變。第九頁第十頁，共51頁。2.在主語從句中的用法：通常由形式主語it引出的主語從句來表達虛擬語氣。在主語從句中，謂語動詞用should+動詞原形，表示什么是必要，重要，奇怪等具體內(nèi)容。Itisnecessary(important,natural,strange,essential,urgent,surprising)thatweshouldcleantheroomeveryday.Itisapity(ashame,nowonder)thatyoushouldbesocareless.should意為應該，竟然，可以省去，但不可換成would。第十頁第十一頁，共51頁。3.

在某些欲望動詞arrange,command,demand,desire,insist,order,propose,request,suggest,advice,prefer,agree,expert,intend,recommend,ask,decide,object,persist,determine等后面的賓語從句用(should)+動詞原型.Wesuggestedthatweshouldhaveameeting.Weinsistedthattheygowithus.Thedoctororderedthatshestayinbedforafewdays.Hedemandedthatweshouldstartrightaway.第十一頁第十二頁，共51頁。4.在Itis(high,about)timethat+賓語從句中，從句的謂語動詞用過去式，表示該做某事了的意思，這也是一種虛擬語氣。Itistimewegotup.(shouldgetup)Itishightimeourathletesshowed(shouldshow)theirbest.Itistime(that)westarted.第十二頁第十三頁，共51頁。情態(tài)動詞＋have+p.p.1.should/oughtto+havedone/havebeendoing表示本來應該做某事卻沒有做

Youshould/oughttohaveaskedmypermissionfirst.

Youshouldn’thavebeenrestingatthattimeofday.2.must+have+havedone/havebeendoing

表示對過去事態(tài)的一種猜測（可對可錯）只用于肯定句。否定句和疑問句需用can’t和can.

Hereyesarered.Shemusthavebeencrying.

Youmusthaveleftyourhandbaginthetheatre.第十三頁第十四頁，共51頁。3.may/might/can/could+havedone/havebeendoing表示過去的”可能”

Shecouldhavemissedthetrain.might/could+havedone/havebeendoing有時可以表示本來可能發(fā)生但沒有發(fā)生，或者本來可能完成卻沒有完成的動作。

Youmighthavekilledyourself.Icouldhavepassedtheexamination,butIfailed.第十四頁第十五頁，共51頁。Ex:1.Therepresentativeofthecompanydemandedthatpartoftheagreement____revised.A.willbeB.isC.tobeD.be2.Itisrequiredthatanyoneapplyingforadriver’slicense___asetoftests.A.takeB.takesC.tookD.willtake3.Tom____thepartyasnoonesawhimthereyesterdayevening.A.can’tattendB.mustn’tattendC.Won’thaveattendedD.couldn’thaveattendedDAD第十五頁第十六頁，共51頁。4.Itismostdesirablethathe___fortheinformationbyhimselfwithafewclicksonline.A.searchB.searchedC.hassearchedD.willsearch5.ThisATMhasbeenoutofserviceforafewdays.Itshould___lastweek.A.fixB.befixedC.havefixedDhavebeenfixedAD第十六頁第十七頁，共51頁。6.Theboypassedthefinalexams.Butifhehadspentmoretimeonthem,theresults(be)_______________muchbetter.7.Ifhehadtakenhislawyer’sadvice,he(save)_______________himselfagreatdealoftrouble.8.Hemighthavebeenkilledinthatcaraccidentyesterdayifhe(take)_______partinthatactivitywiththeteam.wouldhavebeenwouldhavesavedhadtaken第十七頁第十八頁，共51頁。8.Hemightnothavebeenkilledinthetrafficaccidentyesterdayifhe(fasten)

___________theseatbelt.9.Itisimportantthathe(be)__calledbackimmediately.10.Itisrequiredthateveryemployee(come)

______intheiruniformbefore8:30a.m.11.Jackmust(go)________away–wecan’tfindhimanywhereinthefactory.hadfastenedbecomehavegone第十八頁第十九頁，共51頁。12.Ithinkit’shightimewe___measurestoprotecttheenvironment.A.tookB.willtakeC.takeD.havetaken13.You’dbettertakeanumbrellaincaseit__.A.willrainB.shallrainC.shouldrainD.wouldrain14.Thesuggestionthatwe__ameetingnextFridayisverygood.A.willhaveB.wouldhaveC.haveD.shallhaveACC第十九頁第二十頁，共51頁。分詞（短語）做狀語分詞和分詞短語作狀語時，可以表示時間、原因、條件、讓步、行為方式等意義。表示時間和原因的分詞短語相當于對應的狀語從句。例如：Seeingtheteacherenteringtheroom,thestudentsstoodup.(=whenthestudentssawtheteacherenteringtheroom,theystoodup.)表示時間。第二十頁第二十一頁，共51頁?，F(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別1.語態(tài)不同：-ing形式表示主動概念，及物動詞的過去分詞表示被動概念。

anexcitingspeech振奮人心的演講

theexcitedboy感到興奮的男孩2.時間關系不同：現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作一般是正在進行中的動作，而過去分詞所表示的動作，往往是已經(jīng)完成的動作。

thechangingworld正在發(fā)生改變的世界

thechangedworld已經(jīng)起了變化的世界第二十一頁第二十二頁，共51頁。作原因狀語作原因狀語時,相當于as,since,because引導的從句.(這類狀語通常放在句子的前半部分.)Deeplyshocked,Idecidednevertospeaktoheragain.Annoyedbythewayshespoketome,Ilefttheoffice.Notknowinghowtodealwiththetroubleofthecomputer,Martinhadtoaskhisbrotherforhelp.Frightenedbythesuddenvoice,herfaceturnedpale.第二十二頁第二十三頁，共51頁。作條件狀語作條件狀語時,相當于if,unless引導的從句.(這類狀語通常放在句子的前半部分.)Givenanotherchance,hewilldoitmuchbetter.(ifhewasgivenanotherchance,…)Turningtotheright,youwillfindthebank.(Ifyouturntotheright,…)Unitedwestand,dividedwefall.第二十三頁第二十四頁，共51頁。作時間狀語作時間狀語時,相當于when引導的從句.(這類狀語通常放在句子的前半部分.)Hearingthenews,theyimmediatelysetoffforShanghai.(Whentheyheardthenews,…)Seenfromthehilltop,theviewisfantastic.Whenleavingtheairport,theywavedagainandagaintous.Hearingastrangesound,theystoppedtalking.Seeingacarcoming,theysteppedaside.第二十四頁第二十五頁，共51頁。如果分詞表示的動作緊接著謂語動作之后發(fā)生，則分詞應放在句尾．Heopenedthedoor,greetinghisguests.

Shesatdown,listeningtotheirtalk.第二十五頁第二十六頁，共51頁。作結(jié)果狀語作結(jié)果狀語時,相當于sothat引導的從句.(這類狀語通常放在句子的后半部分.常譯為“于是，所以，因而”）Heturnedoffthelamp,seeingnothing.

theChinesefilledeveryinchofspacewithproductsandsalespeople,leavinglittleornoroomforpotentialcustomers.Theoldscientistdiedallofasudden,

leavingtheprojectunfinished.第二十六頁第二十七頁，共51頁。作讓步狀語作讓步狀語時,相當于though,evenif引導的從句.(這類狀語通常放在句子的前半部分.)Grantinghishonesty,westillcan’temployhim.Wounded,thebravesoldiercontinuedtofight.Admittingwhatshehassaid,Istillthinkthatshehasn’ttriedherbest.Leftalone,theboywillgetintotrouble.Workinghardashedid,hewasstillunabletoearnenoughmoneytobuyacar.第二十七頁第二十八頁，共51頁。作方式／伴隨狀況狀語此時不能用狀語從句替換，但可改寫成并列句．Heturnedawaydisappeared.Theoldmanwalkeddownthehill,singingsoftlytohimself.Hehurriedtothehall,followedbytwoguards.Hestoodbythedoor,lookingout.Theyboyranhome,crying.Hewassittingatthewindow,readinganewspaper.

Istoodatthebusstop,waitingforher.

第二十八頁第二十九頁，共51頁。1.____tofindtheproperjob,hedecidedtogiveupjob-huntinginthiscity.A.FailedB.BeingfailedC.TofailD.Havingfailed2.Theproposal___,we’llhavetomakeanotherdecisionaboutwhentostarttheproject.A.acceptedB.acceptingC.toacceptD.beacceptedDA第二十九頁第三十頁，共51頁。3.___thatBobhadgotpromoted,hisfriendscametocongratulatehim.A.HeardB.HavingheardC.HearD.Tohear4.___howtodealwiththetroubleofthecomputer,Martinhadtoaskhisbrotherforhelp.A.NotknowB.NotknownC.NottoknowD.NotknowingBD第三十頁第三十一頁，共51頁。5.(take)______thefinancialdifficultiesintoconsideration,we’dbetterputofftheplantillnextyear.6.(Judge)______fromlastyear’sexperience,thecoachknowsheshouldnotexpecttoomuchofhisteam.7.(watch)________byacrowdofpeople,Charlesfeltembarrassedandcouldn’tsayaword.8.(impress)_________bytheyoungman’sgoodqualifications,theyofferedhimajobintheirfilm.TakingJudgingWatchedImpressed第三十一頁第三十二頁，共51頁。分詞（短語）做定語分詞（短語）做定語放在名詞或代詞后面起修飾作用，-ed分詞表示被動，-ing分詞表示主動．1.Thetallbuilding(complete)________lastmonthisournewclassroombuilding.2.Thechildren(play)______theviolinovertherewillgoonthestagenextweek.3.Theprofessor,(know)________asasplendidspeaker,waswarmlyreceivedbythestudents.completedplayingknown第三十二頁第三十三頁，共51頁。4.Thousandsofproducts__fromcrudeoilarenowindailyuse.A.tomakeB.bemakeC.makingD.made5.It’ssaidtheagreement___betweenthetwocompanieslastmonthwillbecomeeffectivefromMay1st.A.tosignB.signedC.tobesignedD.signingDB第三十三頁第三十四頁，共51頁。獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)分詞作狀語時，其邏輯主語與句子的主語應該一致，否則，分詞應有自己的邏輯主語，構(gòu)成分詞的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)。獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)沒有主語和謂語，所以在語法上不是句子。一般位于句首，有時也居句尾，表示伴隨情況時，常位于句尾。獨立結(jié)構(gòu)：邏輯主語（名詞，代詞）+分詞，可以表示時間，原因，條件，方式或伴隨情況等。第三十四頁第三十五頁，共51頁。Marycomingback,theydiscussedittogether.Allbeingwell,theprojectwillbefinishedinfivemonths.Weatherpermitting,weshallgothereonfoot.Advicefailing,wehavetouseforce.Shereadtheletter,tearsrollingdownhercheeks.Shewalkedalongthepath,herdaughterfollowingclosebehind.第三十五頁第三十六頁，共51頁。Thisdone,theywenthome.Thetableset,theybegantodine.Goodluckgiven,Iwillearnmoremoneythanallofyou.Healthandpersistencegiven,onecandogreatthings.Hewaslyingonthegrass,hishandcrossedunderhishead.Hereturnedthreedayslater,hisfacecoveredwithmudandhisclothestornintopieces.第三十六頁第三十七頁，共51頁。1.________,wewentswimmingintheriver.A.ThedaybeingveryhotB.ItwasaveryhotdayC.ThedaywasveryhotD.Beingaveryhotday2.__________,weshallgotothepark.A.TimepermittedB.TimeispermittingC.TimepermittingD.Permittime3.Shewateredtheflowers,herhusband____thebirds.A.isfeedingB.feedingC.wasfeedingD.feedACB第三十七頁第三十八頁，共51頁。倒裝英語句子的自然語序是主語在前，謂語動詞在后。把謂語動詞放在主語之前，就叫做倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。第三十八頁第三十九頁，共51頁。1.當句首狀語為否定詞或帶有否定意義的詞語時，引起倒裝。

Onnoaccountshouldyoutelllies.Rarelydoeshegotothemovies.Notoftendotheymeet.NeverinallmylifehaveIheardsuchnonsense.NotonlywasChurchillastatesman,butalsoapoet.Churchill.第三十九頁第四十頁，共51頁。1.Notforamoment__thetruthofyourexplanationabouttheevent.A. wehavedoubtedB.didwedoubtC.wehaddoubtedD.doubtedwe2.Notuntilyesterday___anythingabouttheprojectthatwillbecompletedsoon.A.didIlearnB.haveIlearntC.IlearntD.thatIlearnt3.Heisusedtoflyingbyairandonnooccasion____frightened.A.hehaseverfeltB.heeverfeelsC.everdoeshefeelD.hasheeverfelt

BAD第四十頁第四十一頁，共51頁。常見的詞組：neverrarelyscarcelynotnotoftennotuntilonnoaccounthardly…whenonnoconsiderationinnocircumstancesundernocircumstancesinnowayatnotimebynomeansnotinfrequentlynotonly…butalsoseldomlittlehardlynowherenotabitstilllessnotonanyaccountnosooner…thanneither…(nor)notonone’slifeinnocaseinvainnotonceortwice第四十一頁第四十二頁，共51頁。2.句首狀語若由“only＋副詞”、“only＋介詞詞組”、“only＋狀語分句”構(gòu)成，引起倒裝。

OnlybybeingwithyoucanIfeelthemeaningoflife.Onlybecauseofaminormistakehashebeenfired.OnlyinthiswaycanwelearnEnglishwell.Onlyaftertheaccidentdidhebecomecautious.Onlywhenonefallsilldoesoneknowthevalueofhealth.OnlyoncehaveIseenhim.Onlybyworkinghardcanonesucceed.第四十二頁第四十三頁，共51頁。1.Onlywhenclassbegan___thathehadlefthisbookathome.A.willherealizeB.hedidrealizeC.didherealizeD.shouldherealize2.Onlywhenyouhaveacquiredagoodknowledgeofgrammar__writecorrectly.A.youwillB.youcanC.canyouD.can’tyouCC第四十三頁第四十四頁，共51頁。3.在so…that…和such…that…的句型中，so和such在句首時句中需要進行倒裝．Sofastdidhewalkthatnoneofuswashisequal.Suchwastheforceofexplosionthatallthewindowwerebroken.Sodarkwasitthathecould