語用學(xué)合作原則和禮貌原則

TheCooperativePrincipleandPolitenessPrincipleofPragmatics

TheCooperativePrinciple

(合作原則)

CP的提出：byHerbertPaulGrice,1975,“LogicandConversation”AccordingtoGrice,peopleusuallytrytoreachacommongoalbymutualeffortsoratleastmaketheconversationdevelopinthedirectionoftheirexpectationinconversationalexchange.Toachievethis,peopleneedtocooperatewitheachother.ContentsofCP(合作原則的內(nèi)容)Quantity量Quality質(zhì)Relation相關(guān)Manner方式1)Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired.2)Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanis

required.Quantity不多說，也不少說Trytomakeyour

contributiononethatistrue:1)Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.2)Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.

.Quality說真話

Berelevant.

Relation說話要相關(guān)，貼切Beperspicuous,andspecifically:1)avoidobscurityofexpression.避免晦澀2)avoidambiguity.避免歧義3)bebrief.簡單明了4)beorderly.井井有條

.MannerInshortSub-consciouslyorevenunconsciously,whenwespeak,wegenerallyhavesomethingliketheCPinourmind.說話者在無意識地遵守著合作原則。Wewilltrytosaythingswhicharetrue,relevant,aswellasinformativeenough,andinaclearmanner.ViolationofQuantity(量的違反)1.A:Wouldyoumindtellingmeyouraddress?(您介意告訴我您的住址嗎？)B:SomewhereInthesouthofHandan.(我住在邯鄲的南邊。)ViolationofQuantity(量的違反)2.A:WhereisJohn?(約翰在哪呢？)B:He’sgonetothelibrary.Hesaidsowhenheleft.(他去圖書館了。他走時是這么說的。)ViolationofQuantity(量的違反)3.Mei:Whoansweredthephone?(誰接的電話?)Yu:Awoman.(一個女的。)Mei:What?Whatdidshesay?(嗯?說什么?)Yu:Shesaid,"sorry,youdialtelephonetemporarilyunabletogetthrough."(“對不起，您撥打的電話暫時無法接通……”。)ViolationofQuality(質(zhì)的違反)Yu:Mum,myhandwasbittenbytheinsect.Mei:Oh,what'sthematter?Wasitbittenbymosquito?Comeon,letmescratchforyou.Yu:WhydoesthemosquitoonlybitemeinsteadofLiuXing?Thisisn'tmyhome?Mei:Nonsense!Ofcoursethisisyourhome.Hereareyourdadandmum.DoyouknowwhythemosquitoesonlybiteyouinsteadofLiuXing?Yu:Why?Mei:BecauseyourbloodissweetwhileLiuXing'sisstinking.ViolationofRelation(相關(guān)性的違反)1.A:Youknow?ProfessorLi’swifeisabald.

(知道嗎？李教授的妻子是個光頭。)B:Oh!Whataniceday!Isn’tit?

(哦，今天的天氣可真不錯，是吧？)ViolationofRelation(相關(guān)性的違反)2.A:How’shertermpaper?(她學(xué)期論文寫得怎樣？)B:Herhandwritingisquite

beautiful!(她書法不錯！)ViolationofRelation(相關(guān)性的違反)3.Mei:AreyouOK?Theremustbehugegapinyourmindnow.Doyouhavethethoughttofindawaytoescape?

DongHai:Themeetingisquitewell.

Mei:WhatdidtheteachertellyouaboutLiuXing?(Thegrandmacoughs,indicatingXiaDonghainottotellthetruth)

DongHai:Err,Itakesomemedicineforgrandma.

Mei:Quickly,whatdidtheteachertellyou?

DongHai:Well,hesaid…nothing.ViolationofManner(方式的違反)1.theneedy(需要者)----thepoor(窮人)

Indifficulties(有困難)-----indebt(負(fù)債)

todie(死)----topassaway(離開了)togotoanotherworld(去了另一個世界)ViolationofManner(方式的違反)2.Mei:

Why

doesn't

the

gorilla

evolve?

Xing:

Give

me

a

reason

for

its

evolution.

Mei

:

Why

doesn't

it

talk?

Xing:

What

do

you

want

me

to

say?

Mei:

It

lies

in

its

defect

in

listening.

Xing:

My

ears

are

quite

good.

Mei:

Go

away.

Don't

bother

me!

Xing:

Aren't

you

talking

about

me?

Mei:

I

am

talking

about

the

gorilla.

The

PolitenessPrinciple

(禮貌原則)

R.Lakoff(1972,1973,1975,1977)在上個世紀(jì)七十年代提出禮貌三規(guī)則TwomainapproachestopolitenessbeforeLeechLakoff的禮貌三規(guī)則（由于提出較早,在范圍上,系統(tǒng)性上都較為籠統(tǒng),未能引起足夠重視）

1)formality:don’timpose/remainaloof不要強(qiáng)加于人(交際雙方地位不平等時，如師生、雇主與雇員等)2)hesitancy:givetheaddresseehisoptions給對方留有余地和空間（交際雙方地位平等或社會關(guān)系不密切時，如商人與顧客）3)equality:actasthoughyouandtheaddresseewereequal/makehimfeelgood增進(jìn)雙方的友情（適用于好友,戀人之間）。Brown&Levinson的面子保全論（FST）Positiveface積極面子（正面子）Negativeface消極面子（負(fù)面子）Positiveface:thepositiveconsistentself-imagethatpeoplehaveandwanttobeappreciatedandapprovedofbyatleastsomeotherpeople.積極面子是指希望得到別人的贊同和喜愛Negativeface:therightstoterritories,freedomofactionandfreedomfromimposition;essentiallythewantthatyouractionsbenotimpededbyothers.消極面子是指不希望別人強(qiáng)加于自己,自己的行為不受別人的干涉或阻礙.2.Leech’sapproachtopolitenessPolitenessincommunicationrequirespeopletoadoptstrategiesof(a)maximizing“politebeliefs”;(b)minimizing“impolitebeliefs.”TheTactmaxim（a）Minimizethecosttoothers;(b)maximizethebenefittoothers;利益分配TheGenerositymaxim(a)Minimizethebenefittoself;(b)maximizethecosttoself;TheApprobation(orflattery)maxim(a)Minimizedispraiseofothers;(b)Maximizepraiseofothers.評價TheModestyMaxim(a)Minimizepraiseofself;(b)Maximizedispraiseofself.TheAgreementMaxim(a)Minimizedisagreementbetweenselfandothers;(b)maximizeagreementbetweenselfandothers;對待他人的態(tài)度TheSympathyMaxim(a)Minimizeantipathybetweenselfandothers;(b)Maximizesympathybetweenselfando